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Police Administration:

Structures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor

The Evolution of Police Administration

Chapter 1

English Influence on

Early American Policing

• Improved agricultural methods

– Provided significant surplus crops to support people living in cities

• People were drawn to cities by the industrial revolution (1760-1830)

– Shifted production from manual labor to machinemade

• 1829: Parliament passed the Metropolitan

Police Act

Police Administration (8 th Edition)

Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Urbanization of American Policing

• 1890 frontier closing

• By the Census of 1920, 51% of Americans lived in cities

– Most full-time municipal officers now work in large agencies

• However, more than half of all municipal police departments (55%) have 10 or fewer full-time officers

• The proliferation of agencies





Politics and Police Administration in the 19 th Century

• Politics

• No way to keep politics out of police departments because:

1. Police departments must be responsive to democratic control

• Supervision by elected as opposed to appointed officials

2. Public policy is expressed in the laws, regulations, operating procedures, decisions, and actions taken or not taken by a governmental agency

3. Politics flourish in even the smallest agencies





Political Machines and Administration

• Political Machines

• Patronage

• Pendleton Act





The Reformation Period (1900-1926)

• Two immediate needs:

1. Arouse the public from its apathy

2. Create a conceptual cornerstone or model for improvement

• Separate politics and patronage in the worse sense from the administration of governmental agencies





Police Professionalization

• Profession

• Public sentiments or declarations of faith

• 1541





Police Professionalization

The serious work on professions has centered on specifying what criteria must be met to constitute a profession.





August Vollmer

The Father of Modern Policing

• Chief “Gus” Vollmer

– Berkeley Police Department became the model for professional policing

• Mobilization of officers

• Police signal system to dispatch calls

• Modern records system

• Crime analysis

• Scientific crime laboratory

• Lie detection machine





Improving the Caliber of Police Personnel

Police

Training

College

Classes

Intelligence

& Psych testing

Recruit

College

Students





The Military Model

• Resulted in more staff positions to do specialized work

• Emphasized line inspection of officers and staff inspection of functions

• Written policies and procedures

• Enhanced training

• Increased accountability

• Adoption of the bureaucratic form of organization





Prohibition to 1930s

• National Prohibition Act /Volstead Act

• Resulted in large, illicit market for alcohol

– Speakeasies

– Bootleggers

• Law of unintended consequences!

– Did more to damage the image and reputation of policing than any other single event





Early Professionalism in the 1930s

• Police began to move away from its tarnished image

• National Commission on Law Observance and

Law Enforcement (1929)/Wickersham

Commission

– Civil service protection

– Enhanced training and education

• Formation of the International Association of

Chiefs of Police (IACP)





The KKK, Black Codes, and

Law Enforcement

• The Ku Klux Klan

– Formed in 1930s by Confederate Army veterans who were bored

– Slave patrols

Black

Codes

Jim Crow laws

Forces Act

(1870)





Policing in WWII and the 1950s

• The 1940s and 1950s were dominated by WWII and the Korean War

• The mobilization of all able-bodied men created opportunities for women in policing and the defense industry

• Police duties during WWII expanded to civil defense tasks

• Preference given to military veterans in hiring





The Professional Model in the 1950s

• O.W. Wilson’s Police Administration (1950)

– Validated the military model

• Respond to incidents

– Quickly became the “Bible” for law enforcement executives





Turbulent 1960s and the Police

• Riots

– High rates of minority unemployment

– Poor housing

– White store owners took money from the minority communities but showed no reciprocity

– Segregated, unequal society

– Police officers were viewed as hostile and repressive

• Hippies

• Drugs

• War protests

• Civil rights

• Women's rights

• Supreme Court decisions

• Assassinations





Turbulent 1960s and the Police

• The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967)

• The National Advisory Commission on Civil

Disorders (1968)





Education and Policing

• Police professionalism took on new urgency following the events in the 1960s

• “Professional” became synonymous with

“education”

• Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP)





The Police Research Trilogy

• During the 1970s, there was a torrent of research.

• An early trilogy of major experiments rocked policing:

1. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study

2. Rand Criminal Investigation Study

3. Team Policing Experiment





Police Support Organizations

Formed in the 1960s and 1970s

• National Association of

Women Law

Enforcement Executives

• National Organization of

Black Law Enforcement

Executives

• National Criminal Justice

Reference Service

• Hispanic American

Police Command

Officers Association

• Police Executive

Research Forum

• Commission on

Accreditation of Law

Enforcement Agencies

• National Association of

Asian American Law

Enforcement

Commanders





Beyond the 1970s: Policing Strategies

• Community Oriented Policing

• Zero Tolerance Policing

• CompStat

• Evidence-Based Policing





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