STANDARD(S) ADDRESS:
11.2 Students analyze the relationship among the
rise of industrialization, large-scale rural-to-urban
migration, and massive immigration from
Southern and Eastern Europe.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Explain the four goals of progressivism.
2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up
government.
3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state
government, protect workers, and reform
elections.
Section 1
The Origins of
Progressivism
Political, economic, and social change in late
19th century America leads to broad progressive
reforms.
NEXT
SECTION
1
The Origins of Progressivism
Four Goals of Progressivism
Concerns of Progressives
• Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address
problems of 1890s
• Different reform efforts collectively called
progressive movement
• Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity,
correct injustice by:
- protecting social welfare,
promoting moral improvement
- creating economic reform,
fostering efficiency
Continued . . .
NEXT
Chapter 9 Section 1
ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM
• As America entered into
the 20th century, middle
class reformers addressed
many social problems
• Work conditions, rights
for women and children,
economic reform,
environmental issues and
social welfare were a few
of these issues
FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS
• 1) Protect Social
Welfare
• 2) Promote Moral
Improvement
• 3) Create Economic
Reform
• 4) Foster Efficiency
SECTION
1
continued
Four Goals of Progressivism
Protecting Social Welfare
• Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other
reform groups
• Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for
women, children
- helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting
women’s hours
Continued . . .
NEXT
1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE
• Industrialization in the late
19th century was largely
unregulated
• Employers felt little
responsibility toward their
workers
• As a result Settlement homes
and churches served the
community
• Also the YMCA (Young
Christian Men’s Association)
and Salvation Army took on
service roles
Guided Reading:
Social
Reforms
People and
Groups Involved
1. Social
welfare reform
movement
the YMCA;
Successes
(laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
a variety of public
services;
the Salvation Army;
settlement houses;
Florence Kelley
the Illinois Factory
Act
SECTION
1
continued
Four Goals of Progressivism
Promoting Moral Improvement
• Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving
own behavior
• Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks
• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads
prohibition crusade
Continued . . .
NEXT
2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT
• Some reformers felt that
the answer to societies
problems was personal
behavior
• They proposed such
reforms as prohibition
• Groups wishing to ban
alcohol included the
Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)
Chapter 9:1
The Origins of Progressivism
• A – Why did the prohibition movement
appeal to so many women?
– Many women believed this was an area in
which they could make a difference in society.
Guided Reading:
Social Reforms
2. Moral reform
movement
People and Groups
Involved
the WCTU;
Frances Willard;
the Anti-Saloon
League
Successes (laws,
legal decisions, etc.)
prohibition adopted
by many town and
state governments
SECTION
1
continued
Four Goals of Progressivism
Creating Economic Reform
• 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism;
many become socialists
• Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption
in politics, business
NEXT
3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM
• The Panic of 1893
prompted some
Americans to question
the capitalist economic
system
• As a result some
workers embraced
socialism
• Eugene Debs organized
the American Socialist
Party in 1901
Debs encouraged workers to
reject American Capitalism
MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG
BUSINESS
Ida
Tarbell
• Though most progressives
did not embrace socialism,
many writers saw the truth in
Debs’ criticism
• Journalists known as
“Muckrakers” exposed
corruption in business
• Ida Tarbell exposed
Standard Oil Company’s
cut-throat methods of
eliminating competition
• B – What contribution did muckrakers
make to the reform movement?
– Muckrakers exposed the dangers and
corruption of industrial life to the public.
Guided Reading:
Social Reforms People and Groups
Involved
3. Economic
reform
movement
Eugene V. Debs;
American Socialist
Party;
muckrakers;
Ida M. Tarbell
Successes
(laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
exposure of
corruption in
industry
SECTION
1
continued
Four Goals of Progressivism
Fostering Efficiency
• Many use experts, science to make society,
workplace more efficient
• Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial
• Scientific management—time and motion studies
applied to workplace
• Assembly lines speed up production, make people
work like machines
- cause high worker turnover
NEXT
4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY
• Many Progressive leaders
put their faith in scientific
principles to make society
better
• In Industry, Frederick
Taylor began using time &
motion studies to improve
factory efficiency
• Taylorism became an
Industry fad as factories
sought to complete each
task quickly
• C – Contrast the goals of scientific
management with other progressive
reforms.
– Scientific management reformers worked to
improve efficiency and productivity,
– while other reformers aimed at improving
behavior or addressing economic inequality.
Guided Reading:
Social Reforms People and Groups Successes
Involved
(laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
Ford Assembly
4. Movement for Frederick Winslow
Taylor;
line;
industrial
efficiency
Ford Motor Co.;
the "'Five Dollar
Day"
Henry Ford
SECTION
1
Cleaning Up Local Government
Reforming Local Government
• Reformers try to make government efficient,
responsive to voters
• Some cities adopt government by commission
of experts
• Many use council-manager: people elect council
that appoints manager
NEXT
CLEANING UP LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
• Efforts at reforming
local government
stemmed from the
desire to make
government more
efficient and responsive
to citizens
• Some believe it also
was meant to limit
immigrants influence in
local governments
SECTION
1
Cleaning Up Local Government
Reform Mayors
• Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit
fares, corruption
• Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights
corrupt utility companies
NEXT
• D – How did city government change
during the Progressive Era?
– The commission system and council-manager
system were introduced;
– Some reform mayors made citizens more
active in managing cities.
SECTION
1
Reform at the State Level
Reform Governors
• Governors push states to pass laws to regulate
large businesses
• Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then
senator of Wisconsin
- attacks big business
Continued . . .
NEXT
REGULATING BIG BUSINESS
• Under the
progressive
Republican
leadership of
Robert La Follette
of Wisconsin led
the way in
regulating big
business
Robert La Follette
SECTION
1
Reform at the State Level
Protecting Working Children
• Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle
small parts better
- families need children’s wages
• National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of
harsh conditions
• Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages
• Groups press government to ban child labor,
cut hours
Continued . . .
NEXT
PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN
• As the number of child
workers rose,
reformers worked to
end child labor
• Children were more
prone to accidents
caused by fatigue
• Nearly every state
limited or banned child
labor by 1918
• E – Why did the reformers seek to end
child labor?
– Businesses exploited children,
– paying them low wages and
– forcing them to work long hours in dangerous
conditions.
Guided Reading:
Social
Reforms
People and Groups
Involved
Successes (laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
5. Movement to
protect workers
National Child Labor Keating-Owen Act;
Committee;
state child-labor laws;
Louis Brandeis;
Muller v. Oregon;
Florence Kelley;
Bunting v. Oregon;
Josephine Goldmark ·
workers'
compensation laws
Public Utilities
Guided Reading:
Political Reforms
People and
Groups Involved
Successes (laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
6. Movement to
reform local
government
Hazen Pingree;
commission and council
manager forms of
government adopted;
Tom Johnson
the property tax, public
ownership of utilities, and
other economic reforms
Guided Reading:
Political
Reforms
People and
Groups
Involved
7. State reform of Robert M. La
Folletto,
big business
Charles B.
Aycock,
James Hogg
Successes (laws,
legal decisions, etc.)
Wisconsin laws
regulating railroads
SECTION
1
continued
Reform at the State Level
Efforts to Limit Working Hours
• Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women
to 10-hour workday
• Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday
for men
• Reformers win workers’ compensation for families
of injured, killed
Continued . . .
NEXT
EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS
• The Supreme Court and the
states enacted or strengthened
laws reducing women’s hours
of work
• The Illinois Factory Act
eliminated Child Labor and
reduced the number of hours
women could work
• Progressives also succeeded in
winning worker’s compensation
to aid families of injured
workers
SECTION
1
continued
Reform at the State Level
Reforming Elections
• Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative,
referendum, recall
• Initiative—bill proposed by people, not
lawmakers, put on ballots
• Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if
initiative becomes law
• Recall—voters remove elected official through
early election
• Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to
choose candidates
NEXT
ELECTION REFORM
• Citizens fought for,
and won, such
measures as
secret ballots,
referendum votes,
and the recall
• recall
• referendum
ELECTION REFORM
• Citizens could
petition and get
initiatives on the
ballot
• In 1899, Minnesota
passed the first
statewide primary
system
SECTION
1
continued
Reform at the State Level
Direct Election of Senators
• Seventeenth Amendment permits popular
election of senators
NEXT
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
• Before 1913, each state’s
legislature had chosen its
own U.S. senators
• To force senators to be
more responsive to the
public, progressives
pushed for the popular
election of senators
• As a result, Congress
passed the
17th Amendment (1913)
• F – Summarize the impact of the direct
election of senators?
– Members of the Senate were no longer
appointed by state legislatures, over whom
special interest had influence.
– Instead Senators were elected by popular
vote.
Guided Reading:
Political
Reforms
People and
Groups
Involved
8. Movement for William S.
U'Ren
election
reform
Successes (laws, legal
decisions, etc.)
States adopted:
secret ballot,
initiative,
referendum,
recall,
and direct primary;
Passed Seventeenth
Amendment