panOULU
(public access network OULU)
Professor Timo Ojala
University of Oulu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Urban Computing and Cultures research group
Finland
http://www.panoulu.net
Infrastructure: panOULU WLAN
KampusWLAN
OuluNET
OukaWLAN
RotuaariWLAN
panOULUregion
panOULU
subscriptions
• panOULU ~ Campus networks of
5 municipalities and 4 other
public organisations + panOULU
subscriptions sold by 4 ISPs
• Each provider is responsible for
maintenance and expenses of its
WLAN zone
• Common core services are
sponsored by City of Oulu and
University of Oulu
• ~1440 IEEE 802.11 APs
• Appear as one large uniform WLAN
to users (SSID: panoulu)
• Provide open (no authentication)
and free (no payment) Internet
access to the general public
Ojala T, Orajärvi J, Puhakka K, Heikkinen I & Heikka J (2011) panOULU: Triple helix driven municipal
wireless network providing open and free Internet access. Proc. C&T 2011, Brisbane, Australia, 118-127.
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Founding of panOULU WLAN and consortium on Oct 15, 2003
4 founding members
University of Oulu & Oulu Polytechnic (Academia)
City of Oulu (Government)
OPOY (incumbent ISP owned by City of Oulu, Industry)
Logo
Voucher
(24 hour guest account)
4
panOULU: City of Oulu’s motivation
"Open wireless network is a civil right"
(former) CIO
Ilari Heikkinen, City of Oulu
Open and free wireless Internet access in public
service points/areas as municipal infrastructure
04-5
panOULU: City of Oulu’s Competence Oulu 400 program (2005-2007)
•Part of City of Oulu’s 400th anniversary gift to the citizens
•2.4 MEUR development program funded from the City of Oulu’s
strategic funds
•9 subprojects including
• panOULU: expansion of the City’s OukaWLAN
zone by 400 APs
• OmaOulu: Municipal e-service portal
• Guidance: Training of citizens’ ICT skills
6
Installation of the 400th AP
Celebrating a job well done 
panOULU clinics
educating
general public
panOULU: City of Oulu’s mesh deployment (1)
Only 5 of ~60 mesh APs at downtown have fixed backhaul connection
Reduces backhaul expenses in the long run
panOULU: City of Oulu’s mesh deployment (2)
Examples of mesh AP’s (4-6 radios)
04-8
panOULU subscription: Incorporating telco incentive
in municipal wireless
•Operator provided ”turnkey” solution, which comprises of …
• Broadband connection (typically xDSL)
• Standard business subscription for subscriber’s own production use
• Traffic routed via operator’s uplink (VLAN #1)
• panOULU hotspot for guests and visitors
• WLAN AP(s), switch and L2 link for hooking up the AP(s) into panOULU
• Traffic routed via panOULU’s uplink (VLAN #2)
• L2 connection  roaming with existing panOULU network
• Installation and maintenance
• Leasing package (operator owns all HW)
panOULU
L2 connection
ISP
”POP”
panOULU subscription: For example restaurants,
pubs and cafes have chosen it
04-10
Regional ’panOULUseutu’ network (2008-2013)
•Controller-based WLAN zones in eight nearby municipalities
•Two mesh zones (Nallikari camping, Virpiniemi sports center)
•Existing panOULU provides core services
•Deprecated in the Oulu region’s municipal merger in 2013
Municipality
APs
Hailuoto
4
Haukipudas
32
Kempele
36
Kiiminki
30
Liminka
30
Muhos
17
Oulunsalo
35
Tyrnävä
20
11
Total
204
Eample of providing multiple logical networks with
same infra in University of Oulu’s WLAN zone
eduroam
SSID
other
eduroam
organizations
RADIUS server for
802.1X authentication
panoulu
SSID
Cisco WISM #1
eduroam
staff
VLAN
eduroam
students
& visitors
VLAN
eduroam
SSID
Cisco WISM #2
panoulu
VLAN
panoulu
SSID
One WLAN infrastructure
• Controller-based deployment
• Covers 4 campuses in Oulu,
Kajaani, Kuusamo and Sodankylä
• ~45 pc Aironet 2700AC (a/g/n/ac)
• ~160 pc Aironet 2600N (a/g/n)
• ~140 pc Aironet 1140N (a/g/n)
• ~30 pc Aironet 1130AG (a/g)
Two logical networks (SSID’s)
• eduroam: authentication
• panoulu: no authentication
• Traffic is routed via respective VLANs
and internet gateways
FUNET
Internet
12
panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (1)
Number of unique devices using panOULU WLAN every month
55000
9/2014
Usage in May 2014
50000
10/2013
• 53868 unique devices
• 1.53 million sessions
• 18.3 million online minutes
Stats from 497 APs (<50% of all APs)
5000
11/2006
10000
9/2007
15000
9/2008
20000
3/2010
25000
2/2011
45000
2/2013
40000
9/2012
35000
2/2012
30000
9/2011
Sharp valleys every summer as universities and schools are on holidays
panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (2)
Usage normalized with the number of APs since 1/2008
Unique devices
Unique devices per AP
1000 minutes of online time per AP
55000
110
50000
100
45000
90
40000
80
35000
70
30000
60
25000
50
20000
40
15000
30
10000
20
5000
10
0
5
9
2005 1
5
9
2006 1
5
9
2007 1
5
9
2008 1
5
9
2009 1
5
9
2010 1
5
9
2011 1
5
9
2012 1
5
9
2013 1
5
9
2014 1
2004 1
0
1/2014 vs 1/2008:
6-fold increase in devices/AP
3-fold increase in online time/AP
14
panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (3)
Profiling of devices using the ”CITY” part in May 2014
Attribute
All
Device
s
Nokia
Apple
Intel
Samsung
# devices
53868
12189
18313
2067
12830
Proportion of all devices (%)
100
22.8
34.0
3.8
23.8
# APs used by the devices
497
488
480
374
479
Proportion of devices with "home AP” (%)
60.6
52.7
56.3
94.8
64.8
"Heavy users” (%)
15.1
16.0
17.9
6.5
13.1
”Visiting users” (%)
35.2
41.2
36.2
22.0
32.9
"Casual users” (%)
49.7
42.8
45.9
71.5
54.0
Average per device
28
33
35
9
20
Median per device
9
12
12
3
8
12.6
5.3
12.3
3.6
21.6
16.2
15.4
17.2
20.5
14.6
Average per device (minutes)
339
208
352
900
316
Median per device (minutes)
51
34
60
106
Most active 10% contribute (%)
72
71
71
71
User type
Sessions
Proportion of mobile sessions (%)
Included provider crossing (%)
Online
time
Manufacturer
15
52
6815
panOULU WLAN: Usage as Internet access network (4)
Manufacturer proportions compiled from MAC vendor ID
Apple
Intel
Samsung
Nokia
Nokia
Apple
Samsung
Intel
panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (1)
•49 days (7 weeks) of traffic in Nov-Dec 2012
•Passive deep packet inspection with Procera Networks PL8720
hooked to the main internet gateway
Application categories
Streaming media
panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (2)
Most popular web domains
Traffic volume
# connections
panOULU WLAN: DPI analysis of network traffic (3)
YouTube usage
Laulajainen J-P, Arvidsson Å, Ojala T, Seppänen J & Du M (2014) Study of YouTube demand
patterns in mixed public and campus WiFi network. Proc. IWCMC 2014, Nicosia, Cyprus, 635-641.
panOULU WLAN: 2012 study on panOULU users
Selected stats of questionnaire studies of local high school
and university students conducted in May 2012
High
school
(N = 92)
(%)
University
(N = 924)
(%)
Have used panOULU
84
89
Has not acquired mobile phone data plan because panOULU
13
8
Has concerns about data safety in panOULU
9
39
Has concerns about surveillance in panOULU
4
20
Think that panOULU should be introduced in other cities
79
79
04-20 Municipal WiFi and interactive displays: Appropriation
Ylipulli J, Suopajärvi T, Ojala T, Kostakos V & Kukka H (2014)
of new technologies in public urban spaces. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 89:145-160
panOULU WLAN: Usage as R&D resource (examples)
• Mobile multimedia services
•
•
•
•
•
Aittola et al. (2003, 2004)
Korhonen et al. (2006)
Kukka et al. (2008)
Ojala et al. (2003, 2004)
Peltonen et al. (2003)
Backhaul for
panOULU WSN
panOULU BT
• Mobility/QoS/security
• Kuptsov et al. (2009)
• Sun et al. (2004, 2005)
• Sutinen & Ojala (2005)
• Network analysis and monitoring
•
•
•
•
Ernst et al. (2007)
Kenttälä et al. (2009)
Laulajainen et al. (2014)
Ojala et al. (2005, 2008, 2011, 2012)
• Pervasive gaming
• Tiensyrjä et al. (2010)
• Urban computing
• Ojala et al. (2010)
• Suopajärvi (2014)
• Ylipulli et al. (2014)
Ojala T, Kukka H, Heikkinen T, Lindén T, Jurmu M, Kruger F,
Sasin S, Hosio S & Närhi P (2010) Open urban computing
testbed. Proc. TridentCom 2010, Berlin, Germany, 1277-1288.
panOULU WLAN: panOULU Conqueror
PC
Mobile phone
Tiensyrjä J, Ojala T, Hakanen T & Salmi O (2010) panOULU Conqueror: Pervasive location-aware
multiplayer game for city-wide wireless network. Proc. FNG 2010, Leuven, Belgium, 157-165.
22
panOULU WLAN: QoS comparison vs
commercial 3.5G (HSPA) mobile data
•Measurements conducted in Nov 2011
• Measurements taken at at standstill, i.e. mobility was ignored
• Note: operators deployed 3.9G (LTE) in the Oulu region in spring 2012
Connection grade distributions (%)
Grade
panOULU WLAN
DNA
Sonera
Saunalahti
A
66
37
1
0
B
28
38
87
48
C
4
3
7
40
D
1
10
4
12
F
0
0
0
0
No connection
-
12
-
-
Avg. DL (Mbps)
4.5
4.7
3.8
1.3
Avg. UL (Mbps)
4.1
1.2
1.7
0.3
More recent
measurement (fall 2012)
panOULU
Sonera
WLAN
(LTE)
(802.11n)
DL
72.8
51.7
UL
39.0
14.8
Ping
25
53
Grade
A+
A+
Ojala T, Kokkoniemi J, Luukkonen J, Hakanen T, Salmi O & Pokkinen P (2012) Reflecting
QoS of low-cost multi-provider municipal WiFi on commercial 3.5G mobile data and
ISM spectrum occupancy. Proc. MobiWac 2012, Paphos, Cyprus, 37-44.
Mean duty cycle on
2.4 GHz ISM band
only 0.3 – 3.2% !!
23
panOULU WLAN: Mobile IP pilot (2006-2007)
•Goal: Safe and seamless connections for City of Oulu’s mobile
workers in a multi-access network environment
•Consortium: City of Oulu, Fujitsu Services, Secgo Software
•1-year pilot to City purchasing production system
Imposed profound changes on City of Oulu’s
PC policy and mobile work habits
04-24
WLAN
panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (1)
Service
Service provider
Expenditure (EUR)
Maintenance of standalone APs (510)
Commercial
22113
Maintenance of mesh APs (70)
Commercial
28494
Network hardware and software
Commercial
20530
Network connectivity for APs
Oulun Tietotekniikka
72629
Server room facilities
Oulun Tietotekniikka
8877
Commercial
11514
University of Oulu
0
Internet gateway
Maintenance of core services
Annual
expenditure in
2012 and 2013
was comparable
(<200 kEUR)
Total operational expenditure (EUR)
164157
Per City of Oulu’s access point (580)
283.03
Per capita (142000)
1.16
Per unique device (103095)
1.59
Per session (8667856)
0.02
Per 2 hours of online time (1749580)
0.09
25
panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (2)
Net tax support EUR per capita for various leisure services in 2011
This may be the first comprehensive per capita
expenditure comparison between municipal
wireless and other municipal services
26
panOULU WLAN: City of Oulu’s panOULU expenditure in 2011 (3)
Net tax support EUR per visit for various leisure services in 2011
Net tax support for 1 ticket sold
to Oulu Symphony Orchestra
corresponds to ~2300 hours of
online time in panOULU !
This may be the first comprehensive per visit
expenditure comparison between municipal
wireless and other municipal services
27
panOULU WLAN: Keys to success
•Triple helix of municipalities, academia and industry
•’Champions’ providing political and operative leadership
•Cost effective outsourcing of operations and maintenance
•Have realistic expectation of WLAN’s capabilities
•Provide wireless coverage where it matters
•’KISS’ network design to provide open and free access
•No QoS guarantees and ”contract” to users
•Involve R&D
•Publicly report data on network usage
panOULU WLAN: Challenges
•Network has become too popular for its own good
• During busy hours capacity per user is rather limited
•Renewal of aging hardware in current economic situation
•Deteriorating knowledge base due to minimizing expenses
• Lack of maintenance personnel
•Help desk of a multi-provider network
•Managing user expectations and media
•Rigorous assessment of the socioeconomic impact
•Legal status and public policy
• Related legislation in Finland since March 2011: it is no longer criminal to use a
WLAN AP without the consent of the owner of the AP
panOULU WLAN: Future outlook
•Municipal WiFi as public good?
•Municipal WiFi vs mobile data in wireless Internet access
IEEE 802.11a/g ... IEEE 802.11n ... IEEE 802.11ac
vs
3.5G (HSPA) ... 3.9G (LTE) ... 4G (LTE Advanced)
• Coexistence due to challenges for mobile data
• Increasing backhaul demands
• Pricing models (unlimited data plans, international roaming)
• ”Offloading of mobile data onto WiFi”
• Wi-Fi Alliance ”Hotspot Program” (March 2011)
•Future regulatory policies on provisioning open and free Internet
access?
Thank you for your attention!
http://www.panoulu.net
Professor Timo Ojala
University of Oulu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Urban Computing and Cultures research group
Finland
timo.ojala@ee.oulu.fi
31