• ECMA
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ECMAScript
1
Paradigm(s) Multi-paradigm: prototypebased, functional, imperative, scripting
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ECMAScript
1
Influenced by Self,
HyperTalk, AWK, C,
Perl, Python, Java,
Scheme
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ECMAScript
ECMAScript is the scripting language
standardized by Ecma International in the
ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC
16262. The language is widely used for
client-side scripting on the web, in the form
of several well-known implementations
such as JavaScript, JScript and
ActionScript.
1
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ECMAScript - History
JavaScript was originally developed by
Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name
Mocha, later LiveScript, and finally
renamed to JavaScript. In December
1995, Sun Microsystems and Netscape
announced JavaScript in a press release.
In March 1996, Netscape Navigator 2.0
was released, featuring support for
JavaScript.
1
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ECMAScript - History
Owing to the widespread success of
JavaScript as a client-side scripting
language for web pages, Microsoft
developed a compatible dialect of the
language, naming it JScript to avoid
trademark issues. JScript added new date
methods to fix the non-Y2K-friendly
methods in JavaScript, which were based
on the Java Date class. JScript was
included in Internet Explorer 3.0, released
in August 1996.
1
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ECMAScript - History
1
Netscape delivered JavaScript to Ecma
International for standardization and the
work on the specification, ECMA-262,
began in November 1996. The first edition
of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma
General Assembly of June 1997. Several
editions of the language standard have
been published since then.
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ECMAScript - History
1
ECMAScript is the name of the scripting
language standardized in ECMA-262.
The name "ECMAScript" was a
compromise between the organizations
involved in standardizing the language,
especially Netscape and Microsoft,
whose disputes dominated the early
standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the
creator of JavaScript, commented that
"ECMAScript was always an unwanted
trade name that sounds like a skin
disease."
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ECMAScript - History
1
While both JavaScript and JScript aim to
be compatible with ECMAScript, they also
provide additional features not described
in the ECMA specifications.
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ECMAScript - Versions
1
There are five editions of ECMA-262
published. Work on a future edition,
codenamed "Harmony", is in
progress.
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ECMAScript - Versions
1
EditionDate published Changes
from prior edition Editor
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ECMAScript - Versions
2 June 1998 Editorial changes to
keep the specification fully aligned with
ISO/IEC 16262 international standard
Mike Cowlishaw
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
3 December 1999 Added regular
expressions, better string handling, new
control statements, try/catch exception
handling, tighter definition of errors,
formatting for numeric output and other
enhancements Mike Cowlishaw
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
4 Abandoned Fourth Edition was
abandoned, due to political differences
concerning language complexity. Many
features proposed for the Fourth
Edition have been completely dropped;
some are proposed for ECMAScript
Harmony.
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
5 December 2009Adds "strict mode", a
subset intended to provide more thorough
error checking and avoid error-prone
constructs. Clarifies many ambiguities in the
3rd edition specification, and accommodates
behaviour of real-world implementations that
differed consistently from that specification.
Adds some new features, such as getters
and setters, library support for JSON, and
more complete reflection on object
properties. Pratap Lakshman, Allen WirfsBrock
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
5.1June 2011 This edition 5.1 of the
ECMAScript Standard is fully aligned with
third edition of the international standard
ISO/IEC 16262:2011 Pratap Lakshman,
Allen Wirfs-Brock
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
1
As the first “ECMAScript Harmony”
specification, it is also known as “ES6
Harmony”. Allen Wirfs-Brock
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ECMAScript - Versions
7 Work in progress The Seventh
Edition is in a very early stage of
development, but is intended to
continue the themes of language
reform, code isolation, control of
effects and library/tool enabling from
ES6
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
In June 2004, Ecma International
published ECMA-357 standard,
defining an extension to ECMAScript,
known as ECMAScript for XML (E4X).
1
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ECMAScript - Versions
1
The HD DVD standard was one place
where the ECMAScript Compact
Profile was used in favour of full
ECMAScript to reduce processing and
memory needs on devices.
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ECMAScript - Features
1
The ECMAScript language includes
structured, dynamic, functional, and
prototype-based features, as officially
summarized here.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
ECMAScript is supported in many
applications, especially web browsers,
where it is implemented by JavaScript, or,
in the case of Internet Explorer, JScript
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
Mozilla Firefox, the Gecko layout
engine, SpiderMonkey, and Rhino[d 1]
JavaScript 1.8.5[d 2] ECMA-262,
edition 5, and features from upcoming
6. [d 3]
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Internet Explorer, the
Trident layout engine
JScript 9.0 ECMA-262,
edition 5
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ECMAScript - Implementations
KHTML layout engine, KDE's
Konqueror, and Apple Inc.'s Safari[d
8] JavaScript[d 2] ECMA-262, edition
3
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Adobe Creative Suite
products: InDesign,
Illustrator,
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
General purpose scripting
language DMDScript 1.15
ECMA-262
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ECMAScript - Implementations
Compiler-generated JavaScript
applications TypeScript ECMA-262,
edition 3, 5 and features from
upcoming 6.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
The Mozilla implementations,
(SpiderMonkey in the C++ language,
Rhino in the Java language), are used in
several third-party programs, including the
Yahoo! Widget Engine (Konfabulator) and
the Macintosh system-level scripting
language JavaScript OSA.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
^ a b c d e "JavaScript" is an ECMAScript
variant managed by Mozilla. All nonMozilla implementations using JavaScript
are actually implementing ECMAScript,
rather than Javascript. "JavaScript"
support generally is meant to describe
support for ECMA-262, edition 3, though
some—notably Chrome, but also Opera
12 and Internet Explorer 10—target
ECMA-262, edition 5.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
SpiderMonkey already supports a wide range of
upcoming features: ECMAScript 6 support in
Mozilla
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ECMAScript - Implementations
V8, the JavaScript engine created by
Google and used in Chrome, implements
ECMAScript as specified in ECMA-262,
5th edition: V8 JavaScript Engine.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
Chrome also implements nonECMAScript-standard extensions to the
language which are present in WebKit, in
order to maintain compatibility with
JavaScriptCore (which is itself based on
the KDE KJS library) : V8 JavaScript
Engine issue tracker.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Opera's implementation includes some
JavaScript and JScript extensions:
ECMAScript support in Opera Presto 2.3
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Full ECMAScript (JavaScript) 5.1
support in Opera 11.51+ : .
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ECMAScript - Implementations
Apple's Safari uses
JavaScriptCore which is
based on the KDE KJS
library.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
This implementation asserts to support
some extensions proposed in drafts of
ECMAScript edition 4 (and now
ECMAScript Harmony): Ejscript Overview.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
Microsoft asserts that JScript 8.0
supports "almost all of the features of
the ECMAScript Edition 3 Language
Specification" but does not list the
unsupported features.
1
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
In addition to supporting ECMA-262
edition 3, ActionScript 3 also included
support for extensions proposed in
drafts of ECMAScript edition 4: The
Kiwi Project: AS3 language 101 for
C/C++ coders.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Adobe Acrobat 9.0 uses the SpiderMonkey 1.7
engine: JavaScript for Acrobat API Reference
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
OpenLaszlo both uses an ECMAScript
implementation as noted in the
Developer's Guide: Appendix B:
ECMAScript and can compile down to
JavaScript targeted for the browser (the
DHTML target).
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
ANT Galio Browser
claims support for
JavaScript 1.5.
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ECMAScript - Implementations
1
Caja emulates strict mode as
specified in the ECMAScript
edition 5 draft.
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
The following table is based on tedster's
history compilation forum post and
Microsoft's JScript version information
webpage. Items on the same line are
approximately the same language.
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1.0 (Netscape 2.0,
March 1996) 1.0 (IE
3.0 - early versions,
August 1996)
1
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
1.1 (Netscape 3.0, August 1996)
2.0 (IE 3.0 - later versions,
January 1997)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
1.3 (Netscape 4.06-4.7x, October 1998)
3.0 (IE 4.0, Oct 1997) Edition 1 (June
1997) / Edition 2 (June 1998)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
1.4 (Netscape Server
only) 4.0 (Visual
Studio 6, no IE
release)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
later Netscape and Mozilla releases) 5.5 (IE 5.5,
July 2000) Edition 3 (December 1999)
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1.7 (Gecko 1.8.1, Firefox 2, October
2006)
Edition 3 plus all JavaScript
1.6 enhancements, plus Pythonic
generators and array comprehensions
([a*a for (a in iter)]), block scope with
let, destructuring assignment (var
[a,b]=[1,2]) (New in JavaScript 1.7)
1
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ECMAScript - Version correspondence
1
1.8 (Gecko 1.9, Firefox 3, June 2008)
Edition 3 plus all JavaScript 1.7
enhancements, plus expression
closures (function(x) x * x), generator
expressions, and more (New in
JavaScript 1.8)
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
In 2010, Ecma International started
developing a standards test for Ecma 262
ECMAScript. Test262 is an ECMAScript
conformance test suite that can be used to
check how closely a JavaScript
implementation follows the ECMAScript
5th Edition Specification. The test suite
contains thousands of individual tests,
each of which tests some specific
requirements of the ECMAScript
1
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1
Development of Test262 is a project of
Ecma Technical Committee 39 (TC39).
The testing framework and individual
tests are created by member
organizations of TC39 and contributed
to Ecma for use in Test262.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1
Important contributions were made by
Google (Sputnik testsuite) and Microsoft
who both contributed thousands of tests.
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
The Test262 testsuite already contains
more than 11,000 tests and is being
developed further as of 2013. Be aware
that Test262 itself may contain bugs which
may impact some browsers' scores. So
take these figures with a grain of salt.
1
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
The following table shows current
conformance results of browser
products. Lower scores are better,
although scores can not be compared
as tests are not weighted.
1
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
Product Version tested Test262
failed Test suite version (date) Prerelease version Test262 failed Test
suite version (date)
1
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ECMAScript - Conformance tests
1
Opera 12.14 (build 1738) 10/11573ES5.1 (2013-0324) 15.0.1147.18 10/11573ES5.1 (2013-03-24)
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
1
The proposed fourth edition of ECMA262 (ECMAScript 4 or ES4) would have
been the first major update to
ECMAScript since the third edition was
published in 1999. The specification
(along with a reference implementation)
was originally targeted for completion
by October 2008. An overview of the
language was released by the working
group on October 22, 2007.
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
As of August 2008, the ECMAScript 4th
edition proposal has been scaled back into
a project codenamed ECMAScript
Harmony.
1
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1
Features under discussion for a future
edition (originally "ECMAScript 4"; now
ECMAScript Harmony) include:
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1
Optional type annotations and static typing, probably
using a structural type system
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ECMAScript - Features under discussion
1
The intent of these features is partly to
better support programming in the
large, and to allow sacrificing some of
the script's ability to be dynamic to
improve performance. For example,
Tamarin — the virtual machine for
ActionScript developed and open
sourced by Adobe — has just-in-time
compilation (JIT) support for certain
classes of scripts.
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ECMAScript - Bug fixes and backwards compatibility
1
In addition to introducing new features,
some ES3 bugs were proposed to be
fixed in edition 4. These fixes and
others, and support for JSON
encoding/decoding, have been folded
into the ECMAScript, 5th Edition
specification.
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ECMAScript - History
He also pointed out that Microsoft
Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C#
and ActionScript 3 respectively, both
of which are larger and more complex
than ECMAScript Edition 3.
1
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 5th Edition
After the aforementioned public
sparring, the ECMAScript 3.1 and
ECMAScript 4 teams agreed on a
compromise: the two editions would be
worked on, in parallel, with
coordination between the teams to
ensure that ECMAScript 3.1 remains a
strict subset of ECMAScript 4 in both
semantics and syntax.
1
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript, 5th Edition
1
On December 3, 2009, ECMA262 5th edition was published.
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1
In addition, other goals and ideas from
ECMAScript 4 are being rephrased to
keep consensus in the committee;
these include a notion of classes based
on ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an
update to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).
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ECMAScript - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1
Drafts of ES.next have been published
periodically since July 2011, with a
target release date of December 2013.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to
meet the needs of different audiences.
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Vocabulary, notational conventions
and abbreviations
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Summary of primary and
supporting markup
languages
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Conformance conditions
and interoperability
guidelines
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions
that apply to each document type
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
The Open Packaging Conventions
(OPC), for the package model and
physical package, is defined and used
by various document types in various
applications from multiple vendors.
1
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
It defines core properties,
thumbnails, digital signatures, and
authorizations and encryption
capabilities for parts or all the
contents in the package.
1
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
XML schemas for the OPC are
declared as XML Schema Definitions
(XSD) and (non-normatively) using
RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
1
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
Informative (non-normative)
introduction to WordprocessingML,
SpreadsheetML, PresentationML,
DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs,
providing context and illustrating
elements through examples and
diagrams
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Describes the custom XML data storing
facility within a package to support
integration with business data
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
Contains the reference material for
WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML,
PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs
and Custom XML Schema, defining every
element and attribute including the
element hierarchy (parent/child
relationships)
1
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
XML schemas for the markup languages are
declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using
RELAX NG
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
1
Defines the custom XML
data storing facility
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
Part 5. Markup
Compatibility and
Extensibility
1
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
Describes extension facilities of
OpenXML documents and specifies
elements and attributes by which
applications with different extensions
can interoperate
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Office Open XML - ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)
Later versions of the ECMA-376
standard are aligned and technically
equivalent to the corresponding ISO
standard.
1
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Reflection (computer programming) - ECMAScript
1
// assuming that Foo
resides in this
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Ecma International
'Ecma International' is an international,
private (membership-based) non-profit
standards organization for information and
communication systems.[http://www.ecmainternational.org/memento/Ecmabylaws.ht
m Ecma By-laws] It acquired its current
name in 1994, when the 'European
Computer Manufacturers Association'
('ECMA') changed its name to reflect the
organization's global reach and activities.
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Ecma International
The organization was originally
founded in 1961 to standardize
computer systems in Europe.
Membership is open to large and
small companies worldwide that
produce, market or develop computer
or communication systems, and have
interest and experience in the areas
addressed by the group's technical
bodies. It is located in Geneva.
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Ecma International - Aims
Ecma publications, including
standards, can be freely copied by all
interested parties without copyright
restrictions
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Ecma International - Aims
Unlike national standardization bodies,
Ecma is a membership-based
organization. It takes pride in the resulting
business-like approach to standards,
claimed to lead to better standards in less
time, thanks to a less bureaucratic process
focused on achieving results by
consensus.
1
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Ecma International - Aims
For over 50 years Ecma has actively
contributed to worldwide standardization in
information technology and
telecommunications. More than 400
[http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/St
andard.htm Ecma Standards] and 100
[http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/techreports/t
echrep.htm Technical Reports] have been
1
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Ecma International - Standards
1
Ecma International is currently responsible for
several standards, including the following:
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-119 – CD-ROM
volume and filestructure
(later known as ISO 9660)
1
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Ecma International - Standards
1
* ECMA-262 – ECMAScript Language Specification
(often referred to as JavaScript)
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-334 – C Sharp
(programming
language)|C# Language
Specification
1
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Ecma International - Standards
1
* ECMA-335 – Common Language
Infrastructure|Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI)
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-341 –
Environmental design
considerations for
electronic products
1
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-363 –
Universal
3D|Universal 3D File
Format
1
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Ecma International - Standards
1
* ECMA-367 – Eiffel: Analysis, design
and programming Language (See
Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel
programming language)
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-372 – C++/CLI Language
Specification[ http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standard
s/Ecma-372.htm Standard ECMA-372]
1
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Ecma International - Standards
1
* ECMA-377 – Holographic Versatile
Disc (HVD) Recordable Cartridges[
http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standa
rds/Ecma-377.htm Standard ECMA377]
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-378 – Read-Only Memory
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVDROM)[ http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standa
rds/Ecma-378.htm Standard ECMA378]
1
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-388 – Open XML Paper
Specification[ http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ec
ma-388.htm Standard ECMA-388]
1
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Ecma International - Standards
* ECMA-404 - JSON[ http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ec
ma-404.htm Standard ECMA-404]
1
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Ecma International - Java programming language
1
Although Sun Microsystems submitted
its Java (programming language)|Java
programming language to Ecma, Sun
subsequently withdrew the submission.
Thus, Ecma is not responsible for the
standardization of Java.
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Ecma International - Office Open XML formats
1
Ecma is involved in the standardization of
the Office Open XML|Ecma Office Open
XML format based on the XML office
document formats by Microsoft. The Ecma
Office Open XML maintenance process is
currently performed by technical
committee 45 ([http://www.ecmainternational.org/memento/TC45.htm
TC45]).
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Ecma International - Eco Declaration
In [http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ec
ma-370.htm Ecma International Standard
370], Ecma joined forces with the
Scandinavian IT Eco Declaration
organisation to put forward a guideline for
informing consumers about the
environmental practices of the
manufacturers of ICT and consumer
electronics products.
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Ecma International - Eco Declaration
The IT Eco Declaration includes
information on the environmental practices
of the manufacturer as well as product
features, such as environmentally
conscious design, batteries, acoustic
noise, electrical safety, energy
consumption, chemical emissions,
substances and materials included, and
packaging
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List of aircraft engines - SNECMA
1
(Société Nationale d'Étude
et de Construction de
Moteurs d'Aviation)
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Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines
When released it was the fastest
engine around, but in 2008 a new
generation of ECMAScript engines
from Google (V8 (JavaScript
engine)|V8), Mozilla (TraceMonkey)
and Apple Inc.|Apple (SquirrelFish)
took one more step, introducing native
code generation
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Presto (layout engine) - ECMAScript engines
In early 2009, Opera began to use the
Carakan engine. It features register-based
bytecode, native code generation,
automatic object classification and overall
performance improvements. Early access
in the Opera 10.50 pre-alpha showed that
it is as fast as the fastest competitors,
being the winner in 2 out of the 3 most
used Benchmark
(computing)|benchmarks.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
An 'ECMAScript engine' is a program
that executes source code written in a
version of the ECMAScript language
standard, for example, JavaScript.
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List of ECMAScript engines
These are new generation
ECMAScript engines for web
browsers, all implementing just-intime compilation (JIT) or variations of
that idea. The performance benefits
for just-in-time compilation make it
much more suitable for web
applications written in JavaScript.
1
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript
engines|Carakan: A JavaScript engine
developed by Opera Software ASA,
http://labs.opera.com/news/2009/02/05/
included in the Opera 10#10.50|10.50
http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blog/
release of the Opera (web browser)|Opera
web browser, until switching to V8
(JavaScript engine)|V8 with Opera 15
(released in 2013).
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*Chakra (JScript engine)|Chakra: A
JScript engine used in Internet
Explorer. It was first previewed at MIX
(Microsoft)#MIX 10|MIX 10 as part of
the Internet Explorer 9 Platform
Preview.
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List of ECMAScript engines
*SpiderMonkey (JavaScript
engine)|SpiderMonkey: A JavaScript
engine in Mozilla Gecko (layout
engine)|Gecko applications, including
Mozilla Firefox|Firefox. The engine
currently includes the IonMonkey and
JägerMonkey compilers, has previously
included the TraceMonkey compiler
(first javascript JIT), and is planned to
include the forthcoming OdinMonkey
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List of ECMAScript engines
*SquirrelFish (JavaScript
engine)|SquirrelFish: The JavaScript
engine for Apple Inc.'s WebKit. Also known
as Nitro.
http://www.apple.com/safari/whatsnew.html
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Tamarin (JavaScript engine)|Tamarin: An
ActionScript and ECMAScript engine used in Adobe
Flash.
1
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8: A JavaScript engine
used in Google Chrome, Node.js, and .
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*WebKit#JavaScriptCore|JavaScriptCore:
A JavaScript interpreter originally derived
from KJS (KDE)|KJS. It is used in the
WebKit project and applications such as
Safari (web browser)|Safari.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*Nashorn (JavaScript engine)|Nashorn: A
JavaScript engine used in Oracle
Corporation|Oracle Java (programming
language)|Java Java Development Kit
(JDK).
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List of ECMAScript engines
The following engines use runtime
interpreters, which do not compile into
native machine code and generally run
more slowly.
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Continuum: A self-interpreter that
supports recent iterations of the draft
ECMAScript 6 specification. Uniquely,
the engine is implemented in
ECMAScript 3, which makes it
possible to run ES6 in browsers as old
as IE6.
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript
engines|Futhark: The ECMAScript engine
of the Opera (web browser)|Opera web
browser versions 9.50 to 10.10.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*InScript (JavaScript engine)|InScript:
An obsolete proprietary
software|proprietary library used for
iCab 2 and 3
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List of ECMAScript engines
*JScript: The engine that is used in
Internet Explorer for versions up to IE9,
and one component of the Trident (layout
engine)|Trident layout engine.
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List of ECMAScript engines
*KJS (KDE)|KJS: The engine used in
Konqueror, and one component of
KHTML, a predecessor to JavaScriptCore.
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*Presto (layout engine)#ECMAScript
engines|Linear B: The ECMAScript
engine of the Opera (web
browser)|Opera web browser versions
7.0 to 9.50, exclusive.
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Narcissus (JavaScript
engine)|Narcissus: JavaScript
implemented in JavaScript (a metacircular evaluator), intended to run in
another JavaScript engine, of
theoretical and educational nature only.
1
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List of ECMAScript engines
*[https://github.com/NeilFraser/JSInterpreter JS-Interpreter] A lightweight
JavaScript interpreter implemented in
JavaScript with step-by-step execution.
1
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List of ECMAScript engines
*Rhino (JavaScript engine)|Rhino:
One of several JavaScript engines
from Mozilla, using the Java (software
platform)|Java platform.
1
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*YAJI: An ECMAScript engine based on
the FESI implementation by Jean-Marc
Lugrin in 1999, using the Java (software
platform)|Java platform, currently being
developed to support the latest standards
(Spec 262, v5.1).
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List of ECMAScript engines
1
*Duktape: a small footprint, easily
embeddable Ecmascript E5/E5.1
engine.
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TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support
TypeScript adds support for features
proposed classes, modules and an arrow
function syntax as they are proposed in
the upcoming ECMAScript 6 standard.
1
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TypeScript - ECMAScript 6 support
Although the standard is not ready,
Microsoft has said that it aims to align
TypeScript's features with the proposed
standard.
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ECMAScript for XML
'ECMAScript for XML' ('E4X') is a
programming language extension that
adds native XML support to
ECMAScript (which includes
ActionScript, JavaScript, and JScript)
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ECMAScript for XML
E4X is standardized by Ecma
International in the [http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standard
s/Ecma-357.htm ECMA-357 standard].
The first edition was published in June
2004, the second edition in December
2005.
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ECMAScript for XML - Browser support
E4X is supported by Mozilla's Rhino
(JavaScript engine)|Rhino, used in
OpenOffice.org and several other projects.
It is also supported by Tamarin (JavaScript
engine)|Tamarin, the JavaScript engine
used in the Adobe Flash|Flash virtual
machine. It is not supported by other
common engines like SquirrelFish|Nitro
(Safari (web browser)|Safari), V8
(JavaScript engine)|V8 (Google Chrome),
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ECMAScript for XML - Browser support
In Firefox 10, E4X syntax was no
longer accepted in SpiderMonkey
when
ECMAScript#Versions|ECMAStrict 5
strict mode is enabled
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ECMAScript for XML - sales.item.(@type
1
oranges).@quantity = 4;
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Comparison of layout engines (ECMAScript)
The following tables compare
ECMAScript (particularly JavaScript)
support for several popular Web
browser engine|layout engines.
Please see the individual products'
articles for further information.
Unless otherwise specified in
footnotes, comparisons are based on
the stable versions without any addons, extensions or external programs.
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
) operator, which brought it closer to
being ECMA-262-compliant
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls.
With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
The next major revision of the
language, ActionScript 2.0, was
introduced in September 2003 with the
release of Flash MX 2004 and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash
Player|Flash Player 7. In response to
user demand for a language better
equipped for larger and more complex
applications, ActionScript 2.0 featured
compile-time type checking and
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls.
With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
(While this allowed for a more
structured object-oriented
programming approach, the code
would still be compiled to ActionScript
1.0 bytecode, allowing it to be used on
the preceding Flash Player 6 as well.
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls.
With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
In other words, the Class-based
programming|class-based inheritance
syntax of programming languages|syntax
was a layer on top of the existing
prototype-based system.) With
ActionScript 2.0, developers could
constrain variable (programming)|variables
to a specific type by adding a type
annotation so that type mismatch errors
could be found at compile-time.
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
1 controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
ActionScript 2.0 also introduced classbased inheritance syntax of programming
languages|syntax so that developers could
create classes and interfaces, much as
they would in class-based languages such
as Java (programming language)|Java
and C++. This version conformed partially
to the ECMAScript Fourth Edition draft
specification.
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
1 controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
In June 2006, ActionScript 3.0 debuted
with Adobe Flex|Adobe Flex 2.0 and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash
Player|Flash Player 9
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from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding
player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
1
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
The update to the
language introduced
several new features:
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls.
With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
* Compile-time and Run time
(program lifecycle phase)|run-time
type checking—type information
exists at both compile-time and
runtime.
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls. With1the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
* Support for Java
package|packages, namespaces,
and regular expressions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
1
*controls.
Unified
event
handling
system
on
the
With
the next
release of its
authoringbased
tool, Flash
MX,
andDOM
its
corresponding
player, Adobe event
Flash Player|Flash
Player
6, the language
Events|DOM
handling
standard.
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
corresponding
player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
1
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
* Integration of
ECMAScript for XML
(E4X) for purposes of
XML processing.
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
controls. With the next release of its authoring tool, Flash MX, and its
1
corresponding player, Adobe Flash Player|Flash Player 6, the language
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
* Direct access to the Flash run-time
system|runtime display list for
complete control of what gets
displayed at Run time (program
lifecycle phase)|runtime.
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
1
*controls.
Completely
conforming
implementation
ofitsthe
With the next
release of its authoring
tool, Flash MX, and
corresponding
player, fourth
Adobe Flash
Player|Flash
Player
6, the language
ECMAScript
edition
draft
specification.
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
from JavaScript and the ECMA-262 (Third Edition) standard, supporting the
said standard's object model and many of its core data types. Local variable
(programming)|variables may be declared with the var statement, and userdefined function (computer science)|functions with parameter (computer
science)|parameter passing and return statement|return values can also be
created. Notably, ActionScript could now also be typed with a text editor rather
than being assembled by choosing actions from drop-down lists and dialog box
1
*controls.
Limited
support
for
dynamic
3D
objects.
With the
next release
of its
authoring tool,
Flash
MX, and its(X,
corresponding
Adobe Flash
6, the language
Y, Zplayer,
rotation,
andPlayer|Flash
texturePlayer
mapping)
remained essentially unchanged; there were only minor changes, such as the
addition of the switch statement and the strict equality (
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ECMA-262
1
'ECMAScript' is the scripting language
standardized by Ecma International in
the 'ECMA-262' specification (technical
standard)|specification and ISO/IEC
16262. The language is widely used for
client-side scripting on the World Wide
Web|web, in the form of several wellknown implementations such as
JavaScript, JScript and ActionScript.
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ECMA-262 - History
1
JavaScript was originally developed by
Brendan Eich of Netscape
Communications Corporation|Netscape
under the name Mocha, later LiveScript,
and finally renamed to JavaScript. In
December 1995, Sun Microsystems and
Netscape announced JavaScript in a
press release. In March 1996, Netscape
Navigator 2.0 was released, featuring
support for JavaScript.
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ECMA-262 - History
ECMAScript is the name of the
scripting language standardized in
ECMA-262. The name ECMAScript
was a compromise between the
organizations involved in
standardizing the language,
especially Netscape and Microsoft,
whose disputes dominated the early
standards sessions. Brendan Eich, the
creator of JavaScript, commented that
ECMAScript was always an unwanted
trade name that sounds like a skin
1
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ECMA-262 - Versions
The HD DVD standard was one place
where the ECMAScript Compact Profile
was used in favour of full ECMAScript to
reduce processing and memory needs on
devices.
1
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ECMA-262 - Features
The ECMAScript language includes
structured programming|structured,
dynamic programming language|dynamic,
functional programming|functional, and
prototype-based programming|prototypebased features, as officially summarized
here.
1
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ECMA-262 - Conformance tests
The Test262 testsuite already contains
more than 11,000 tests and is being
developed further . Be aware that Test262
itself may contain
[https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.cgi?or
der=Importancequery_format=advancedbu
g_status=CONFIRMEDbug_status=IN_PR
OGRESScomponent=ECMA262%20Testsproduct=Test262 bugs]
which may impact some browsers' scores.
1
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript, 4th Edition
1
The proposed fourth edition of ECMA-262
('ECMAScript 4' or 'ES4') would have been
the first major update to ECMAScript since
the third edition was published in 1999.
The specification (along with a reference
implementation) was originally targeted for
completion by October 2008. An
[http://www.ecmascript.org/es4/spec/overvi
ew.pdf overview] of the language was
released by the working group on October
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1
Features under discussion for a future
edition (originally ECMAScript 4; now
#ECMAScript Harmony|ECMAScript
Harmony) include:
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1
* class (computer science)|Classes
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
* modular
programming|A module
system
1
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
1
* Optional type annotations and static typing,
probably using a structural type system
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ECMA-262 - Features under discussion
* generator (computer
science)|Generators and
iterators
1
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ECMA-262 - History
He also pointed out that Microsoft
Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp
(programming language)|C# and
ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which
are larger and more complex than
ECMAScript Edition 3.
1
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
In addition, other goals and ideas from
ECMAScript 4 are being rephrased to
keep consensus in the committee; these
include a notion of classes based on
ECMAScript, 5th Edition (being an update
to ECMAScript, 3rd edition).
1
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ECMA-262 - ECMAScript Harmony (6th Edition)
1
Wiki.ecmascript.org
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Browser speed test - ECMAScript Test 262
1
ECMA International is a standardization
authority for JavaScript. test262 is a
benchmark that composes enormous
number of individual tests to test the
conformance. The individual test in this
suit is developed by member
organizations of TC39, the technical
committee tasked with standardization of
the ECMAScript programming language.
Currently test262 suite comprises
10,000+ tests and yet under more tests are
scheduled to be included in future.
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List of Ecma standards
1
This is a list of standards published by
Ecma International, formerly the
European Computer Manufacturers
Association.
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
* ECMA-1 – Standard for a Six-bit
character code#Example of sixbit ASCII
variants|6-bit Input/Output character code
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
* ECMA-6 – 7-bit coded character set
(same as ISO/IEC 646/ITU-T T.50)
(successive editions in 1965, 1967, 1970,
1973, and 1984)
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1
* ECMA-10 – Data Interchange
on punched tape (Nov 1965)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1
* ECMA-13 – File
Structure and
Labelling of
Magnetic Tapes
(later ISO 1001)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1
* ECMA-35 – Character
Code Structure and
Extension Techniques
(ISO/IEC 2022)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-1 – ECMA-99
1
* ECMA-74 – Measurement of Airborne
Noise Emitted by Information
Technology and Telecommunications
Equipment (same as ISO 7779)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1
* ECMA-146 – 4mm Digital Audio Tape|DAT data
cartridges (same as ISO/IEC 11321)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1
* ECMA-167 – Universal
Disk Format (same as
ISO/IEC 13346)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-100 – ECMA-199
1
* ECMA-182 – Cyclic
redundancy check
polynomial CRC-64ECMA-182
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
* ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented
Functionality Class for Security Evaluation
(COFC)
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
1
* ECMA-206 – Association Context Management
including Security Context Management
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-200 – ECMA-299
* ECMA-219 – Authentication and
Privilege Attribute Security Application with
related Key Distribution Functions - Part 1,
2 and 3
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-307 – Corporate
Telecommunication Networks Signalling Interworking between
QSIG and H.323 - Generic Functional
Protocol for the Support of
Supplementary Services
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-308 – Corporate
Telecommunication Networks - Signalling
Interworking between QSIG and H.323 Call Transfer Supplementary Services
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-309 – Corporate
Telecommunication Networks Signalling Interworking between QSIG
and H.323 - Call Diversion
Supplementary Services
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1
* ECMA-319 – Linear
Tape-Open|Ultrium-1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-326 – Corporate
Telecommunication Networks - Signalling
Interworking between QSIG and H.323 Call Completion Supplementary Services
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-332 – Corporate
Telecommunication Networks Signalling Interworking between
QSIG and H.323 - Basic Services
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1
* ECMA-355 – Corporate Telecommunication
Networks - Tunnelling of QSIG over SIP
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-360 – Corporate
telecommunication networks Signalling interworking between
QSIG and SIP - Call diversion
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
* ECMA-361 – Corporate
telecommunication networks - Signalling
interworking between QSIG and SIP - Call
transfer
1
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1
* ECMA-380 – Ultra Density
Optical (UDO)
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List of Ecma standards - ECMA-300 – ECMA-399
1
* ECMA-381 – Procedure for the Registration of
Assigned Numbers for ECMA-368 and ECMA-369
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1
The SDI rail gun investigation, called the
Compact High Energy Capacitor Module
Advanced Technology Experiment
(CHECMATE), had been able to fire two
projectiles per day during the initiative
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1
A hypervelocity railgun works very much
like a particle accelerator insofar as it
converts electrical potential energy into
kinetic energy imparted to the projectile
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
1
Rail guns face a host of technical challenges before
they will be ready for battlefield deployment
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Strategic Defense Initiative - Hypervelocity Rail Gun (CHECMATE)
In addition to being considered for
destroying ballistic missile threats, rail
guns were also being planned for
service in space platform (sensor and
battle station) defense. This potential
role reflected defense planner
expectations that the rail guns of the
future would be capable of not only
rapid fire, but also of multiple firings
(on the order of tens to hundreds of
1
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Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma
International
Ecma formed in December 2005 a
technical committee (TC45) in order to
produce and maintain a formal standard
for office productivity applications that is
fully compatible with the Office Open XML
Formats, submitted by Microsoft”
1
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Standardization of Office Open XML - Standardization within Ecma International
1
During standardisation within Ecma
the specification grew to
approximately 6,000 pages. It was
approved as an Ecma standard
(ECMA-376) on December 7, 2006. The
standard can be downloaded from
Ecma free of
charge.[http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standa
rds/Ecma-376.htm Standard ECMAhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
ECMAScript Harmony - History
Microsoft delivered JScript to Ecma
International for standardization and the
work on the specification, ECMA-262,
began in November 1996. The first edition
of ECMA-262 was adopted by the Ecma
General Assembly of June 1997. Several
editions of the language standard have
been published since then.
1
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ECMAScript Harmony - History
He also pointed out that Microsoft
Silverlight and Adobe AIR rely on C Sharp
(programming language)|C# and
ActionScript 3 respectively, both of which
are larger and more complex than
ECMAScript Edition 3.
1
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WiMedia Alliance - ECMA
In December 2008, Ecma
International released specification
(ECMA-368 and ECMA-369) for UWB
technology based on the WiMedia
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Common Radio
Platform.
1
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ECMAScript 4 - Conformance tests
Also, be aware that Test262 itself is
likely to contain
[https://bugs.ecmascript.org/buglist.
cgi?order=Importancequery_format=
advancedbug_status=CONFIRMEDbu
g_status=IN_PROGRESScomponent=E
CMA-262%20Testsproduct=Test262
bugs] which may impact a browser's
score
1
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ECMA
* Ecma International, an international
standards organization for information
communication technology and consumer
electronics
1
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ECMA
* Engineering College Magazines Associated, a
group of student-run engineering-based publications
1
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ECMA
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* East Coast Music Association|East
Coast Music Awards, an annual
awards ceremony for music
appreciation on the east coast of
Canada
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ECMA
** East Coast Music Association, a non-profit
association that hosts the East Coast Music Awards
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Snecma
'Snecma S.A.' is a French Multinational
corporation|multinational aircraft and rocket
engine manufacturer headquartered in
Courcouronnes, France. Alone or in
partnership, Snecma designs, develops,
produces and markets engines for civil and
military aircraft, launch vehicles and
satellites. The company also offers a
complete range of engine support services to
airlines, armed forces and other operators.
Snecma is a subsidiary of Safran.
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Snecma - Name
Snecma used to be an acronym for
'Société nationale d'études et de
construction de moteurs d'aviation'
(in English, National Company for the
Design and Construction of Aviation
Engines) until 27 Aprilth 2004.
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Snecma - 1960s
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In 1961, Snecma and Bristol Siddeley
agreed to a joint venture to produce
the power plant for the Concorde,
which would become the RollsRoyce/Snecma Olympus 593. the
main body of the engine came from
the Bristol Olympus with the
refinements being the addition of the
variable intakes necessary for
supersonic flight.
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Snecma - 1960s
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In 1968, Snecma took control of HispanoSuiza, EADS Socata|Socata and Bugatti.
Snecma valued Bugatti's automobile
background (turbochargers and engines).
In a subsequent reorganisation, all aeroengine maintenance services would be
grouped as Sochata-Snecma.
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
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In 1970, Messier and Snecma agreed
to merge their landing gear
businesses. The following year,
Messier-Hispano was formed in which
Snecma held a stake. Snecma took full
control of Messier-Hispano in 1973.
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
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In 1977, the landing gear business was
further consolidated by the creation of
Messier-Hispano-Bugatti (later
renamed Messier-Bugatti).
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Snecma - 1970s and 1980s
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Snecma and GE-Aviation|General Electric
(GE) created a joint venture in 1974, CFM
International, beginning a long term
relationship which continues today. Testing
of FADEC, a joint development of the two
companies, began in 1985.
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 1990, Snecma announced its participation in
the General Electric GE90 engine programme.
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Snecma - 1990s
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Messier-Dowty was formed in 1994
following the merger of the landing
gear businesses of Snecma (Messier)
and the British TI Group (Dowty).
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 1997 Snecma acquired
100 per cent of Société
européenne de
propulsion.
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 1998, Snecma took
full control of MessierDowty.
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 1999, Snecma Services was created
to consolidate all maintenance, repair
and overhaul (MRO) operations
(including Sochata-Snecma).
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Snecma - 1990s
In 2000, Snecma became a holding
company and the propulsion business was
reformed as Snecma Moteurs. Later in the
year Snecma acquired Labinal, along with
its Turbomeca and Microturbo
subsidiaries.
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 2001, Hurel-Hispano (now renamed and
known as Aircelle) was created to
consolidate the group's engine nacelle and
thrust reverser businesses.
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Snecma - 1990s
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In 2005, Snecma merged with Sagem
to form SAFRAN. Snecma was divided,
with the company's subsidiaries
contributing to the propulsion and
equipment divisions of the new group.
Snecma moteurs was then renamed
Snecma.
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Snecma - Products
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The company's major civil aircraft
engine is the CFM International
CFM56. Produced by a partnership
between Snecma and General
Electric, CFM56s power more than
4,900 aircraft around the world.
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Snecma - Products
Snecma is also the main partner for the
General Electric CF6|General Electric
CF6-80 and GE90 programs. Snecma
recently increased its presence in the
high-thrust turbofan segment by joining the
Engine Alliance GP7000 program
managed by the Engine Alliance, a 50/50
joint venture of General Electric and Pratt
Whitney. This engine is one of two options
available to power the Airbus A380.
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Snecma - Products
The company has entered into the
PowerJet partnership with NPO Saturn of
Russia to provide PowerJet
SaM146|SaM146 engines for the Sukhoi
Superjet 100.
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Snecma - Commercial engines
* CFM International CFM
International LEAP|LEAP
(50%) (under development)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
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* General Electric CF6 (10–20% share of
production, depending on engine model)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
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* Snecma Silvercrest
(under development)
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Snecma - Commercial engines
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* 5,000 Horsepower|shp turboprop (under
study) for 70–90 seater regional airliners
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Snecma - Sites
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* Melun Villaroche
Aerodrome
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