anomic trap
anomic trap
a barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve
little
anomie
anomie
generalized state of normlessness
arousal theory
arousal theory
recognizes that some criminals have no conscience
behavior modification
behavior modification
the premise that all behavior is the result of learned responses to various stimuli
biological determinism
biological determinism
criminal behavior that is a result of being a genetic misfit or a biological throwback to
earlier, primitive and more violent beings
corrections
corrections
refers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or
convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found
guilty of a status offense
criminology
criminology
the scientific study of crime and criminals
cultural transmission thesis
cultural transmission thesis
explains the persistence of criminal and other deviant values in successive generations
deinstitutionalization
deinstitutionalization
secure confinement abandoned as a punishment
deterrence
deterrence
assumes that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime
differential association theory
differential association theory
criminal values and behaviors are learned through social interactions
differential reinforcement
differential reinforcement
the operant-conditioning principle that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior
and extinguish behavior that is punished
discriminative stimuli
discriminative stimuli
motivating definitions that either cast criminal behavior in a positive light or neutralize
the behavior
disproportionate minority
confinement (DMC)
disproportionate minority
confinement (DMC)
unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics
ego
ego
that part of the mind influenced by parental training and the like
general deterrence
general deterrence
punishment of the individual to prevent others in society from committing the same
or similar crimes
id
id
the unconscious source of primitive and hedonistic urges
imitation
imitation
involves modeling behavior observed in others
incapacitation
incapacitation
separating offenders from society to reduce the opportunity to commit crime
isolation
isolation
an old correctional philosophy that has served two purposes: punishment and
isolation from society
lex talionis
lex talionis
the law of retribution or revenge
operant conditioning
operant conditioning
rewarding mechanisms encourage some definitions, whereas punishers extinguish
others
penal harm
penal harm
the belief that punishment, particularly incarceration, should be uncomfortable
penologists
penologists
people who systematically study punishment
positivists
positivists
those who look for answers in measurable aspects of the human condition
psyche
psyche
the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious
psychological determinists
psychological determinists
believe that defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime
psychopaths
psychopaths
(sociopaths) commit crimes with no thought of conventional morality or of the
consequences of their actions
radical nonintervention
radical nonintervention
that society and its agents of social control should overlook minor delinquent acts to
avoid labeling youngsters
reality therapy (RT)
reality therapy (RT)
holds the offender accountable for his or her actions
rehabilitation
rehabilitation
the belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance
makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes
reintegration
reintegration
recognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get
out
restitution
restitution
requiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through
service
restoration
restoration
the most recent philosophy in the field of corrections., it is based on three key
elements: accountability, community protection and competency development
retribution
retribution
the belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another
selective incapacitation
selective incapacitation
lies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens
or teenagers
social bond
social bond
the sum of the forces in a person’s social and physical environment that connect that
person to society and its moral constituents
social control theory
social control theory
belief that society provides what binds people together
social disorganization
social disorganization
social ecologists claim that deterioration of the community and extreme poverty
explain the cause of criminal behavior
social learning theory
social learning theory
learning occurs through imitation and differential reinforcement
specific deterrence
specific deterrence
the assumption that punishment dissuades the offender from repeating the same
offense or committing a new one
subcultural hypothesis
subcultural hypothesis
thesis that crime largely emerges from delinquent or deviant subcultures
superego
superego
that part of the mind that is concerned with moral values
therapeutic communities
therapeutic communities
residential programs in which offenders work together to change the attitudes and
behavior of all group members