CHAPTER 26
 THE 4 UNDERLYING TENSIONS THAT CAUSED
WWI
 NATIONALISM-PRIDE ONE HAS IN THEIR NATION
OR ETHNITICITY, NATION-STATES-ARE
MULTICULTURAL GROUPS COMBINED FOR A
POLITICAL PURPOSE
 MILITIARISM-MASSIVE MILITARY BUILD TO
ACQUIRE AND PROTECT COLONIES, CREATING
TENSION BETWEEN NATIONS, TO HELP BUILD
ARMIES COUNTRIES WOULD USE A PROCESS
CALLED CONSCRIPT/ THE DRAFT
 THE 4 UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI
 IMPERIALISM-THE RACE FOR COLONIES FOR
MARKETS AND RESOURCES, COUNTRIES TO
COMPETING TO BUILD ECONOMIC EMPIRES
 SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES-NATIONS WITH SIMILAR
ENEMIES OR INTEREST FORMED PARTNERSHIPS
TO PROTECT THEMSELVES
 TRIPLE ALLIANCE-GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,
ITALY(CENTRAL POWERS)
 TRIPLE ENTANTE-ENGLAND, FRANCE, RUSSIA
(ALLIED POWERS)
 1. WHY WAS THE SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES IN EUROPE
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BEFORE WWI A THREAT TO PEACE?
A. COUNTRIES WOULD GO BANKRUPT SUPPORTING
EACH OTHER
B. BELIEF THAT SUPERIOR NATIONS SHOULD/COULD
CONQUER INFERIOR GROUPS
C. THAT AN ATTACK ON ONE COUNTRY COULD CAUSE
ITS ALLIES TO BECOME INVOLVED
D. PEACE CAN NEVER BE GUARANTEED
 2. WHAT IS THE BEST DEFINITION OF
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NATIONALISM
A. THAT ONE’S NATION IS SUPERIOR THAN ALL
OTHERS
B. THE CONVICTION THAT” MIGHT MAKES
RIGHT”
C. THE ACQUISTIION OF COLONIES
D. A COMMITMENT TO PEACE
 WHY IS IMPERIALISM A THREAT TO PEACE
 A. IT ALWAYS INVOLVES MILITARY CONQUEST OF
OTHER COUNTRIES
 B. PEACE IS ALWAYS FRAGILE
 C. PEOPLE IN THE 19TH CENTURY(1800’S) DID NOT
PLACE HIGH VALUE ON HUMAN LIFE
 D. COMPETITION FOR COLONIES BROUGHT
NATIONS INTO CONFLICT IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
 WHO WERE THE MEMBERS OF THE TRIPLE

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
ENTANTE
A. SERBIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, BRITIAN
B. ITALY, GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
C. BRITIAN, FRANCE, RUSSIA
D. BRITIAN, FRANCE, USA
 THE BALKAN PENINSULA BECAME A “POWDER KEG”
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FOR THE TENSION THAT WAS BUILDING IN EUROPE
BISMARCK IS QUOTED AS SAYING A “GREAT EUROPEAN
WAR WILL BREAKOUT BECAUSE OF SOME FOOLISH ACT
IN THE BALKANS”
JUNE 28, 1914 THE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND
HIS WIFE WERE ASSASSINATED IN SARAJEVO
SERBIAN NATIONALIST GROUP KNOWN AS THE BLACK
HAND, WHO HAD BEEN PUSHING FOR SEPARATION
FROM AUSTRIA WERE RESPONSIBLE
GAVRILO PRINCIP WAS THE ASSASSIN, SHOT THE TWO
A POINT BLANK RANGE THEN ATTEMPTED TO KILL
HIMSELF, BYSTANDERS TACKLED PRINCIP
 ISSUED JULY 23, 1914, TO BE ACCEPTED BY JULY
25TH
 THE ULTIMATIUM HAD APPROXIMATELY 10
POINTS: ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY, ACCEPT
AUSTRIAN RULE, PUNISH NATIONALIST GROUPS,
REMOVE PEOPLE OF OPPOSITION FROM POWER,
STOP ALL ARMED CONSPRICACIES
 ON JULY 28, 1914 AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR ON
SERBIA
 WITH FULL GERMAN SUPPORT(BLANK CHECK
POLICY) AUSTRIA MOVED AGAINST SERBIA
 RUSSIA ORDERS FULL MOBILIZATION OF ITS ARMIES
FOR WAR
 GERMANY SAW THIS WAS AN ACT OF WAR, THEY
DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA ON AUGUST 1ST, ON
AUGUST 3RD THEY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE
 ALFRED VON SCHLIEFFEN DESIGNED A PLAN
STARTING IN 1897 TO FIGHT A 2-FRONT WAR WITH
RUSSIA AND FRANCE, THE PLAN INCLUDED
MARCHING THROUGH A NEUTRAL BELGIUM TO
ATTACK FRANCE
 THIS COMPONENT LEAD TO ENGLAND DECLARING
WAR ON GERMANY AUGUST 4TH
NICHOLAS II, GEORGE V
GEORGES CLEMENCEAU
HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
FRANZ JOSEPH
KISER WILHEM II
 WWI MARKED A DIFFERENT TYPE OF WAR: TOTAL
MOBILIZATION BY NATIONS. PLANNED ECONOMIES,
PROPOGANDA CAMPAIGNS, AND BATTLE STRATIEGIES,
INTRODUCTION OF NEW WEAPONS
 WOMEN ALSO PLAYED A SIGNIFCANT ROLE IN THE WAR,
AT HOME THEY BECAME LABOR IN THE FACTORIES,
MEN WERE SENT OFF TO WAR, DOWNSIDE THEY WERE
FORCED OUT WHEN THE MEN RETURNED
 APPROXIMATELY 47 NATIONS WERE INVOLVED,
FIGHTING TOOK PLACE IN EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST,
NORTH AFRICA, CHINA, AND SOUTH AMERICA
 APPROXIMATELY 9 MILLION SOLDIERS DIED AND 7
MILLION CIVILANS
 WWI CREATED A NEW CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATION; GOVERNMENTS BEGAN TO
INVOLVE ALL ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
 THIS CONCEPT WAS KNOW AS “TOTAL WAR”
 GOVERNMENTS ORGANIZED HOME INDUSTRIES TO
START PRODUCING WARTIME GOODS, DRAFTING
MEN TO FILL THE ARMED FORCES, CONTROLLING
THE ECONOMY, RATIONING FOOD AND SERVICES
AT HOME
 PLANNED ECONOMIES-PROCESS WERE
GOVERNMENTS RATIONED FOOD, SET PRICES,
WAGES, AND RENT CONTROLS, REGULATED
RESORUCES, IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
 PROPOGANDA WAS A ESSENTIAL PART OF THE
WAR
 IT ENCOURAGED PEOPLE TO MAKE
CONSERVATION EFFORTS AT HOME
 IT WAS USED TO SPARK PATROITISM IN SOCIETY
 IT WAS USED TO EVOKE HATRED TOWARD THE
ENEMY
MACHINE GUNS, LONG RANGE ARTILLERY, TANKS,
AIR PLANES, U-BOATS, FLAME THROWERS AND
POISON GASES
AVIATORS:
Manfred von Richthofen GERMANY-80 KILLS
Rene Fonck FRANCE-75 KILLS
William Bishop CANADA-72 KILLS,
Edward Mannock ENGLAND 61 KILLS, Eddie
Rickenbacker USA 26 KILLS
 THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN CREATED A TWO FRONT
WAR
 THE EASTERN FRONT: RUSSIA vs. GERMANY,
AUSTRIA, OTTOMAN TURKS(OCTOBER 1914)
 THE WESTERN FRONT: FRANCE, ENGLAND vs.
GERMANY
 IT WAS A WAR OF ATTRITION- THE PROCESS OF
WEARING YOUR OPPONENT DOWN BY
CONSTANT BOMBARDMENT AND ATTACKS
 TRENCH WARFARE WAS A CONCEPT OF DIGGING
TRENCHES ALONG THE FRONT LINES TO FORTIFY
POSITIONS AGAINST AN ENEMY, NEGATIVES OF
THE TRENCHES, POOR SANITARY CONDITIONS,
TRENCH FOOT, LICE, RODENTS
NO MAN’S LAND
 IN 1914 THERE WERE APPROXIMATELY 38 BATTLES:
 BATTLE OF LEIGE(BELGIUM) FIRST BATTLE OF THE
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INVASION INTO FRANCE
FIRST BATTLE OF MARNE(FRANCE) THE FRENCH
WERE ABLE TO STOP GERMAN ADVANCES INTO
PARIS
FIRST BATTLE OF YPRES(BELGIUM) ENDED IN A
STALEMATE, THE WINTER SEASON HALTED
AGGRESSION, BOTH SIDES SUFFERED HEAVY LOSES
FALKLAND ISLALNDS(AGRENTINA),
TSINGTAO(CHINA) THE GERMANS LOST BOTH OF
THESE BATTLES
BATTLE OF TANNENBERG(RUSSIA)
 IN 1915 THERE WERE 34 BATTLES:
 SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES(BELGIUM) GERMANY
DESCIDED TO DESTROY THE CITY, FIRST USE OF
CHLORINE GAS, ONLY MAJOR GERMAN OFFENSIVE
IN 1915
 BATTLES 1-5 OF ISONZO(ITALY) DEFENSE OF THE
ITALIAN BORDER
 GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN-ATTEMPT BY THE ALLIED
POWERS TO DESTROY THE FORTIFICATION ALONG
THE STRAIGHT OF DARDANELLES, THIS WAS AN
ATTACK AGAINST THE OTTOMAN TURKS WHO
ENTERED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE GERMANS
IN 1914, THE ATTEMPT FAILED
 ARMENIAN MASSACRE-THE OTTOMAN TURKS
BEGAN TO FORCIBILY REMOVE THE
ARMENIANS(WERE CHRISTIANS) FROM THEIR
HOMES, ACCUSED THEM OF HELPING THE
RUSSIANS, 600K ARMENIANS DIED BY VIOLENCE OR
STRAVATION, OTTOMANS ACCUSED OF GENOCIDE
 IN 1916 THERE WERE 25 BATTLES:
 BATTLE OF VERDUN(FRANCE) ENDED IN A
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STALEMATE; FRANCE LOST 550K, GERMANY LOST434K,
STARTED FEBURARY ENDED IN DECEMBER(LONGEST
BATTLE OF HISTORY)
BATTLE OF SOMME(FRANCE) ALLIES GAINED SOME
GROUND, BUT LOST 620K, GERMANY LOST 500K,
BRITISH LOST 58K ON THE FIRST DAY(STILL A
RECORD LOSS IN BATTLE)
BATTLES 6-9 OF ISONZO(ITALY)
BATTLE OF JUTLAND-NAVAL BATTLE
BATTLE OF LUTSK(RUSSIA)
 IN 1917 THERE WERE 29 BATTLES
 THIRD BATTLE OF YPRES-ALLIED OFFENSIVE
AGAINST THE GERMANS, BRITISH CAUSALTIES 310K,
GERMANS 260K
 BATTLES 10-12 OF ISONZO(ITALY)
 BATTLES 1-3 OF GAZA(PALESTINE)
 FALL OF JERUSALEM(PALESTINE)
 THE U.S. DECLARED ITSELF NEUTRAL WHEN THE
WAR BROKE
 IN 1915 THE GERMANS SANK THE LUSITANIA KILLING
1,198 PASSENGERS, 128 AMERICANS(ALFRED
VANDERBILT), LATER THAT YEAR THEY SANK TWO
PASSENGER VESSELS MORE AMERICANS DIED
 THE SUSSEX WAS A FRENCH PASSENGER SHIP THAT
WAS ATTACKED BY GERMAN U-BOATS IN MARCH OF
1916, 50 AMERICANS WERE INJURED
 THE “SUSSEX PLEDGE” WILSON USED IN THE 1916
ELECTION HE HAD KEPT US OUT OF THE WAR
 THE GERMANS EVENTUALLY IGNORED THE
PLEDGE AND IN 1917 THEY RENEWED THEIR
UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
 FEBRUARY 1917-THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE; ASK
MEXICO TO JOIN THE WAR AND FOR THEM TO
ENCOURAGE JAPAN TO DO THE SAME
 U.S. DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY APRIL 4, 1917
 JOHN “BLACK JACK” PERSHING WAS APPOINTED
COMMANDER OF AMERICAN TROOPS
THE LUSITANIA
THE SUSSEX
 THEY WERE UNABLE TO KEEP THE U.S. OUT OF
THE WAR, FRENCH AND BRITISH TROOPS WERE
ENCOURAGED BY THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE
AMERICAN DOUGHBOYS
 REINFORCING THE FRONT LINES THE ALLIES
WERE ABLE TO STOP GERMAN ADVANCES AND
WERE ABLE TO GO ON THE OFFENSIVE
 IN 1918 THERE WERE 12 BATTLES
 IN MARCH OF 1918 THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A
OFFENSIVE TO BREAK THE ALLIED LINES IN
FRANCE
 2ND BATTLE OF THE MARNE-A GERMAN
OFFENSIVE, AN ALLIED VICTORY, GERMANS LOST
168K, FRENCH 95K, BRITISH 13K, U.S. 12K
 BATTLE OF CHATEAU-THIERRY/BELLEAU WOOD-
U.S. INVOLVEMENT BROUGHT AN END TO ANY
MAJOR GERMAN OFFENSIVE OF WWI
 MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE-U.S. LED, ALVIN
YORK KILLED 25 AND CAPTURED 132 GERMAN
PRISONERS, U.S. LOST 9.7K
 BATTLE OF HAVRINCOURT-MINOR CONFLICT,
BUT SHOWED THE GERMANS LACK OF
COMMITMENT, BRITISH FORCES WERE HEAVILY
OUTNUMBERED BUT STILL WON
 THE GERMAN OFFICIALS AND THE PEOPLE
PRESSURED WILHEM II TO ABDICATE THE
THRONE, HE LEFT NOVEMBER 9, 1918, LIVED IN
EXILE IN THE NETHERLANDS UNTIL HIS DEATH
AT AGE 82
 A REPUBLIC WAS SET AND SUED FOR PEACE
WITH THE ALLIES
 THE WAR ENDED ON NOVEMBER 11,1918, AT 11 a.m.
 ARMISTICE DAY(KNOW AS VETERANS DAY IN THE
U.S)
 CASUALTIES
 RUSSIA’S SUPPORT OF THE SERB’S AFTER THE
ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE HELPED TO
PUSH EUROPE INTO WAR
 THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN WAS DESIGNED TO
CONQUER FRANCE THEN TURN TOWARD RUSSIA,
NOTING THAT RUSSIA WAS WEAK AND WOULD
BE SLOW TO DEFEND ITSELF
 RUSSIA FOUGHT 8 MAJOR BATTLES BETWEEN
1914-1916
 THE BATTLE OF TANNENBERG-WAS A
DISASTEROUS DEFEAT OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY
 THE BATTLE OF LUTSK-WAS A SUCCESS FOR
RUSSIAN, IT ALMOST PUSHED AUSTRIA OUT OF
THE WAR
 DESPITE THIS VICTORY IN 1916, THE RUSSIAN
HOMEFRONT WAS COLLAPSING
 RUSSIAN LOSSES IN THE WAR ESTIMATED ABOUT
9.1 MILLION SOLDIERS
 LACK OF SUCCESS WAS DUE TO RUSSIA’S
INABILITY TO CONVERT FACTORIES TO WAR
PRODUCTION(SOLDIERS TRAINED WITH
BROOMSTICKS AND TOLD TO GET A GUN FROM A
DEAD SOLDIER), THEY HAD NO NEW
TECHONOLGY, RUSSIAN OFFICIERS WERE
UNSKILLED
 ECONOMIC CHAOS, HUNGER, AND POOR
LEADERSHIP PROPELLED THE PEOPLE INTO THE
STREETS
 NICHOLAS II HAD LEFT FOR THE WAR, HIS WIFE
ALEXANDRIA WAS IN CHARGE, IT WAS RUMORED
THAT SHE CONCULTED A MYSTIC GRIGORY
RASPUTIN ON DECISIONS
 IN MARCH OF 1917, THE WOMEN IN ST.
PETERSBURG BEGAN TO MARCH AGAINST THE
GOVERNMENT, THEY WERE PROTESTING BREAD
RATIONING
 MARCH 8TH THEY CALLED FOR A GENERAL STRIKE
THAT SHUT THE CITY DOWN, NICHOLAS ORDER
HIS ARMIES TO BREAK-UP THE DEOMNSTRATION
EVEN IF THEY HAD TO SHOOT THE PEOPLE, THE
ARMY REFUSED AND MANY JOINED THE
PROTESTERS
 ON MARCH 12TH THE DUMA(LAEGISLATURE) SET
UP A PROVISIONAL(TEMPORARY) GOVERNMENT
 NICHOLAS II ABDICATED THE THRONE ON
MARCH 15TH
 THE NEW GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO CONTINUE
THE WAR DESPITE THE PROTEST OF THE PEOPLE
 THE BOLSHEVIKS(MARXIST-COMMUNIST) LEAD
BY VLADIMIR LENIN SAW AN OPPORTUNITY TO
SEIZE POWER
 LENIN RETURNED TO RUSSIA FROM EXILE AND
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BEGAN ORGANIZING THE PEOPLE AND PROMISED:
“PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD”;
“WORKERS CONTROL OF PRODUCTION”;
“ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS”
THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION LEAD TO THE
COLLASPE OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
AND ON NOVEMBER 6, 1917 THE BOLSHEVIKS TOOK
CONTROL
 SOON AFTER TAKING CONTROL LENIN SIGNED
THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK, NEGOIATED BY
LEON TROTSKY
 THIS ALLOWED RUSSIA TO LEAVE THE WAR,
RUSSIA HAD TO GIVE UP CLAIMS TO POLAND
FINLAND, UKRAINE AND THE 3 BALTIC
COUNTRIES
 LENIN HAD CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT,
BUT WAS STILL HAVING TO DEAL WITH
OPPOSITION
 DESPITE ORDERING THE EXECUTION OF NICHOLAS
II AND HIS ENTIRE FAMILY, THERE WERE RUSSIANS
STILL LOYAL TO THE OLD REIGME
 RUSSIA WOULD CONTINUE TO FIGHT A CIVIL WAR
UNTIL 1920, THESE ARMIES OPPOSE TO LENIN WERE
SUPPORTED BY FRANCE AND THE U.S.
 IN 1921, ECONOMIC TROUBLES CAUSED LENIN TO
INTRODUCE HIS “NEW ECONOMIC POLICY” IT
ALLOWED SOME CAPITALIST ACTIVITIES
 LENIN DIED IN 1924 OF A STROKE, WHICH LEAD TO A
POWER STRUGGLE BETWEEN TROTSKY AND STALIN,
STALIN WON OUT, TROTSKY WAS LATER KILLED IN
MEXICO
 CONFERNENCE LEADERS:
 DAVID LLOYD GEORGE(ENGLAND)-WANTED TO
PUNISH GERMANY, ALSO WANTED THEM
STRONG ENOUGH TO STOP THE SPREAD
COMMUNISM
 GEORGES CLEMENCEAU(FRANCE)-WANTED TO
PUNISH GERMANY SEVERELY, AND PAY THE COST
OF THE WAR
 WOODROW WILSON(USA)- WANT A SOFTER
POSITION TOWARD GERMANY, INTRODUCED HIS
FOURTEEN POINTS FOR WORLD PEACE
GEORGE
WILSON
CLEMENCEAU
 KEY ITEMS OF WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
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WERE:
REDUCTION OF WEAPONS
LEAGUE OF NATIONS-TO ENCOURAGE
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS
ESTABLISHMENT OF POLAND AS A NATION
SELF-DETERMINATION-THE ABILITY OF THE
PEOPLE TO CREATE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS
 GERMANY HAD TO TAKE RESPONSIBITY FOR THE
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WAR
GERMANY HAD TO PAY(REPARATIONS) TO
VICTIMS OF THE WAR AND DEBTS OF NATIONS
INVOLVED($33 BILLION)
GERMAN ARMY WAS TO BE REDUCED
GERMAN NAVY LIMITED
GERMANY HAD TO RETURN OCCUPIED LAND
GERMANY HAD TO GIVE UP SOME OF IT
TERRITORY IN EUROPE AND ITS COLONIES
NEW COUNTRIES WERE CREATED IN EUROPE
 AUSTIRAN-HUNGARY EMPIRE WAS SPLIT
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO
MANDATES
 MANDATES WERE TERRITORIES OF THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE THAT ENGLAND, AND
FRANCE GAVE THEMSELVES THE RIGHT TO
GOVERNED
 THESE WERE LANDS OF ARAB TRIBES THAT
HELPED THE ALLIES DURING THE WARRESISTENCE ORGANIZED BY T.E. LAWRENCE
(LAWRENCE OF ARABIA)
 BALFOUR DECLARATION-WAS A STATEMENT OF
SUPPORT FROM ENGLAND IN FORMING A
HOMELAND FOR THE JEWS IN PALESTINE
 THIS WAS DONE IN RESPONSE TO THE ZIONIST
MOVEMENT THAT WAS GROWING IN EUROPE
BEFORE THE WAR
 IT WAS ALSO DONE TO GAIN FINANCIAL
SUPPORT BY THE JEWISH BANKERS FOR THE WAR
 THE U.S. DID NOT RATIFY THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES-FELT IT WAS TOO HARSH
 THE TREATY LEFT MANY PEOPLE GROUPS
DISILLUSIONED CAUSING POLITICAL UNREST