The Surge of Nationalism
Nationalism…
• A strong feeling of devotion to one’s
country
• This feeling often develops among people
who share a common language and
heritage…
• In the 19th c. nationalism manifested itself
in movements for unification and selfdetermination.
Nationalism changed the map of Europe created
by the Congress of Vienna
• Led to the unification
of the Italian-speaking
and Germanspeaking people
• Led to the break-up of
the Austrian and
Ottoman empires
The Unification
of Italy…
• .
Napoleon’s rule of Italy…
• Eliminated trade barriers among the
different Italian states
• Roads were built to link various regions
• The Napoleonic code created a legal
system of equality and justice
• Italian states were given constitutions and
representative assemblies…
• A feeling of nationalism
• The
Carbonarisecret clubs
in every state
drawn mainly
from the
middle class
and army
officers…
Giuseppe Mazzini…The Soul of Italian Unification”
• As a liberal, he
fought for a
republic
• As a romantic, he
believed a reawakened and
united Italy would
usher in a new age
of progress for all
humanity
Mazzini’s Young Italy
• A secret
organizanization
for Italian
unification and
the
transformation of
Europe into a
brotherhood of
free peoples.
• His enthusiasm
and charisma
attracted many
young people to
his cause.
Count
Camillo
Cavour“The Brains
of Italian
Unification.”
Count Camillo Cavour“The Brains of Italian Unification.”
• Domestic policies
• Conspiracy with
France- Victory over
Austria
• Acceptance of small,
Italian states
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
“The Sword of
Italian Unification.”
• In 1860, Garibaldi
and 1,000 red-shirted
patriots landed in
Sicily to overthrow its
Bourbon monarchy.
Garibaldi- a true
Italian patriot…
• Garibaldi
captured the
hearts of the poor
and illiterate in
southern Italy.
• His army grew as
he marched north
towards Rome.
Garibaldi’s sacrifice…
1861, The Kingdom of Italy:
King Victor Emmanuel II
• Two regions remained
outside the control of
the new kingdom:
• Venetia (1866)
• the city of Rome (1870)
• Despite all the
threats of Pope IX,
the Italian
government
moved its
headquarters from
Florence to Rome
on July 1, 1871.
King Victor
Emmanuel was
very superstition
and dreaded the
Pope's
excommunication
but he overcame
his fears and
entered Rome on
July 2, 1871.
German unification
• The
Congress of
Vienna
created 39
separate
states
1815: The German Confederation is formed
Factors promoting German unity…
•
•
•
•
Napoleon’s influence
The Congress of Vienna
The German intelligentsia
The Romanticists view of the “Fatherland”
Factors hindering unity…
•
•
•
•
Differences among the German people
Opposition of Austria
Opposition of lesser German states
Opposition of France
• Bismarck’s
strategy :
“Blood and Iron”
Three wars for unification…
• The Danish
War (1864)Prussia
joined by
Austria, easily
defeated
Denmark and
took the
territories of
SchleswigHolstein
The Seven Weeks War, 1866,
Bismarck created the North German Confederation
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
• Bismarck provoked a war with France to
bring the south German states under his
control.
• Napoleon III was tricked into war, quickly
defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of
Frankfurt…(Alsace-Lorraine/war costs)
• ***The harsh terms of the treaty planted
the seeds for World War I.
The German Empire
• In 1871,
Bismarck
proclaimed
William I as
“Kaiser of the
Germans,”
thus creating
the German
Empire.
Nationalism: a force for unity and a division
Nationalism led to friction…
Nationalism led to the decline of the Ottoman empire
• On the eve of World War One (1914)
Nationalistic movements had created an
atmosphere of tension and suspicion
among the people and their governments.
• The distrust and animosity fueled by
Nationalism is regarded as one of the
underlying causes of the Great War.
Any Questions?