Section 3
AN AGE OF
RENEWAL
AND
GROWTH
Section 3, Part 2
CATHOLIC
RENEWAL IN THE
SIXTEENTH AND
SEVENTEENTH
CENTURIES
Introduction
 Luther’s Ninety-five theses in 1517
 Church thought it would blow over
 When it did not & after it had altered the religious-political landscape
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of Europe, the Church’s response was long overdue
Council in Trent, Italy was planned in 1537 but delayed until 1545
Four sessions from 1545 to 1563
Most significant council since Lateran IV in 1215—reforms in doctrine
& life
Was the systematic, top-down institutional reform of the Counter
Reformation
Inspired a grass roots, bottom-up, spontaneous reform as well
2 Articles
 (A. 30) – The Council of Trent
 (A. 31) – Catholic Reformation & New Religious Orders
Article 30: The Council of Trent
 Church members who stayed loyal to the Church were seeking reform
 Grass root efforts began even before the council since it was delayed
 Official response came in the form of an ecumenical council
 The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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Pope Paul III (1534-1549) overcame political reluctance & called council
Cardinals opposed but approved for May 1537; delayed until December 1545
Held in Trent, Italy (southern alps)
Only half of world’s 500 bishops attended any session
Session 1 & 2—1545-1549 (Paul III); panic over wars & epidemics
Session 3—1551-1552 (Julius III); disagreement
Session 4—1562-1563 (Pius IV); business concluded
Initiated the Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation as it is known
Clarified & defined doctrine & practice of the Church
Pure & reactionary motives shaped the Church for centuries to come
Article 30 cont.: The Council of Trent
 Most Important Cannons & Decrees—why for each
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Creed—Nicene Creed was affirmed as the confession of faith
Scripture—Deuterocanonical books are part of Scripture & are not
apocrypha; Vulgate is authoritative version of bible
Original Sin—Original Sin is valid & Baptism takes away
Justification—justified by grace; accept grace in faith; cooperate by works;
saved by grace not merit; merit grace by works but works is by grace
Sacraments—7 Sacraments are valid
Eucharist—Transubstantiation & Real Presence are valid
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Ave Verum Corpus—Eucharistic hymn of Thomas Aquinas
Mass—sacrifice, memorial, & makes his sacrifice present liturgically
Priesthood—indelible mark of Holy Orders; celibacy upheld
Founding of Seminaries—every diocese must have one to train priests
Marriage—must be witnesses by a priest & two other witnesses
 Pius IV (1559-1565) published decrees & began to implement
 Pius V (1566-1572)—Roman Catechism, Breviary, & Missal
You Tube Videos: Section 3, Part 2
 Fr. Barron: The Council
of Trent
 The Council of Trent
Homework
 Section 3, Part 2
review questions
1-2, 4, & 6
Article 31: The Catholic Reformation & New Religious Orders
 Council had little immediate effect in already Protestant countries/cities
 Fruit of the council was in Catholic countries/cities
 A primary fruit was the reform of existing orders & the formation of new
orders according to the canons & decrees of the council
 Society of Jesus (Jesuits—SJ)
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Saint Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Soldier injured in battle; converted through reading while recovering
Spiritual Exercises
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3 criteria for discernment: good, free, effort
Studied for priesthood in Paris; formed original seven members
Education and four vows; approved by Paul III in 1540
 Discalced Carmelites (OCD)
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St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) & St. John of the Cross (1542-1591)
Joined Carmelites; left to start reform of Carmelites—poverty, prayer, simplicity
rather than materialism & superficiality—after failed reform
St. John of the Cross brought reform to men as Theresa spread reform for women
around Spain—spiritual correspondence
“Interior Castle” & “Dark Night of the Soul” on contemplative prayer
Article 31 cont.: The Catholic Reformation & New Religious Orders
 Other spontaneous reform through holiness
 St. Peter Canisius (1521-1597)
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German Jesuit who attended Council & implemented after through counseling
bishops & princes, writing catechisms, & founding universities
 St. Charles Borromeo (1538-1584)
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Archbishop of Milan; nephew of Pius IV; seminaries for priestly training
 St. Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621)
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Italian Jesuit cardinal; wrote about & implemented reforms of Trent; esp.
residency of bishops; sought to systematize theological issues of the time
 St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622)—writers, editors, and journalists
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Bishop of Geneva; accomplished preacher; converted many Protestants back to
Church; “Introduction to the Devout Life” on prayer, Sacraments, & devotion in all
walks of life = evangelization
 St. Jane Frances de Chantal (1572-1641)
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Pupil of Francis de Sales; from France; began Order of the Visitation of Holy
Mary for women after he husband died
 Cultural changes: Baroque to Rococo; elaborate Latin texts under Palestrina
(1526-1594)
You Tube Videos: Section 3, Part 2
 The Catholic Counter-
Reformation (AP Euro)
 The Counter
Reformation
Homework
 Section 3, Part 2 review questions 3 and 5
 Study for the Section 3, Part 2 quiz
Wednesday
 Make sure the Section 3, Part 2 review
questions 1-6 are ready to turn in Tuesday