Cognosy I
Team
Lecture 6,7,8
Clinical 2020
CAIRO UNIVERSITY
Clinical 2020
2014/2015
Page 1
Some uses and actions of some medicinal barks
Ant i-malarial ‫مضاد للمالريا‬
Cinchona
Anti-arrhythmic
Hamamelis
Hemostatic
(rectal, nasal bleeding) ‫مرقئ‬
Tonic stomachic ‫منشط معدي‬
Cinchona + Cascarilla
Antispasmodic ‫مضاد للتشنج‬
Cassia, Cinnamon, Canella
Laxative ‫ملين‬
Cascara , Frangula
Hamamelis, Pomegranate
Astringent
‫خافض حرارة‬
Antipyretic
Analgesic
Salix
‫مسكن الم‬
Anti-inflammatory
‫المضادة لاللتهابات‬
Anthelmintic ‫طارد للديدان‬
Pomegranate
Respiratory disorders ‫اضطرابات الجهاز التنفسي‬
Wild cherry, Cascarilla
Classification of barks according to active constituents
Alkaloids
Tannins
Volatile Oils
Cinchona
Pomegranate
Hamamelis
Pomegranate
Cinchona
Cinnamon
Cassia
Canella
Cascarilla
Clinical 2020
Glycosides
Phenolic
Cyanogenic
Saponin
Anthraquinones
Salix
Wild Cherry
Quillaia
Cascara,
Frangul
Page 2
Cinchona Bark
Syn
Origin
A.C
Quishrul kiena Countess bark
Pomegranate Bark
Witch-Hazel Bark
Quishrul Rouman
Hamamelis
Dried stem and root barks of
cinchona succirubra (Red
Cinchona), Cinchona Ledgeriana
and Cinchona Calisaya (Yellow
Cinchona)… Cinchona Officinalis
(Pale Cinchona)
Family: Rubiaceae.
The dried stem and root barks of Dried stem bark of
Punica granatum
Hamamelis virginiana Fam.
Family:Punicaceae
Hamamelidaceae
 About 30 Alkaloids (5-15%):
 Quinine
 Quinidine
 Cinchonine
 Cinchonidine
 Alkaloids:
 Four liquid alkaloids:
 Pelletierine (punicine),
 Isopelletierine Methylpelletierine,
Methyl-isopelletierine
Present in combination with
Quinic Acid.
 Tannins known as
Cinchotannic Acids
(Catechol Tannins)
 Hamamelitannin
(gallotannin 7%) and
smaller amounts of
condensed tannins.
 One crystalline alkaloid:
Pseudo-pelletierine
 Tannins (22%): (pyrogallol
tannins)
Alkaloids are combined with
Tannins.
Action & Use
 Bitter tonic and stomachic
Tincture Cinchona (liquid extract)
 take 20 drops in plenty of water
before meals.
 Hair tonic & stimulant.
*Tonoscalpine lotion (Quinine HCL)
 Antimalarial. (Quinate Tablets)
 Anti-arrhythmic for atrial
(Quinidine)‫االرتجاف األذيني‬
fibrillation. (Cardioquin)
 Antirheumatic (Cinchonine &
cinchonidine)
 A decoction and infusion are used
 Anthelmintic: for tapeworms  Astringent for diarrhea
(in small intestine~15m)
(G.R)due to its alkaloids
 Haemostatic in excessive
menstruation,
 Astringent: in diarrhea
haemorrhoids, rectal and
(for its tannin content)
nasal bleeding
 Anti-inflammatory for
prostate congestion.
 In eye and skin
inflammation.
 Anti-aging or anti-wrinkle
in skin preparations
(skin toner).
for sore throat as gargles (G.R) due to tannins
Clinical 2020
Page 3
Contraindications
1-In pregnancy (as quinine cause
bleeding abortion)
Tannins are
contraindicated in:
2-Iron deficiency anemia
1- Constipation.
3-Hypersensitivity to cinchona
alkaloids (Interaction with other
Drugs)
2- Iron deficiency
anemia.
3- Malnutrition.
4- Potentiation of concurrently
administrated anticoagulants,
Warfarin, Heparin leading to
bleeding.
Test for
Identity
1-For Cinchona red(dry heat test):
powder + Heat in Dry Test Tube
Purplish red vapors
Test For Tannis
Powder + water
Powder + water
shaking and filter,
filtrate + ferric chloride
filtrate
condensed
purplish-red tarry drops
in Alcohol 50% gives blue
flourescence.
2-For Alkaloids:(Mayer's test): Powder +
dil. HCl
Filtrate + shake + mayer’s
reagent
bluish black ppt.
Test for Purity
Ferric
chloride
bluish- black ppt
Pomegranate bark contains no
phloem fibres
Creamy PPt.
3-For Quinie & Quinidine:
powder + dil. H2SO4
Boil & Filtrate + water
Blue Fluorescence
Ph
preparations
---------
---------
Decongestyl supp.
( congestion and
inflammation of the
prostate).
Avenoc oint
. (For haemorrhoids).
Clinical 2020
Page 4
-Cinchonism (Quinism):
 Is a pathological condition caused
by an overdose of quinine,
quinidine or cinchona bark.
 Mild cinchonism (standard
therapeutic doses):
includes ringing of ears, blurred
vision, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting and diarrhea.
Stem Bark
Root Bark
Curved,
channeled
Recurve ,
flat
Lenticels,
lichens
present
No lenticels,
no lichens
0.5 % alkaloids
(Lower
Percentage)
0.6 % alkaloids
(Higher
percentage)
 Severe cinchonism (large doses):
skin rashes, deafness, blindness
(damage of auditory and optic
nerves), death.
 Most symptoms of mild
cinchonism are reversible and
disappear once the drug is
withdrawn.
-Treatment of overdose (Severe
cinchonism)
 If ingestion is recent, perform the
following:
1st: Gastric lavage or emesis
induction.
2nd: Administration of activated
charcoal( to reduce absorption of
any remaining drug).
3rd: Administration of a hypertonic
cathartic (sodium sulfate in water)
{to hasten passage of unabsorbed
drug through GIT}
Stem Bark
Root Bark
Epiphytes
Single, double
quill
Laticiferous tube
No epiphytes
Curved,channel
Normal fibers
No sclereids
Lower % of
alkaloids
Clinical 2020
No Laticiferous
tube
Forked fibers
Sclereids
Higher % of
alkaloids
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Cinnamon Bark
Cassia Bark
Ceylon Cinnamon, Darsieni, Quirfa
Helwa
Dried decorticated bark of shoots of
coppiced trees of Cinnamomum
zeylanicum
F. Lauraceae
Chinese cinnamon
A.C
1- Volatile oil composed of cinnamic
aldehyde(55-65%) and eugenol(48%).
2-Condensed tannins(1%).
3-Mucilage (pectose and callose).
1- Volatile oil containing mainly
cinnamaldehyde(85%) , no
eugenol.
2- Condensed tannins (10%).
3- Mucilage (pectose).
Action & Use
1-Antispasmodic in GIT disorders,
carminative in flatulence.
1- Carminative and has anti-ulcer
properties.
2-Sedative and analgesic (has a
soothing effect) in abdominal
pain.
3- Flavouring agent.
4- Used as a substitute for
Cinnamon.
Syn
Origin:
2-Sedative and analgesic
(Cinnamaldehyde)
3-Antiseptic and mild astringent,
flavouring agent.
Dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia
F. Lauraceae.
4-Emmenagogue, stimulates the
uterus and encourage menstrual
bleeding.
5-Helps maintain normal blood
sugar (Cinnamaldehyde).
Contraindications
Not recommended during
pregnancy and lactation
PH. Preparations
Carminex (syrup)
Composition: Each 100 ml contains:
- Cinnamon oil 0.1 ml
- Fennel oil 0.1 ml
- Caraway oil 0.1 ml
-----------
-----------
Indications: *Flatulence *Digestive
disorders, spasm, colic, nausea
Clinical 2020
Page 6
Drug interactions
Others
**Cinnamon may increase the risk of
bleeding when taken with drugs that
increase the risk of bleeding, as
aspirin, anticoagulants
**N.B.:(Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the
aggregation of of platelets and may
reduce the tendency of blood to
clot, i.e. has anticoagulant effect).
**Cinnamon may lower blood sugar
levels. Caution is advised when using
antidiabetic medications.
Single or double compound quills
Channeled or single quills
Yellowish-brown
Dark brown
Decorticated
Complete bark
Sweet, less astringent
Sweet, more astringent
cork
No cork.
Presence of cork.
pericycle
Keratenchyma
Elements
Diameter of fibers
Continuous.
Present.
Less than 30 µ
Discontinuous.
Absent.
More than 30 µ
Diameter of starch
Less than 10 µ
More than 10 µ
Shape
Color
Kind
Taste
Microscopically
Tests
------------
For Volatile oil
(Sudan III)
+ve
+ve
For
eugenol
FeCl3
Blue Color
-ve
KOH
Needle crystals
-ve
For
mucilage
Ruthenium
Red
+ve
(Pectose)
+ve
+ve
Coralline
Soda
Clinical 2020
- ve
(Callose)
Page 7
Contain Alkaloids ( ass. With Tannis )
Bark
Contain Tannis
Contain Volatile Oil









Cinchona
Pomegranate
Hamamelis
Pomegranate
Cinchona
Cinnamon
Cassia
Canella
Cascarilla
Very IMP. Questions

Explain :
 The absence of laticiferoustube in root bark ?
 The absence of 1rycortex) ?
 The whole cortical part of the root bark consists of Phelloderm (2ry cortex)
?
the Answer
In root bark, phellogenis formed in the pericycle, So all outer tissues including 1ry cortex
( showing laticiferoustube) changes to Rhytidoma, So the whole cortical part of the bark consists
of Phelloderm(2ry cortex)
 (G.R) the use of castor oil or saline with pomegranate bark
 Pomegranate only paralyzes worms but not expel them
 Castor oil or saline act as purgative so used with pomegranate bark to expel the paralyzed worms
 What is meant by Coppicing?
Is a method in which tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near the ground level
Clinical 2020
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 How Can You Differentiate Microscopically Between Cassia and Cinnamon
Cinnamon
Cassia
Decorticated
Complete
Preicycle (Sclereides)
Preicycle (Sclereides)
Clinical 2020
Page 9
Canella Bark
Syn
Origin
A.C
Action &
Uses
Cascarilla Bark
White Cinnamon Wild Cinnamon
Dried decorticated bark of Canella alba
F. Canellaceae
 Volatile oil: (0.5-1.28%)
Eugenol, cineole, caryophylline
and canellal (antifungal
Sesquiterpine
dialdehyde).
 Resin & mucilage.
 No tannins
Sweet Wood Bark, Quishrul Anbar
Dried stem bark of Croton eleuteria
F. Euphorbiaceae
 Volatile oil (1-1.5%),
Eugenol, limonene
and vanillin.
 Bitter principle, cascarillin.
 Alkaloid cascarilline.
1- Improve poor digestion.
2-Aromatic stimulant and tonic.
3- Antifungal (due to canellal).
1-Bitter stomachic ; Often mixed with rhubarb.
2-Expectorant in chronic bronchitis
3-Fragrant component in soaps, creams and
lotion.
4-In fumigating mixtures.
Description:
odor
Others
Phelloderm
(2ry cortex).
agreeable fumigating odor
ibres.
N.B. Cassia and Canella are allied drugs of
Cinnamon.
wood .
So the bark named sweet wood bark
-white
cork with:
1-Chalky appearance due to presence of
numerous Ca.ox.prisms in inner walls of
Cork cells.
2-Chequred appearance due to
Longitudinal wrinkles and transverse
furrows.
Clinical 2020
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Wild Cherry Bark
Syn
Origin
A.C
Actions
&
Uses
--------It is the dried stem bark of Prunus serotina
Fam. Rosaceae
1-The cyanogenic glycoside: prunasin.
Prunase enzyme in bark
Prunasin moisture HCN+ benzaldehyde + dextrose
. (bitter almond odor)
Antitussive (cough sedative); for chronic, dry and
whooping coughs and in bronchitis.
(Antibacterial, antiviral and mild sedative actions).
Quillaia Bark
Soap Bark, Panama wood
It is the dried inner bark of Quillaia saponaria
Fam. Rosaceae
Saponin glycosides:
quillajic acid
quillaia sapotoxin
Only for external use
1- Used as a hair tonic and anti-dandruff in hair
shampoos.
2-Used as a cutaneous stimulant in the treatment
of skin ulcers and eruptions (rashes) . ‫طفح جلدي‬
3-Foaming agent in fire extinguishers. ‫اطفاء الحرائق‬
Test
for
Identity
Others
Test for Cyanogenic gl.
(Guignard's test):
1- Froth Test
small pieces of the bark +H2O in a test tube
and the tube is closed with a cork holding a strip of
persistent froth
moistened sodium picrate paper (Guignard paper)
between it and the tube, the HCN evolved will
2-Haemolysis Test
change the yellow color to a brick – red
Aqueous extract of the powder produce
haemolysis of red blood cells
 Collected in the autumn, at which time it is
most active.
 Carefully dried and kept in Air-tight container.
 Odor: odorless, but when slightly moist it has
an odor of benzaldehyde (bitter almond).
longitudinally striated , streaked with reddish
brown color where Rhytidoma is imperfectly
removed.
phloem tissues
(inner bark)
Cautions
Clinical 2020
Must not used as:
1- Oral administration
As when taken by mouth produce sever GIT
irritation
2- Intravenous injections
The injection of large amounts may results in
systemic poisoning with liver damage,
respiratory failure, convulsions and coma as
saponins cause haemolysis of RBCs
Page 11
Cascara bark
Syn
Origin
Cascara sagrada, Cascara Buckthorn
Collections
collected at least one year before
Employed medicinally.
Anthraquinones
Cascarosides
A, B,C,D
Dried stem bark of Rhamnus
purshiana f.Rhamnacea
A.C
Frangula bark
‫قشرالعوسج االسود‬
Dried stem bark of Rhamnus
12rangula, f. Rhamnaceae.
Willow Bark
Salix
The dried barks of Salix alba, Salix
purpurea & other species of Salix.
F.Salicaceae.
Collected at least one year
---------before employed medicinally.
Anthraquinones
 Phenolic Glycosides (1.5Frangulins A ,B
11%) :
Salicin (salicylic derivatives)
(does not cause gastric or
intestinal upset or bleeding as
aspirin)
 P-coumaric, caffeic &
ferulic acid, salicyl alcohol
(Saligenin)
1-Laxative& purgative in large doses
(Fecal softener)
-Occasional constipation.
-Disorders that requires easy
evacuation with soft stool as: Anal
fissures, hemorrhoids, after rectoanal operations.
Action
&
Uses
•Agreeable cathartic
Preferable than cascara
(less disagreeable taste)
--------------
 Tannins (8-20%)
 Antipyretic,
 Analgesic,
 Anti-inflammatory,
 Asntringent s
 Indicated in :
Feverish Colds&
infections(influenza).
2-Tonic & Stomachic in small doses
Rheumatic disorders,Gout.
Mild headache.
Diarrhea (Tannins)
PH.
Preparations
-Normalin Tablets : Non griping
laxative (cascara 70mg+hyoscyamus
10mg).
Role of hyoscymus.??? To relive
gripping
Explain ? 1-Normalin tablet is
contraindicated in patient with
cardiac disorders ??
2- use of mucinum tablets after
recto-anal
operations,haemorrhoids.? Mucinum Tablets.
Clinical 2020
Normacol : 8% Frangula.
Willow bark is the precursor of
Acetylsalicylic acid
(Aspirin).
Page 12
Test
For
Identity
1-Borntrager's test:
Powder + alc. KOH
1-Borntrager's test:
Orange red color in aqueous
layer
boil then filtrate..
Filtrate + HCl
2-Microsublimation test:
Reddish-brown
----------------
Cold soln. & shake with ether
+ ammonia
3-For Callose mucilage: -ve
Orange Red in aqueous layer
2-Microsublimation test:
Heat in dry tubeYellow Crystal
+ Alkali  Reddish-brown
3-For Callose mucilage: (+ve)
T.S.+ Corallin soda
.the callus plates acquire a Red Stain
is Cascara & Cinnamon ONLY
Others
Contra-indications
-In intestinal obstruction &
inflammation.
-During pregnancy & lactation
(Colitis).
-Children under 12 years old.
Side effects
-Cramp or gripping of GIT.
-Repeated defection..Resulting in
Hypokalemia.
(Low conc. of K+ ion in blood)
leading to cardiac disorders &
muscular weakness.
Long-time use: Disturbance of
electrolyte balance.
- Cascara..Cathartic with
disagreeable taste.
- Frangula ..Agreeable cathartic.
Mechanism of action
Stimulant or irritant laxatives
increase the peristaltic movement of
intestine.
Clinical 2020
cascara and Frangula must
be stored at least one year
before use (G.R)
 Fresh bark contains:
Anthranols , anthrones
(active cathartic but emetic,
irritant)
Stored bark contains :
Corresponding
Anthraquinones less emetic ,
less irritant , changes in
intestine to anthranols
After 1 year storage
The irritant principals
(anthranols) present in fresh
barks changes to less irritant
corresponding
Anthraquinones
Mechanism of action
Salicin spilits by the intestinal
flora to Saligenin which
absorbed & oxidized in blood
& liver..To Form Salicylic acid.
-Salicylic acid inhibits the
synthesis of prostaglandins &
leukotrienes via cyclooxygenase & lipo-oxygenase
enzymes.
- The analgesic action of
willow is Slow-acting but last
longer than standard aspirin
products
Powdered willow is
characterized by:
- Crystal sheath containing
prisms of Ca.OX
-Scattered large cluster
crystals of Ca.OX.
Page 13
Very IMP. Table For ORAL EXAM
Bark
Cinchona Bark
Pomegranate Bark
Witch-Hazel Bark
Cinnamon Bark
Cassia Bark
Canella Bark
Cascarilla Bark
Wild cheery Bark
Family
‫قشر الكينا‬
‫قشر رمان‬
‫قشر هماميلس‬
‫قشر قرفه صيني‬
‫قشر دار صيني‬
‫ قشر قرفه بيضاء‬Canellaceae
‫ قشر عنبر‬Euphorbiaceae
‫قشر كرز بري‬
Quillaia Bark
‫قشر الكوياليا‬
Cascara Bark
‫قشر مقدس‬
Frangula Bark
Willow Bark
Rubiaceae
Punicaceae
Hamamelidaceae
‫قشر العوسج االسود‬
‫قشر الصفصاف‬
Main A.C
Alkaloids + Tannins
Tannins
Lauraceae
Volatile Oil
Rosaceae
Cynogenic Glycoside
Saponin Glycoside
Rhamnacea Anthraquinones Glycoside
Salicacea
Phenolic Glycoside
Best Wishes
Cognosy Team
# Clinical 2020 :D
Clinical 2020
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