“I Wish I’d Said That”
QUOTING & CITING
SOURCES
Plagiarism!
The APA Publication Manual advises scholars
to record even sources of inspiration as
well as direct borrowings (pp. 15-16)
Papers offered for download often contain
frank plagiarism!
Repeating four to five words, even when
interrupted by new minor elements, may
be considered plagiarism!
Plagiarism!
“Plagiarism sometimes happens because
researchers do not keep precise records of
their readings. . . . Presenting an author’s
exact wording without marking it as a
quotation is plagiarism, even if you cite the
source” (Modern Language Association [MLA]
55)
“If your own sentences follow the source so closely in
idea and sentence structure that the result is really
closer to quotation than to paraphrase . . . you are
plagiarizing, even if you have cited the source. You
may not simply alter a few words of your source. . . .
You need to recast your summary into your own words
and sentence structure, or quote directly” (Retrieved
22 Feb., 2004 from <http://
www.fas.harvard.edu/~expos/sources/chap3.html>).
Bradley vs. Wegman
 2006: Edward Wegman (George Mason University)
wrote a report critical of use of statistics by Thomas
Bradley (among others)
 2010: Thomas Bradley (University of Massachusetts)
alleges that Wegman reproduced sections of a
textbook he wrote without quoting—and he’s right!
 Wegman’s report, submitted to a U. S.
Congressional Committee plagiarized
Bradley’s textbook! However . . .
Bradley & Fritts
Once the regression coefficients have been calculated, the
eigenvectors incorporated in the regression equation are
mathematically transformed into a new set of n coefficients
corresponding to the original (intercorrelated) set of n variables.
new coefficients
are out
termed
or elements of the
15These
new/different
words
of weights
55
response function and are analogous to the stepwise regression
Quibbles:
coefficients discussed earlier. . . . (Bradley, 1985, p. 346)
“are termed” vs. “referred to”
“discussed
earlier” vs. “described in the previous section”
Once the regression coefficients for the selected set of orthogonal
SAME
order
of ideas
EXACTLY
variables
have been
calculated,
they may be mathematically
transformed into a new set of coefficients which correspond to
the original correlated set of variables. These new coefficients
(sometimes referred to as weights or elements of the response
function) are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients
described in the previous section. . . . (Fritts, 1976, p. 353)
Cheating
 Moral of the story: mind your Ps and Qs





(paraphrases and quotations)
Plagiarism Roll of (Dis)Honour:
Stephen E. Ambrose, Civil War historian
Doris Kearns Goodwin, biographer of the Kennedy
clan
David Rotor and Douglas Tipple, consultants to
Public Works Dept., Ottawa
30 Carleton University engineering students (2002)
Must I Cite?
 Each time you refer to specific results/concepts
drawn from published work, cite the source in a brief
parenthetical note
 “information and ideas you deem broadly known by
your readers and widely accepted by scholars . . . Can
be used without documentation” (MLA 59).
APA Citations:
The Basics
Citations in General
 You may require many citations per paragraph—not
just one note per page
Two main components:
Author’s/Authors’ name(s), year
Three Basic Approaches
1. Info. in parentheses
The course instructors warned of the dangers of
accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur,
2006).
Zundel and Ladouceur (2006) warned of the
dangers of accidental plagiarism.
use & in parentheses; use and 2.inText
the& parentheses
text.
As recently as 2006, Zundel and Ladouceur
warned against the dangers of accidental
plagiarism.
PM describes
this as a “rare case” (p. 207).
3. All in text
What Not To Do
In a journal article published in 2006, Dr.
Pierre Zundel and Nadya Ladouceur, course
instructors at the University of New Brunswick,
warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism
(Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).
From 14 words to 32—with
no additional INFORMATION
Parenthetical Citation
Introduce acronym in square
brackets; subsequent
citations can be reduced to
(MHCC, 2009).
A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental
illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with
particular attention to the developmental stage of each
individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada
[MHCC], 2009, p. 12).
Parenthetical Citation
Introduce acronym in square
brackets; subsequent
citations can be reduced to
(MHCC, 2009).
A recent report stresses how “mental health and mental
illness need to be addressed across the lifespan, with
particular attention to the developmental stage of each
individual” (Mental Health Commission of Canada
[MHCC], 2009, para. 2).
Two by Same Author in Same Year
Use alphabetical suffixes to distinguish
papers from the same year.
The structure and culture of the firm are both
important factors affecting leadership style.
While Bos Inc. has been classified as strongly
hierarchical (Johnson, 2009a), individual
departments have adopted a more holacratic
approach (Johnson, 2009b).
Two Primary Authors With Same Last Name
While dietary patterns changed between 1970
and 2010 (Y. C. Wang, Hsiao, Rundle, &
Goldsmith, 2015), similar patterns of obesity
were detected in populations with stable dietary
practices (H. Wang & Zhai, 2013).
Give the two primary authors’ initials.
Personal Communications
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if
participants do not understand their individual
responsibilities (personal communication, N.
Ladouceur, March 14, 2014).
Use interlocutor’s name and the full date.
Email
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if
participants do not understand their individual
responsibilities (Ladouceur, 2014).
This is an archived email, and so will have
a corresponding reference list entry.
Secondary Source
Florence Nightingale’s classic Notes on Nursing
warns of the public ignorance of the principles of
good health (as cited in Ladouceur, 2014, p. 27).
The writer used Ladouceur (2014),
not Nightingale (1859).
MLA Citations:
The Basics
MLA vs APA: Variations in Style
 MLA writers quote far more often
 MLA writers include source information in the text
In his seminal 1982 study, Jacques Derrida seeks to expose
MLA
“the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the a
Version:
and the e” (4).
APA
Version:
Derrida (1982) exposed “the pyramidal silence of the graphic
difference between the a and the e” (p. 4).
MLA vs APA
 MLA citations USUALLY have page numbers, even
when not quoting
 MLA citations do not provide year of publication
(except in the text) or abbreviations for :page”
MLA: Three Basic Approaches
Info. in parentheses;
note use of “and.”
The course instructors warned of the dangers of
accidental plagiarism (Zundel and Ladouceur
56).
Zundel and Ladouceur warned of the dangers of
accidental plagiarism (56).
Authors in text;
page # in parentheses
As recently as 2006, Zundel and Ladouceur
warned against the dangers of accidental
plagiarism
Include the(56).
year only if it3.isAllrelevant
the#discussion.
in text, to
page
at end.
Authors with Same Name
While this was considered “bad style” (E. B.
White 23), it was also pronounced to be
“hilarious” (T. H. White 45).
Add initials to distinguish different authors
with the same last name.
Authors with Same Name
The essayist was both condemned as
“congenitally self-centred” (White, Foreword vii)
and praised as the possessor of “a little capsule
of truth” (White, Letters 85).
Short titles are provided and separated from
the author’s name with a comma.
APA Quotations
Quotation Guidelines
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduce quotations effectively: create
a context
Do not duplicate the content of
quotations
Cite and format them correctly
Interpolate appropriately
Use ellipsis to cut what you do not need
Note: Use quotations sparingly; good, brief
paraphrases are usually better.
Introducing Embedded Quotations
Goals:
1. Quote no more than is necessary
2. Create a clear context
3. Develop a coherent statement (intro. + quotation)
4. Maintain authorial control (do not surrender to
your sources)
Quoting from a Chapter
Andrejevic (2012) noted that the advent of the “totally
documented life” (p. 80) spelled the end of individual
anonymity.
The page number for a
quotation (and for any
paraphrase “from a long
or complex text” [APA,
2010, p. 171])
immediately follows the
quoted material.
Quoting from a Chapter
All information in
Parentheses.
The advent of the “totally documented life”
(Andrejevic, 2012, p. 80) will spell the end of
privacy.
Block Quotations (40 words plus)
Andrejevic (2012) explains the capital costs of digital
enclosures:
The privatization process relies not just on the
construction of electromagnetic enclosures, but
also on facilities to store the tremendous amounts
of data captured by interactive networks . . . we are
witnesses to the unprecedented construction of
giant data centers around the globe. (p. 80)
These signal the end of the “open” Internet.
MLA Quotations
MLA Quotations
• Close work with the text is crucial and quotations are
much more common than in most APA papers
• Three basic techniques:
1. Block quotations
2. Embedded quotations
3. Paraphrase
Block Quotations144 words—
my goodness!
As this passage reveals, the description of the setting of "The
Lottery" is deceptively pleasant:
The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the
fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were
blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. The
people of the village began to gather in the square, between
the post office and the bank, around ten o'clock; in some
towns there were so many people that the lottery took two
days and had to be started on June 26th, but in this village,
where there were only about three hundred people, the
whole lottery took less than two hours, so it could begin at
ten o'clock in the morning and still be through in time to allow
the villagers to get home for noon dinner. (782)
There is no indication of the dark meaning of this gathering.
Bulk Quotation
 Not only is this overkill, but it fails to emphasize the
key details
 All we know is that something is missing from the
passage: a sinister note
 Need we read the whole passage for this?
Embedded Quotation/Paraphrase
57 words—
And more
analysis!
The setting of "The Lottery," evocative of
flowers, green grass, and "the fresh
warmth of a full-summer day," is
deceptively pleasant. A small crowd forms
in the square, amiably confident that their
business will soon be finished, allowing
them "to get home for noon dinner" (782);
there is no indication of the dark purpose
of this gathering.
Less Is More
 The specific details are highlighted by being
separated from the original passage
 The passage is shorter and contains more editorial
comment
 There is no interruption in the flow of the argument
 Advantages over “pure paraphrase”?
Pure Paraphrase
35 words—
But a little
flat!
The opening description of the gathering
of the villagers in Jackson's "The Lottery"
is filled with references to summer
growth and minor details of the small
town setting (783) that effectively
conceal its dark purpose.
A Choice of Tools
 It uses the same evidence, but the absence of direct
quotation makes it less colourful, convincing, and
emphatic
 Some paraphrase/citation work is necessary for a
long work
 Students should be adept in all three forms
 They should also recognize weak approaches. . . .
Ungoverned
Quotation!
Weak
implied
Larry seemed to enjoy having his father
link
appear only at long intervals, leaving him to
monopolize his mother's affections. "The war
was the most peaceful period of my life"
("My Oedipus Complex" 1322). His world
changed when his father came home. "Life
without my early morning conferences was
Jump: The loss of
unthinkable" (1325).
the “early
morning
conferences”
Ungoverned Quotations
 The reader is forced to supply connections between
the writer's comments and the quoted material.
 While encouraging the reader' s active participation,
this abrupt, associative style quickly becomes
annoying.
 It should be used only to emphasize unusually clear
relationships
Embedded quotation/
Paraphrase
The war was "the most peaceful period
of my life" ("My Oedipus Complex" 1322)
because his father's absence let him
monopolize his mother's affections.
When his father returned and tried to end
Larry's "early morning conferences" with
her, the boy found the change
"unthinkable" (1325)!
Introducing Quotations
 There is something jarring about “as the following
suggests,” “as this passage shows”
 Explicit introductions are usually unnecessary
 The syntactic relationship is often enough
The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after
Emily's death, as this passage shows:
What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of
the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed
in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow
beside him lay that even coating of the patient and
biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second
pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted
something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and
invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a
long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73)
Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with
Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on
the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.
Use What You Choose
 This quotation is too long and is introduced
awkwardly by the phrase "as this passage shows”
 Shift the emphasis to the interpretation by using
brief extracts
The implications of the final scene are
grotesque: the pillow beside Homer
Barron's rotted body bears the imprint of
a head, and here the townspeople find "a
long strand of iron-gray hair" (473).
Because Emily's hair became gray only
after Homer Barron's disappearance
(471), she must have lain beside his
51 words doing
corpse.
the work of 125
Ellipsis: Your Ally against Wordiness
 Use only what you need
 Use ellipsis points to cut unnecessary/irrelevant
material
Mid-Sentence Ellipsis
The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after
Emily's death:
What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of
the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed
in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow
beside him lay that even coating of the patient and
biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second
pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted
something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and
invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a
long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73)
Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with
Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on
the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.
Mid-Sentence Ellipsis
The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after
Emily's death, as this passage shows:
What was left of him . . . had become inextricable
from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon
the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the
patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the
second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of
us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that
faint and invisible dust dry and
acrid
in the
nostrils,
Three
spaced
ellipsis
points.hair. (472-73)
we saw a long strand of iron gray
Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with
Homer Barron's disappearance; therefore, the hair on
the pillow indicates that Emily had lain with his corpse.
From Mid-Sentence to the Start of Another
The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after
Emily's death, as this passage shows:
What was left of him . . . had become inextricable
from the bed. . . . Then we noticed that in the second
pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted
something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and
invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a
long strand of iron gray hair. (472-73)
Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with
Homer Barron's disappearance;
therefore,
the hair on
Period after “bed”
then
three
morehad
spaced
the pillow indicates that
Emily
lain with his corpse.
ellipsis points.
Mid-Sentence to the Middle of Another
The townspeople make a grotesque discovery after
Emily's death, as this passage shows:
What was left of him . . . had become inextricable
from the bed . . . in the second pillow was the
indentation of a head. One of us lifted something
from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible
dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long
strand of iron gray hair. (472-73)
Earlier the graying of Emily's hair was associated with
Homer Barron's disappearance;
therefore, the hair on
Just three spaced
the pillow indicates that ellipsis
Emilypoints.
had lain with his corpse.
Lines of Poetry Omitted
Dickinson’s relationship with Death is cordial:
Because I could not stop for Death—
He kindly stopped for me–
..............................
Since then – ‘tis Centuries – and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses’ Heads
Were toward Eternity – (1-2, 19-22)
He appears to be no more than the servant or harbinger
of eternity.
Ellipsis points
“approximately the
length of a complete
line of the quoted
poem” (MLA 100).
Note “broken” line
ranges.
Another Laboured introduction:
HUGE pause created by “this way”
At the end of "Great Falls," Jackie
explains the destruction of his family this
way: "it is just low-life, some coldness in
us all, some helplessness that causes us
to misunderstand life when it is pure and
plain" (636).
At the end of "Great Falls" Jackie explains
that his family was destroyed by "some
coldness in us all, some helplessness that
causes us to misunderstand life when it is
pure and plain" (636).
Wellintegrated
embedded
quotation
Verse
In “Ozymandius,” Shelley’s traveller offers
an ambiguous assessment of the
relationship between the ruler and the
artist, who “well those passions read /
Which yet survive, stamped on these
lifeless things” (6-7).
Use line numbers for
poetry
Note 2 tab indentation
Drama
Act, scene,
line numbers
Hal, impersonating his own father, attacks Falstaff
directly:
Why dost thou converse with that trunk of
humours, that bolting-hutch of beastliness,
that swollen parcel of dropsies, that huge
bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of
guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with
the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice,
that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that
Vanity in years? (2.5.409-14)
Some prefer Roman
Drama
cap, roman lower case,
arabic:
Hal, impersonating his own father, attacks Falstaff
directly:
Why dost thou converse with that trunk of
humours, that bolting-hutch of beastliness,
that swollen parcel of dropsies, that huge
bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of
guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with
the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice,
that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that
Vanity in years? (II.v.409-14)
APA Reference List
Journal Article
Given name initial only
Article/Chapter title only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Andrejevic, M. (2002). The work of being watched.
Critical Studies in Media Communication 19(2),
230-248. doi:10.1080/07393180216561
Journal title & volume
number in italics
Book Chapter
Article/Chapter title only
first word capitalized, no
italics or quotation marks.
Page range of chapter
Andrejevic, M. (2012). Exploitation in the data mine.
In C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund, & M.
Sandoval (Eds.), Internet and surveillance: The
challenges of Web 2.0 and social media (pp. 71-
88). New York, NY: Routledge.
Editors’ names (initial for
Given name, last name last)
Institutionally Published Documents:
Reference List
Mental Health Commission of Canada.
(2009). Toward recovery and well-being: A
framework for a mental health strategy for
Canada. Calgary, AB: Author.
When the “author” is also the publisher,
use this format.
Unpublished Manuscripts
Author, I. (Year). Title of manuscript.
Unpublished manuscript for NURSXXXX,
Faculty of Nursing, University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.
Two With Same Year
Johnson, D. (2009). Travelling to the business
world and back. Toronto, ON: Pearson.
Johnson, D. (2009). Taking my time: A new
approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON:
McGraw-Hill.
Two With Same Year
Johnson, D. (2009a). Taking my time: A new
approach to problem solving. Toronto, ON:
McGraw-Hill.
Johnson, D. (2009b). Travelling to the
business world and back. Toronto, ON:
Pearson.
arrange alphabetically by title and
use alphabetical suffixes
Course Posting
Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re:
Submitting work in a timely fashion.
[RCLP2023 posting]. Retrieved from
https://lms.unb.ca/d2l/le/43372/
discussions/List
Anything that is archived should have a
reference list entry.
MLA Works Cited
Works Cited Entries
 alphabetical order by the first word of the item
(usually author's surname)
 MLA no longer considers print to be the "normal"
format; the format of every work must be included
as part of the citation.
Alphabetical Order
Works Cited
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four
Essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2000.
Print.
Layton, Irving. "The Cold Green Element."
Elements of Literature. 3rd Can. ed. Ed.
Robert Scholes et al. Don Mills, ON: Oxford
UP, 2004. 616-17. Print.
Alphabetical Order
Works Cited
Thornton, Billy Bob. Interview by Jian
Ghomeshi. Q. CBC, Toronto, 8 Apr. 2009.
cbc.ca. Web. 10 Apr. 2009. <http://
www.cbc.ca/q/pastepisodes.html.>
Would you like to know more?
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