

“Conscience Whigs,” led by JQ Adams’ son
Charles Francis Adams, called the war immoral.
Whigs won control of
Congress in 1846, called for no land, and criticized Manifest
Destiny



Rep. David Wilmot (D –
PA) proposed that slavery be banned in all territories gained from the war.
Measure passed
House, died in Senate.



Supporters of the
Wilmot Proviso formed free soil movement, then Free Soil Party.
Focus on slavery’s impact on small farmers won many supporters, including
Frederick Douglass, but not William Lloyd
Garrison






Who called the Mexican War immoral? Who led them?
What did Whigs begin to criticize?
What did the Wilmot Proviso do? How successful was it?
What party did Wilmot Proviso supporters form?
Why did abolitionists disagree over the new party?




Overworked, Polk didn’t run, soon died
Democrats – Lewis
Cass – squatter/popular sovereignty;
Free Soil – Martin Van
Buren (D), and Charles
Francis Adams (W); got
N. Democratic support



Whigs ran “Old Rough and Ready” Zachary
Taylor, a free soil slaveowner.
Taylor got 47% of vote; won electoral college;



Free Soil votes in New
York cost Cass the state (Taylor won it) and the election – spoiler role
Antislavery voters cost
Clay the election in
1844, Cass in 1848






What became of Polk?
Who ran in 1848 for the Democrats? What was his issue?
Who ran for Free Soil? Who was the VP?
Who ran for Whigs? What was his slavery stand?
Who won, by how much, and why?



1848 John Sutter’s workers discovered gold in Sierra Nevada.
49ers – 80,000 mostly men poured into
California looking for gold; San Francisco grew into major city.



49ers lived among saloons, gamblers, prostitutes.
Indians, Mexicans,
Chileans, Chinese mistreated, couldn’t dig in best areas; victims of nativist efforts.



Much crime and diarrhea (California disease), little gold for latecomers to a site.
Many left by mid
1850s; others fought for land; Indians exterminated and enslaved.





Where was gold discovered, by whom?
How many 49ers? What kind of folks?
What city?
How did it end? Who were the winners and losers?



Quick settlement –
Taylor advised California to apply for statehood,
Congress to admit it as a free state.
Dying Calhoun: 2 presidents, slaves as property can’t be limited
– ignoring precedents of
NW Ordinance, Missouri
Compromise




1. southerners - extend
Missouri Compromise line
2. Stephen Douglas – squatter/popular sovereignty
3. abolitionists like
William Seward – restrict and eventually end slavery due to a “higher law than the
Constitution.”



 President Millard
Fillmore, Henry Clay,
Daniel Webster,
Stephen Douglas
1. California free state
2. Utah and New
Mexico, popular sovereignty





3. fugitive slave law
4. D.C. – no slave trade
5. New Mexico wins land from Texas
Secession threatened by “fire eaters”










Taylor ________
Calhoun _________
Moderate southerners
_____
Stephen Douglas ______
Seward/Abolitionists
________
Fillmore, Webster, Clay,
Douglas ________
Compromise of 1850 – 1 st 2 provisions _______
3 add-ons to compromise
_______
Fire eaters _______









A. Extend Missouri
Compromise line
B. California free state,
Utah New Mexico popular sovereignty
C. Fugitive slave law, no DC slave trade, land from
Texas to New Mexico
D. California free state
E. “higher law than
Constitution”
F. threatened secession
G. Compromise coalition
H. Slavery property rights
I. popular sovereignty



North got better end of the Compromise of
1850: no other area to extend slavery to.
Fugitive Slave Law resented in the north, aimed at Tubman and the Underground
Railroad.



Harriet Tubman had gone South to get slaves 19 times, rescued 300, including her parents.
South lost 1000 runaways per year, likely less runaways then self-purchase or voluntary emancipation.



One runaway was captured in Boston and taken through the streets in front of angry northerners.
Massachussetts outlawed enforcing the
“man-stealing” law – nullified it.








Who got the best of the Compromise of
1850?
Which part did the North resent?
Who was the Fugitive Slave Act aimed at?
Harriet Tubman: how many trips and how many slaves?
How many runaways per year?
What event was especially resented?
What did Massachussetts do?



Southerners attempted takeovers of Nicaragua and Cuba, with disastrous and deadly results.
Pierce Administration’s
Ostend Manifest0 -
$120 million or invasion for Cuba – outraged free soilers.



Gadsden Purchase spent $10 million on
Mexican land for a railroad west.
Northern railroad line would have to go through unorganized territory, harassed by
Indians.



Sen. Stephen Douglas (D
– Ill) pushed Kansas-
Nebraska Act through
Congress; popular sovereignty in both territories.
He wanted railroad from
Chicago, but law repealed Missouri
Compromise and further radicalized north.






What two countries did Southerners attempt to take over?
What did the Ostend Manifesto do? What stopped it?
What did the Gadsden Purchase do? Why would northerners care?
What law did Stephen Douglas push? Why?
Name 2 effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.



Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s
Cabin in 1852.
Focused on splitting families, Fugitive Slave
Act – Stowe said “God wrote it.”



Millions sold; most politically influential book in history.
Lincoln when meeting
Stowe: “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.”



Readers swore against
Fugitive Slave Act;
Europeans against intervention in a war.
Hinton Helper’s
Impending Crisis in the
South argued that slavery hurt poor whites; burned in South and mass distributed in the north.







Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
What’s the book about?
What impact did it have?
What did Lincoln say?
Who wrote Impending Crisis in the South?
How did the sections of the country react to it?



New England Emigrant
Aid Company and proslavery Missourians sent people into
Kansas to vote.
A fraudulant proslavery and illegal antislavery government was set up.



1856 proslavery forces burned part of free soil
Lawrence, Kansas.
John Brown led
Pottowatomie Creek
Massacre; he and sons hacked to pieces proslavery families



President James
Buchanan supported pro-slavery LeCompton
Constitution; opposed by Stephen Douglas – no statehood.
Brooks (SC) beat Sumner
(Mass) unconscious with a cane on the Senate floor, p. 414







Who sent people to Kansas?
Why 2 governments? What was the problem with each?
Where did proslavery forces burn?
What did John Brown and sons do?
Why no statehood? What politicians were on each side?
Who caned whom?



1856 Buchanan (D) defeated Fremont (R) and Fillmore (Know
Nothing/American
Party).
Concerns about
Fremont’s character and fire eater secession undermined the Republicans.



Dred Scott, living with his master in Wisconsin and Illinois, sued for freedom.
Supreme Court: Scott can’t sue, not a citizen, but Chief Justice Taney not finished.



Slave is property which can be taken anywhere; laws limiting this are unconstitutional.
Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty is unconstitutional; opposed by Douglas and abolitionists.







Why was Buchanan elected?
Who was Dred Scott?
Why did he lose?
Who was the Chief Justice? Where was he from?
Why was his case important?
Who criticized the decision?



Panic of 1857 hurt north, led to 2 demands: Tariff and
Homestead Act.
1858 Republican
Lincoln (former Whig) challenged Douglas (D) for Illinois Senate: 7
Lincoln-Douglas debates.



Lincoln: could states vote down slavery in light of Dred Scott?
Douglas’ Freeport
Doctrine: anti-slavery state won’t pass the necessary slave laws;
Douglas elected by
Illinois state legislature.



October 1859: Brown and 20 took over arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Va (today WVa) but failed to stir uprising.
Brown hung, calm: a martyr in the north and terrorist in the south.








What demands came from the Panic of 1857?
How many Lincoln-Douglas debates?
What did Lincoln claim Dred Scott meant?
What was Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine?
Who won, how?
Where was John Brown’s raid? What was his plan?
How did he die? Why was he more useful dead than alive?



1860 depression-prone
Abraham Lincoln got
Republican nomination over “higher law”
Seward.
Others: Douglas –
Northern Democrat,
Breckinridge –
Southern Democrat,
Bell.



Lincoln won with 40% of vote, all from North,
180 electoral votes.
South Carolina seceded first, followed by deep South: Fl, Ga,
Al, MS, LA, TX



1.
2.
4 month lame duck
Buchanan: secession is illegal, but he saw no means to stop it.
Crittendon (K)
Compromise rejected by Lincoln:
Slavery protected extend 36-30 line to
California; apply to
Latin America






Who got the nomination for Republicans?
Who else ran?
How did Lincoln win?
What states seceded?
What was the Crittendon Compromise?



February 1865
Montgomery, Alabama new nation formed:
Confederate States of
America.
President Jefferson
Davis (MS), Vice
President Alexander
Stephens (GA)



March 1861 Lincoln’s
First Inaugural: Union perpetual, “mystic cords of memory…better angels of our nature.”
South had to return to nation or face war (like
Jackson, Buchanan)



Lincoln resupplied Fort
Sumter, SC with unarmed ship.
Confederates fired on fort, which surrendered two days later – first shots of war.







New Southern nation
Confederate President, VP
Perpetual union
“mystic cords of memory… better angels of our nature.”
First shots of Civil War
Why were they fired?



After Fort Sumter
Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops.
This caused more 4 more states to secede:
Tennessee, Arkansas,
North Carolina,
Virginia



Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia
(1863) were loyal slave states
½ population of the
South: Lincoln said he hoped God was on his side but had to have
Kentucky.



Lincoln avoided talk of abolition so as not to offend border states.
Crittendon had a son who as a general in each army; Lincoln had
4 brother in laws fighting for the South.






How did Lincoln respond to Fort Sumter?
What four states seceded next?
What border states didn’t secede?
Why didn’t Lincoln support emancipation?
What odd family situations were there?






Generals: Lee, Jackson
Soldiers: used guns, rode horses, rebel yell, passionate
Knew terrain
Morale – defending home
Just had to keep fighting








More of everthing:
¾ of wealth
¾ of railroads
Controlled sea and blockaded south
22 million people to 5.5 million.
Soldiers: better educated
Lousy generals until
Grant




Boredom, disease – diarrhea, typhoid, malaria – killed twice as many as battle
Upper body wounds fatal; legs and arms amputated (30% died)
Nurses: Clara Barton,
Dorothea Dix in North,
Sally Tompkins in
South




Name 5 Southern advantages.
Name 5 Northern advantages
Name two daily problems for soldiers



European rulers sympathized with
South; masses with
North after reading
Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Europe had cotton surpluses, later bought from India and Egypt, imported corn and wheat from North.



Trent had Confederates on board trying to break the blockade;
Alabama was made in
Britain.
British-built ships captured more than
250 Yankee ships.



Minister to Britain
Charles Francis Adams threatened to invade
Canada over British ships built for the
South.
Irish-Americans invaded Canada;
Dominion of Canada
1867 for strong defense






How were European countries split over the war?
Why didn’t cotton win European support?
Why tension with Britain?
What threat did Adams make?
What country was born?

JEFFERSON DAVIS




More experience
Too weak – states defied him
Georgia threatened secession
Brave, sincere, and devoted but stubborn micromanager
ABRAHAM LINCOLN




Tactful, quiet, patient, firm
Team of rivals
Poetic
More constitutional power



North: Excise tax, income tax, tariff, print greenbacks – 80% inflation, sold war bonds, industrial boom, McCormick
Reaper
South: less taxes,
9000% inflation, 2/3 to
2/5 of wealth



Blockade, increasing army size, suspended habeas corpus, gave
$2m in government money to private citizens, army ballots – all extraconstitutional
Draft avoided - $300 in north, 20 slaves in South;
NY riots by Irish in north;
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight





Lincoln and Davis
Northern and Southern economics
What extra powers did Lincoln acquire?
Why a “rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight?”



July 1861 Bull Run
(Manassas Junction) –
30m south of
Washington; Stonewall
Jackson led Rebels to victory.
Made South cocky and
North determined.



Union Gen. George
McClellan drilled the
Army of the Potomac;
“the slows,” “borrow the army.”
Fired after failed
Peninsula Campaign, beaten by Lee at Seven
Days Batttle







1. blockade – run by
British – guns for cotton; ironsides Monitor v.
Merrimac
2. capture Miss. River, split South
3. capture Richmond
4. free slaves
5. cut South to pieces through Ga, Carolinas
6. attack troops everywhere (Grant’s idea)






What happened at Bull Run/Manassas?
What one word best describes MacClellan?
Why?
What were the 6 parts of the northern strategy?
Who broke the blockade?
What was the importance of the monitor and the merrimac?



Lee defeated Gen.
Pope at 2 nd Battle of
Bull Run, then headed north to Maryland – get n. territory, get help, keep fighting
At Antitiem Lee lost narrowly after
McClellan’s men found
Lee’s battles plans.



Lincoln had a victory and the border states, issued preliminary emancipation.
Southern slaves freed after Jan 1, 1863



Not in border states – where he could he would not; where he would he could not.
Gives north a moral cause, keeps Europe out, entices slaves to escape








Where did Lee defeat Pope?
Why Antitiem?
Why did Lee lose?
How did Lincoln respond?
Why a preliminary proclamation?
What exceptions to emancipation?
What practical effect?



180,000 African-
Americans (10%) served in Union army –
2 regiments raised by
Frederick Douglass.
Killed as POW’s (Ft.
Pillow), legally contraband, forced
Confederates to leave the front.




Fredericksburg –
“Burnside’s slaughter pen”
Chancellorsville – Lee beats Hooker, loses
Jackson
Gettysburg, PA – 3 days, Pickett’s charge on last day, July 3 1863



 In West, Grant took Ft.
Henry, Ft. Donelson
Shiloh – bloodiest
Siege of Vicksburg –
Union controlled the
Mississippi R. ; July 4
1863









African-Americans
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Fort Henry and
Donelson
Shiloh
Vicksburg
Ulysses Grant








10% of soldiers
Won in west
Lee won but lost
Jackson
3 day turning point
Siege turning point
Burnside whooped
Union wins on
Mississippi River
Bloody Union win in west



Sherman took
Chattanooga, burned
Atlanta, total war march to the sea.
Gave Savannah to
Lincoln, more vicious in SC.




Copperhead/Vallandingham criticism
Lincoln expected to lose to Democrat McClellan, who would allow secession, end the war, and preserve slavery.
News of Sherman’s success resulted in Union
Party landslide , lame duck push for 13 th amendment




Grant attacked Lee the
Wilderness, Cold Harbor, took heavy losses, but
Lee surrendered
Appomattox
Courthouse, VA April
1865.
Boothe killed Lincoln
April 9, 1865 at Ford’s
Theater: “Now he belongs to the ages”
600,000 deaths










How did Sherman hurt the South?
What city was a gift to Lincoln?
What were Copperheads? Who was their leader?
Who ran against whom, from what parties, in
1864?
Why did Lincoln win?
Where did Grant attack Lee?
Where did Lee surrender?
When was Lincoln killed?
How many died in the war?



One NC slave claimed to have been emancipated 10 times.
Response to freedom ranged from loyalty to masters to whipping them.




Mostly sharecroppers and tenant farmers;
Marriages legalized for love and inheritance.
New churches: Black
Baptist, AME wanted education:better life, read Bible, but too few black teachers



1865-1872 – primitive welfare agency provided food, health care, clothing, ed.; led by Union Gen. Oliver
Howard (Howard
University)
200,000 learned to read, but no “40 acres and a mule.”







How many times was one slave emancipated?
How did the response to freedom vary?
What did former slaves do right away?
What government agency?
Who headed it?
What did it do well and poorly?



Tennessee champion of poor whites, refused to secede, appointed war governor.
Never accepted by
Republicans when
Lincoln died; 1 st impeached



1863 Lincoln 10% plan: a state rejoins the
Union when 10% of voters pledge loyalty and accept emancipation.
Wade-Davis Bill: 50% allegiance, pocket vetoed by Lincoln.



Johnson followed
Lincoln’s example, granting pardons to
Confederates.
Black codes: 1 year labor contracts, no jury duty, no landowning, no idleness



Ex-Confederates like
Stephens came back to
Congress with more
(not 3/5) power;
Johnson satisfied.
Radicals passed Civil
Rights Act of 1866 over
Johnson’s veto, sent
14 th amendment to the states.






What was the difference between Lincoln’s plan and the Wade Davis Bill?
What was Johnson’s approach?
What did Black Codes do?
What South came to Congress?
How did the Republicans respond?



1866 midterms:
Johnson’s 10% /Black
Code v. Radical procivil rights
“Swing around the circle” speeches to dedicate Douglas monument resulted in
2/3 Republican majority



Senate – Charles
Sumner (caned);
House – Thaddeus
Stevens (74)
Radicals wanted long, revolutionary
Reconstruction; moderates were more gentle toward states





South divided into 5 military districts; states had to ratify 14 th amendment and let blacks vote.
13 th am – no slavery ever, anywhere
14 th am – makes Civil
Rights Act perm
15 th – “ “ voting; feminists felt betrayed.







What was the issue in 1866 midterm elections?
What was the “swing around the circle?”
Who were the leaders of the Radical
Republicans?
What was the point of dispute between Radicals and moderates?
How did the Reconstruction Acts divide up the
South?
13 14 15 amendments? Why were feminists upset?



Union League trained
African-Americans in civic duties, campaigned for
Republicans
1868-1876, 14 African
American congressmen, Sen.
Hiram Revels and
Blanche Bruce (Mspi)



Resenting Black political power, carpetbaggers (n) and scalawags (S), the Klan used intimidation and force; 200 killed in 2 days La.
Force Acts 1870, 1871 by Pres. Grant outlawed and ended
KKK




1867 Congress passed,
1868 Johnson violated
Tenure of Office Act by firing Stanton.
House impeached;
Senate came within one vote of convicting and ousting Johnson, who agreed to stop vetoes.
1867 – “Seward’s Folly,”
Alaska bought from
Russia $7.2m











Union League
Hiram Revels, Blanche
Bruce
KKK
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Force Bills
Tenure of Office Act
Sec. of War Stanton
Senate vote
Seward’s Folly










US bought Alaska
Violent reaction to reconstruction
Fired by Johnson
President can’t fire Cabinet
Trained African-Americans in civic duty
Outlawed Klan
African-American Senators
1 short of 2/3 necessary to convict
Northerners involved in
Reconstruction
White Southern supporters of Reconstruction