The Renaissance and Reformations Chapter 14 The Renaissance circa 1350-1600 Renaissance- Time of change & creativity Political, social, economic & cultural More worldly less concern about the afterlife Rebirth of classical culture of Greece & especially Rome Major theme was the idea of individualism--pursuit of one’s on ideas as a way of life New worldview--Spirit of adventure Humanism Italian city-States Renaissance began in northern Italy Prosperous city-states Florence, Milan, Genoa & Venice Very urbanized area Wealthy merchant class promoted culture Merchants also dominated politics These city-states had their own armies They became patrons of the arts Florence Florence and Medici Medici family grew powerful and wealthy Gained their wealth through banking, mining and wool Cosimo de Medici – spent a fortune beautifying the city— wealthiest man of his day Lorenzo – “the Magnificent” represented the Renaissance ideal— politician and patron Humanism Intellectual movement based on study of classical culture—study original classical manuscripts Focused on worldly and secular themes and the importance of the individual Intense study of ancient world – attempt to imitate its great achievements Believed education will stimulate creative powers Stressed study of humanities – grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry Emphasized development of body, mind & spirit Most impressive contributions was the recovery of ancient texts Francesco Petrarch Father of Humanism Spent years searching monasteries & cathedrals for lost Roman & Greek manuscripts Developed Italian sonnet - 14 lines Humanism influenced French scholars/writers Giovanni Boccaccio First writer of prose in a modern language (Italian) Decameron witty and sarcastic work set during the Black Death Renaissance Masters The Big Four Donatello Works with natural postures & expressions Many works in bronze Bronze statue of David—first free-standing nude since antiquity Gattamelata – first equestrian bronze statue by Western European since Roman times Leonardo de Vinci True “Renaissance man” Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Produced 2 of the most famous paintings in history - Mona Lisa & The Last Supper Produced Notebooks which contained 13,000 pages of detailed drawings and writings Machine gun, airplane, submarine, parachute etc Michelangelo Greatest sculptor of the Renaissance Works include: Pieta Moses David Painter—Sistine Chapel Architect- designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome Worked for 7 popes—Pope Julius II ( Warrior Pope) was worst taskmaster SISTENE CHAPEL Painted 340 human figures (10 to 18 ft. tall)— representing origin and fall of man Most ambitious artistic undertaking of the Ren. Accomplished in less than 4 years Ceiling was 10,000 square ft. “Last Judgment” completed 29 years later (entire wall of Sistene Chapel) Raphael Youngest of the great masters – died at 37 Series of frescoes for pope’s private room including the School of Athens Also known for portrayals of the Madonna – mother of Christ WOMEN AND THE RENAISSANCE Main duty was to manage household, servants, meals, tend the ill, and provide religious instruction (autonomy)—main function was to bear children Denied any sort of political or legal activity—subservient to men Childbirth painful and deadly Marriages arranged—great age differences Status of upper class women declined during this period Focus should be on domestic affairs of family life Women Artists Sofonisba Anguissola – Italian noblewoman – gained fame as a portrait painter Court painter of Philip II of Spain The Artist’s Sisters Playing Chess Artemisia Gentileschi First woman painter widely known Created bold paintings of dramatic realism – Judith and the Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes Other Artists Giotto--known as the first artist of the It. Renaissance Artist who used shading for realism & a sense of depth Used chiaroscuro, light and shade to provide a sense of depth—most noted works were frescoes Famous works include Lamentation of the Dead Christ Tommasco Masaccio (Sloppy Tom) Artist who established perspective rules—makes paintings look more three-dimensional Considered the father of modern painting Famous works include The Holy Trinity and The Tribute Money TITIAN Very prolific painter (painted into his eighties) Known for his vivid colors like purple and especially red An accomplished portrait painter Greatest of the Venetian painters Best known works include The Assumption of the Virgin Renaissance Architecture Filippo Brunelleschi – father of modern engineering Goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, architect, clock builder Discovered mathematical perspective Architect who used raised dome and classical columns Gigantic dome on Cathedral of Florence Renaissance Writers and Handbooks Castiglione – The Book of the Courtier “ideal man” – well-educated in Greek & Latin Charming, witty, polite, skilled in literature, music, dancing, painting, physically strong & graceful, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, and not be FAKE “ideal woman” – know the classics, write well, paint, make music, dance, be witty, carry on honest conversation, perform sports suitable for women, be charming, modest in behavior, not be clumsy, evil tongued, not put up appearances, and not seek fame like a man Renaissance Writers Machiavelli – father of modern political science - Produced handbook for rulers of It. city-states Believed most people selfish, fickle, & corrupt Reject Christian view that states are subject to divine law—analyzed politics from standpoint of reason Total secular view of politics Leader could obtain & hold power by acting in own self-interest “it is safer to be feared than loved” “the end justifies the means” The Prince Northern Renaissance Flemish artists are from Flanders (Belgium) Improved paint—oil based instead of tempera paints Did not dry as quickly Allowed for changes Jan & Hubert van Eycks – Belgium—credited with discovering oil paints Hieronymus Bosch Created a fantasy world inhabited by nightmarish men & monsters Garden of Earthly Delights Pieter Bruegel Flemish painter who became famous for painting ordinary people (peasants) Best known works include Peasant Wedding Alberecht Durer The “Leonardo of the North” Known for woodcuts & engravings Famous works include Four Horseman of the Apocalypse and The Knight Death and the Devil Also known for self portraits Hans Holbein Portrait painter El Greco Style most original of the Renaissance painters Immensely long bodies harsh light strong colors Twisted figures Northern Humanism (Christian Humanism) Like Italian humanist stressed education and classical learning but more influenced by religion Searched for writings of the early Christian Church Concerned with providing guidance on personal behavior Many concerned with reforming the Church—many were critical of Church Christian humanist discoveries of traditional Christian texts that were different versions proved very unsettling to many believers including Church officials Northern Humanism Erasmus – known as the “Prince of the Humanist” Praise of Folly – satire – stressed the importance of reason, tolerance & conduct based on Christian ethics Criticized Church but was not a Protestant Also wrote Adages Thomas More –pushed for social and economic reform in England Utopia – described a perfect society Critical of the RCC and clergy Northern Renaissance Literature Francois Rabelais – French Gargantua and Pantagruel – two satirical works about two lives of two giants who lived unrestrained lives Touched on serious issues like religion, education & philosophy Northern Renaissance Literature William Shakespeare – greatest playwright ever The Taming of the Shrew Romeo and Juliet King Lear Macbeth Northern Renaissance Literature Miguel de Cervantes – Don Quixote – satire of medieval chivalry—groom is Sancho Panza Printing Revolution Printing invented in 1400’s Books were scarce before printing press Paper-making learned from Arabs from Chinese Made of wood pulp and rags Parchment formerly used Made from sheep/goat skin 1400’s—moveable type developed Johann Gutenberg Developed metal for moveable type Used to build printing press 1456—entire Bible printed Beginning of printed word era Rapid growth of printing Improvements lead to affordable books, more readily available, more accurate, spread ideas and technology, people more literate Prepared way for the religious revolution of 1500s RENAISSANCE SCHOLAR Lorenzo Valla was important Renaissance scholar in the field of critical textual analysis Proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery because language used in document was not in use in the age of Constantine ARTIST AND SOCIAL STATUS Early Renaissance artists seen largely as artisans By the end of the 14th century a transformation in the position of artists occurred Especially talented individuals were no longer seen as artisans but as artistic geniuses with creative energies akin to the divine Society excused their eccentricities and valued their creative genius By High Renaissance artists were profiting from their work and rising up on the social scale Welcomed as equals in the circles of the upper class— intellectual and political elite in society SLAVERY DURING RENAISSANCE Black slaves were signs of wealth in Renaissance society (like women, used for display) White slaves were also prevalent in Renaissance Europe (Slavic peoples from Eastern Europe mostly) Beginning in 15th century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe Black slaves were very much sought after—a black lady’s maid was both a curiosity and a symbol of wealth—some a source of entertainment Slavery in Renaissance Europe was a thriving business and widespread The Protestant Reformation Roman Catholic Church Problems Many improprieties in Church Fraudulent sale of “divine” items Church caught up in world affairs Lower clergy uneducated Leaders accused of being corrupt Lost credibility during Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism Money Making Church Charged taxes Charged fees for baptisms, weddings, funerals Sold indulgences Reduction of punishment after death Usually sold to relatives of deceased Most times used to raise money for building projects Many called for reform MARTIN LUTHER Protestant Reformation Taught theology at Wittenberg University Upset over corruption & worldliness of the Church 1517 – German Dominican priest – Johann Tetzel selling indulgences- build St. Peter’s basilica Luther enraged over the practice Quote “ As soon as the coin in coffer rings/ the soul from purgatory springs” Beginning of the Reformation October 31, 1517 – Wittenberg Cathedral Martin Luther will post his 95 Theses which attacks the sale of indulgences and calls for debate over the issue—copied and printed on the printing press Luther’s Reforms Salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (Justification by faith alone) Church teaching should be based on Bible Pope and traditions of Roman Catholic Church were false authorities—Bible final authority All people in faith were equal Did not need priests to interpret the Bible Bible and worship services in language of the people Communion Conflict Catholics believe in transubstantiation by which the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ Luther believed in consubstantiation by which the bread and wine are present along with the blood and body of Christ Response to Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther Jan 1521 Charles V - Holy Roman emperor – issued the Edict of Worms after Luther refused to recant Luther an outlaw No one to aid him All his books burned Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther for almost a year Translated the New Testament into German Protestants Reject 5 out of 7 sacraments Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints Abolished elaborate rituals - emphasis on the sermon Clergy can marry (Luther married former nun) Sermons in German not Latin New religion called Lutheranism Protestants Those who protest papal authority Name is applied to all Christians who belong to non Catholic churches People supported Luther’s reforms for religious, political, & economic reasons Clergy - way to stop corruption German princes – get rid of Church & Holy Roman emperor Other – way to seize church property Peasant Revolt - 1524 Peasants staged major revolt wanting social and economic changes (abolish serfdom/manorial) Luther withdrew support when they became violent—realized he needs the support of nobility if his religion will survive Many peasants returned to Roman Catholic Church Conflict in Germany German Rulers split between Luther and Roman Catholic Church Charles V tried to force them back to the Roman Catholic Church through warfare Peace of Augsburg decided to let each ruler choose religion of area (whose region, his religion) Northern/Eastern princes chose Luther Southern/Western princes chose Roman Catholic Church Ulrich Zwingli Switzerland became the center of Reformation after Germany Zwingli launched Reformation at same time as Luther Believed in good pastor and sense of discipline Sermons based on Bible Services lacked ritual Dispute with Luther over Lord’s Supper--symbolic John Calvin Born in France—moved to Geneva, Switzerland Beliefs outlined in Institutes of the Christian Religion Salvation made by God’s decision Predestination God decided who was saved, who was not, and nothing could change it Saved – the elect Condemned – the reprobate People should behave in way to show they were God’s chosen Calvin’s Rule of Geneva Believed ideal government was a theocracy Everyone must attend religion classes No bright colored clothing No card playing No dancing No swearing No laughing in church Closed the theaters No alcohol/prostitution outlawed The Consistory - church court set up to punish those who failed to follow doctrines Used stocks, imprison, excommunicate, banish or death by burning The Spread of Calvinism French Calvinists or Huguenots were strong in southern France Religion taken to Scotland by John Knox where it will be known as the Presbyterian Church Known in England as Puritans Netherlands – Dutch Reformed Church Did not get along with each other or Roman Catholic Church Saw itself as the true religion People unused to more than one church or religion Each sect based beliefs on their interpretation of Bible ANABAPTIST (Radicals of Protestant Reformation) Rejected infant baptism Infant could not understand Christian faith Needed a conversion experience Baptism and membership restricted to adults Rejected taking oaths or bearing arms Burned by the Catholics, drowned by the Protestants—many were peasants Menno Simons started Mennonites REFORMATION IN ENGLAND Henry VII will start the Tudor Dynasty in England First born son was Arthur who will marry Princess Catherine of Spain ( daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella) Arthur dies shortly after marriage (was not consummated) Henry VIII will become king and marry his brothers widow-RCC will give Henry special dispensation to allow marriage to take place Reformation in England King Henry VIII of England strong advocate of Catholic Church Written criticism of Luther Earned him title “Defender of the Faith” Henry VIII married to Catherine of Aragon – wanted a divorce”Prohibition of Leviticus – wanted a male child, had girl – Mary Tudor Pope Clement VII refused to Henry’s request Reformation Parliament - 1533 Passed Act of Supremacy - making Henry ruler of the Church in England- Anglican Church Henry Needed money - Confiscated convents and monasteries to sell Henry gets his divorce & marries Anne Boleyn Gives birth to Elizabeth Anne convicted of adultery & beheaded Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour – has a son Edward VI – she dies at child birth Marries Anne of Cleaves – political marriage does not last Marries Catherine Howard – beheaded for adultery Marries Catherine Parr – she out lives him Edward VI Inherited thrown at age 10 – rules for 6 years & dies—adopted Book of Common Prayer Lady Jane Grey on throne for nine days Mary I becomes queen – Catholic wants England to rejoin Catholic Church Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” Married to Philip II of Spain – not popular in England Elizabeth I-will use compromise to deal with religious issues-England will be Protestant country as a result of rule Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation Effort of the Catholic Church to make reforms and fight against the spread of Protestantism Leader of the Catholic Reformation was Pope Paul III (longest pontificate of the 16th century) Catholic Reformation Counter Reformation Pope Paul III – Council of Trent – 1545-1563 Simony forbidden No selling of indulgences No charging for administering the sacraments Educate the clergy Latin language retained as language of Church but vernacular should be used regularly Pope Paul IV will start Roman Inquisition and issue the first Index of Forbidden Books Pope Pius IV will put the decrees of council into effect Ignatius Loyola Society of Jesus or Jesuits Very well educated Disciplined Wrote Spiritual Exercises Dedicated to combating the spread of Protestantism Francis Xavier – spread the faith to Japan & India Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus – 1543 – On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Introduced the heliocentric theory Late 1500s – Tycho Brahe supports Copernicus—built observatory to view the heavens Johannes Kepler – used Brahe’s work Wrote Three Laws of Planetary Motion – planet’s orbits are ellipse Galileo Galilei- 1616 built a telescope Observed 4 moons of Jupiter, mountains of the moon, & sun spots Supported Copernicus’ work Taken before the Inquisition & forced to recant Scientific Method Developed in the early 1600s 7 step process Propose a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Created the Scientific Revolution = Revolution in thought Francis Bacon – English - father of the Scientific Method Developed the general theory of inductive reasoning Purpose was to produce highly practical and useful knowledge to make life better for people Rene Descartes – French – developed analytic geometry Wrote Discourse on Method “I think, therefore I am” Isaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Orbits of planets created by a force called gravity Developed calculus Other Scientists Robert Boyle – father of modern chemistry Distinguished between individual elements & chemical compounds Andreas Vesalius – On the Structure of the Human Body First detailed study of human anatomy William Harvey – circulation of blood in body Anthony van Leeuwenhoek – perfected the microscope First to see cells & microorganisms Other Scientist Ambroise Pare– developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infections Also developed a technique for closing wounds with stitches