AVO I D I N G P L A G I A R I S M :
A PA S T Y L E
T H E B A S I C S O F D O C U M E N TAT I O N
AND
I N T E G R AT I N G S O U R C E S
Today’s Goals
 Overview: What is APA?
 What is it used for?
 Elements of an APA Paper
 Sources: Using Research in Your Writing
 Elements of Good Research & Writing
In-text Citations & References
 Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing

 References: A Closer Look
 General Rules
 Workshop
Learn: APA Basics
 Overview: What is APA?
 What
is it used for?
 Elements
of an APA Paper
APA =
American Psychological Association
 The American Psychological Association (APA) citation
style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in
the social sciences.
 APA regulates:
•
Stylistics
•
In-text citations
•
References
APA =
American Psychological Association
 The book that has all the APA rules:
 Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association
 6th Edition, 2009
 For more info: http://www.apa.org/
or http://apastyle.apa.org (concise rules)
 Where to find it:
 Library
 Writing Center
 Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab
(OWL) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Depending on how your professor modifies
APA style for your course, your essay
will include four major
sections:
References
Main Body
Your essay should:
Abstract
•be typed,
•double-spaced,
•have 1” margins,
•use 10-12pt. Standard font
(ex: Times New Roman)
Title page
Every page of your essay should:
•Include a page header, or running head, (Title, all caps) in the upper left-hand
corner and
•the page number in the upper right
7
Title page
•
Numbering begins: 1
•
Only the title page
includes the phrase
“Running head:”
•
The title should
still be in the
upper left corner of
every page
Every page of your essay should:
•Include a page header, or running head, (Title, all caps) in the upper left-hand
corner and
•the page number in the upper right
8
Abstract page
•
Brief summary (150-200 words)
of the study (your paper)
that contains
•
•
•
•
an intro (purpose),
methods,
results,
discussion
Sources: Using Research in Your Writing
 Elements of Good Research & Writing
In-text Citations & References
 Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing

References & In-text Citations
 References:
•
•
Give the full publication information of your sources
Appear at the end of the paper, alphabetized by the last
name of author(s)
 In-text Citations:
•
Help readers locate the cited source in the references
section of the paper
Reference list—
notice the running head is still visible
as is the page number
11
Elements of Good Research & Writing
 Think about structuring each paragraph/section your research paper using
three parts:
 The CLAIM
the paragraph’s or section’s main idea, and it refers back to the
thesis (the main idea of your paper).
 EVIDENCE
 information you find in your research that supports your claim.
 Last, the DISCUSSION
 explains how the evidence given is relevant to the claim. Simply
presenting the evidence is never enough.

Tip: Always explain how the source can be used to support the claim as well as
how it helps develop the overall purpose of the paper. It is better to have one or
two sources that are thoroughly explained than to have three or four sources
which have no content or explanation.
In-text Citations
Whenever you use a source, use parenthesis to
include:
Author’s last name
• Date of Publication
• For exact quotes & close paraphrases, provide
author’s name, date of publication, page (p.) or
paragraph (para.) numbers
•
Why Source Integration

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
–
–
–
–
–
–
provide support for claims or add credibility to your
writing
refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
give examples of several points of view on a subject
call attention to a position that you wish to agree or
disagree with
highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or
passage by quoting the original
distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order
to cue readers that the words are not your own
p. 169-171 APA 6e
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
Quoting from Sources
Quotations must be identical to the original and



use a narrow segment of the source
must match the source document word for word
must be attributed to the original author
When to use a quotation


when the actual words are so integral to the discussion that
they cannot be replaced
when the author’s words are so precisely and accurately
stated that they cannot be paraphrased
EX: Stenberg and Lee (2002) agree that teacher
learning is an “intellectual and ongoing
process” (p. 327).
p. 170-174 APA 6e
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
Paraphrasing Sources
Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from
source material into your own words.
Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.
– Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may be the
same length as the original passage.
– Paraphrases take a more focused segment of the source
and condense it slightly.
EX: Lortie’s (1975) research reveals that classroom
experiences as well as interactions among peers and
colleagues contribute to teacher learning (p. 79).
p. 170 - 174 APA 6
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
Summarizing Sources
Summarize any ideas or text that you believe are important. If you
have properly summarized, you will
 condense the main idea or text of several pages (or even the entire
source!) into a brief overview
 save many paragraphs or pages of unnecessary text. When using intext citations for summaries, you must
How-tos:
 always cite the author and publication year
 page numbers not required
 if there is no author listed, cite the article name using the main words
of the title and placing quotation marks “ ” around them
EX: Studies show that throughout colleges and universities teachers
are often hired from one area of study to teach a different area of study
(Carpini, 2004; Wilson, 1998).
“Rich Man, Poor Man” by Mortimer Zuckerman, published in U.S. News
& World Report, June 12, 2006, Vol. 140, Issue 22, pages 71-72
Well, the primary reason is that over the past 25
years, globalization and technology have increased
the rewards for intellectual skills, vastly increasing
the value of a college degree. Education and family
background are replacing the old barriers of class
based on race and gender. The income gap between
college graduates and those without university
degrees doubled between 1979 and 1997. In the
1930s and 1940s, only half of all American chief
executives had college degrees. Now virtually all
do, and three quarters of them also hold advanced
degrees, such as an M.B.A.
p. 169-171 APA 6e
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
—The income gap between college graduates and those without university degrees
doubled between 1979 and 1997. In the 1930s and 1940s, only half of all American
chief executives had college degrees. Now virtually all do.
Two ways to
quote directly
from a source:
The value of a college degree has
increased dramatically in the past
century: “[t]he income gap between
college graduates and those without
university degrees doubled between
1979 and 1997. In the 1930s and
1940s, only half of all American chief
executives had college degrees. Now
virtually all do” (Zuckerman, 2006, p.
71).

19
The value of a college degree has
increased dramatically in the past
century. Zuckerman (2006) states
that “the income gap between
college graduates and those without
university degrees doubled between
1979 and 1997. In the 1930s and
1940s, only half of all American
chief executives had college degrees.
Now virtually all do” (p. 71).
Incorporating Long Quotations

Long/Block Quotations


Over 40 words
Indented ½ inch from the left margin (i.e., the same place you would
begin a new paragraph)
Zuckerman (2006) states that that value of a college degree has
increased dramatically in the past century:
[O]ver the past 25 years, globalization and technology have
increased the rewards for intellectual skills, vastly increasing the
value of a college degree. Education and family background are
replacing the old barriers of class based on race and gender. The
income gap between college graduates and those without
university degrees doubled between 1979 and 1997. In the 1930s
and 1940s, only half of all American chief executives had college
degrees. Now virtually all do, and three quarters of them also
hold advanced degrees, such as an M.B.A. (p. 71)
p. 169-171 APA 6e
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab.
References: A Closer Look
 References


General Rules
Workshop
References: General Rules
1. Every source you have cited in the text of your paper
needs to be listed at the end of the paper in the
reference list.
2. Arrange the list alphabetically by author’s last name, or
if no author, the title of the article. If the source has
multiple authors, do not rearrange the order they are
listed in the publication.
3. List authors by full last name, but use only initials for
first and middle names (or leave off the middle initial).
Zuckerman, M. (2006, June 12). Rich man, poor man.
U.S. News & World Report, 140(22), 71-72.
References: General Rules
4. Capitalize the first word in the title and subtitle.
– Capitalize any proper nouns.
– Do not capitalize any other words in the title.
5. If part of the format, always include the state or
province with the city name, even if it is well known,
like Boston (must be Boston, MA).
Books in Print Form: One Author
One Author (This book is by David Meerman Scott)
Scott, D.M. (2005). Cashing in with content: How
innovative marketers use digital information to turn
browsers into buyers. Medford, NJ: Information
Today/Cyberage Books.
Note that the book’s title is italicized.
Books in Print Form: Two Authors
Two Authors (This book is by Joseph R. Strayer and
Dana Carleton Munro, listed in that order)
 Reverse both names and use “&” between them…
Strayer, J.R., & Munro, D.C. (1942). The Middle Ages:
395-1500. New York, NY: Appleton-Century.
Note that the Middle Ages is capitalized because it is a
proper noun.
More than Two Authors
 3 to 7 – List them all with commas in between and “&”
before last one. Keep them all in reverse order (last name,
first initial. middle initial.):
Smith, J., Owens, B., Little, C., & Williams, J.
 More than 7 – List the first 6, then use … then the last
author’s name: you will still see 7 names listed [Let’s say we
had 9 authors]
Smith, J., Owens, B., Little, C., Williams, J., Toms,
R., Hope, B., . . . Omega, A.
E-books
Robert, M., & Racine, B. (2001). E-strategy pure and simple:
Connecting your Internet strategy to your business
strategy. Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com
 Notice there is no period at the end of the
URL and that the URL is not an active link.
 If the only way to get to this item is to
purchase it, use Available from, not
Retrieved from
Article from Periodical: Print Journal
Howell, R.A. (2004). Turn your budgeting process upside
down. Harvard Business Review, 82(7/8), 21-22.
 Note:
82 = Volume is italicized
 7/8 = Issue is not italicized

 Note:
Title of the article is NOT italicized but
 Title of the journal is

Article from a Database (from the
library)
APA no longer requires you to list what database, the URL, or
when it was accessed for articles retrieved from databases. You
are to treat them as if you got the information from the print source.
However, if your professor wants it included, here is how to do it both ways:
Best:
Williamson, E., Farnam, T.W., & Mullins, B. (2009). Finance lobby cut
spending as feds targeting Wall Street. Business Finance Journal,
120-122.


Optional:
Williamson, E., Farnam, T.W., & Mullins, B. (2009). Finance lobby cut
spending as feds targeting Wall Street. Business Finance Journal,
120-122. Retrieved from ABI/Inform Complete.

Please note: do not put Retrieved from http://www...... Do not put the URL or the vendor, use
the database’s name.
Websites
ONeal, D.M., & ONeal, H.L. (1982). DIY cargo trailer
conversion. Retrieved from http://www.fake.org
 Note:
Don’t put a period after the URL
 If no date, use n.d.
 “DIY cargo trailer conversion” is the title of the document
or page you are using, not the entire website’s title.
 The URL should be for the Website’s homepage if it
includes more than one page. “DIY…” might have been
the third page, but the URL is for the homepage.

DOI: Digital Object Identifier
 APA suggests that you use the DOI for an online
article if available.
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster
presentations: An annotated bibliography.
European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283.
doi: 10.1108/03090560710821161
 Note: There is no period after the DOI and DOI is
written as ‘doi’
Example One
Smith, J.Q. (2015). When the rooster crows.
New York, NY: New World Books, Inc.
Example Two
Snape, S. & Malfoy, D. (2013). The great
Tennessee fault of northern Alabama.
Journal of Geological Science, 40(2),
20-25.
Example Three
Prior, J.C. (2014). Fossils in Iowa. Retrieved
from http://www.iihr.uiowa.edu/igs/
fossils-in-iowa/