Chapter 8-11
Study Guide
1
Chapter 8
• 1. What are signposts?
• Words or phrases the speaker uses to
help listeners follow the speech.
2
• 2. What are the chief characteristics of an
informal outline?
• It is simple and brief
• Uses words and phrases instead of
sentences
• Shows the relationship between the topic
and subtopic
• Uses abbreviations
3
• 3. Why is it helpful to indent subpoints
and supporting details?
• It helps identify relationships between
topics, subtopics, and details.
4
Chapter 9
• 1. anecdotes
• Brief stories
• 2. evidence
• Facts, statistics, and so on that are used
to support an argument.
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• 3. post hoc ergo propter hoc
• Confusing “after” with “because”
• 4. false analogy
• A misleading comparison from which one
reasons
• 5. inferring
• Ability to make generalizations
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• 6. reasoning backward
• Assuming that people belong to a group
because they have a characteric in
common with that group
• 7. begging the question
• Stating a position that needs to be proved
as if it were true
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• 8. logical argument
• An objective reason that supports a
position
• 9. logical fallacy
• Errors in reasoning
• 10. identification
• Thinking of the speaker as a person like
oneself.
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• 11. Name the common logical fallacies.
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•
•
•
•
Oversimplifying the issue
Begging the question
Misleading statistics
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Reasoning backward
False analogy
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• 12. What is the statement of your
position?
• The sentence that states the purpose of
your speech.
• 13. What kind of evidence is used in an
inductive reasoning logical argument?
• Experience
• experiment
• statistics
10
• 14. What are the three kinds of needs
upon which emotional appeals are based?
• Physical
• Psychological
• Social
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• 15. What can a speaker to establish
credibility with an audience?
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•
•
•
Establish a good reputation
Demonstrate knowledge of the topic
Be sincere
Appear trustworthy
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Chapter 10
• 1. loaded words and phrases
• Terms charged with positive, negative, or
hidden implications
• 2. name calling
• Attaching a label with negative
connotations to a person
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• 3. faulty generalizations
• Statements based either on too little
evidence or on prejudice
• 4. the bandwagon
• A movemet or cause that propagandists
urge audiences to support simply because
everyone else does
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• 5. transference
• The redirection of positive associations
from one source to another
• 6. testimonial
• An endorsement by a celebrity
• 7. the big lie
• An outright, often outrageous, falsehood
repeated loudly and frequently
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• 8. stereotyping
• Prejudice, holding an oversimplified or
preconceived mental picture
• 9. innuendo
• Attacking a person by implication or
association
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• 10. What are the active listening skills that
need to be used when engaging in critical
listening?
• Paraphrasing
• Questioning
• Looking for patterns
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• 11. What questions should you ask
yourself in order to become conscious of
your standards?
• About topic
• About speaker
• About message
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• 12. Name and explain the two types of
faulty generalizations.
• Hasty—based on too little evidence
• Glittering—based on prejudice
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Chapter 11
• 1. What purpose does a speech given as
part of a ceremony serve?
• It unites a group
• Affirms the speaker’s commitment to it
• Helps preserve its values
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• 2. What is the basic organization of a
ceremonial speech?
• Introduction, body, and conclusion
• 3. What are some suggestions for giving
speeches that mark beginnings or
endings?
• Focus on common experiences
• Recall shared events
• Have a central idea
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• 4. What are some suggestions for giving
speeches to present an award?
• Praise the giver
• Speak of the award’s history
• Be specific in praising the recipient
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