THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
INTRODUCTION:
-1850-1940 economic growth
-Industrialization: age of machinery
-living and working conditions changed
What was the Industrial Revolution and how did it affect
people’s life from 1850 to 1940
1/ Definition
2/ Changes: positive effects and drawbacks
3/ How did low class people try to improve their condition ?
I/ What was the Industrial revolution ?
A/ A favourable context
1- Demographic dynamism ( Source 1)
How did the European population evolve from 1750 to 1850?
The curves raise/ climb. To increase- To double - To reach – To stay stable- To
stagnate- To reach a peak
Why ?
Death rate – Birth rate- Natural increase- demographic transition – fertility index immigration – technical progress
2- the Agricultural revolution
New techniques : increased yield, high yield varieties, four-field crop rotation,
selective breeding
Mechanization: ex: mechanical seeder by Jethro Tull
Drift from the land
More investment
B/ Definition
Read source 2 and explain what was the industrial revolution
-Move from the Domestic system to the Factory system
-1 or 2 revolutions: 2 different points of view
-Drastic changes in producing things thanks to new techniques, new machines
and inventions run with new energy resources: coal ( late 18th C to 20th C ) , oil
and electricity ( end 19th C to today)
Use source 3 to give precise example of drastic changes brought by this
revolution
II/ What changes did it bring ?
A/ Rivalries in Europe: source 4
From bottom to top :
The UK, The US, France,
Germany, Russia, Japan
and other countries.
A histogram / bar graph, a leading position , a fall-back position, to catch up
with, to be surpassed by, a sluggish economy ( à la traîne), to gain market
shares, to compete with.
Assertion of the UK: workshop of the World- leadership – RivalriesLack of investment- Joined-stock societies
B/ Case study of one positive effect: Impact on railways
People were able to travel
greater distances for
leisure & to work
Canals & stage
coach companies
could not compete
& went bankrupt.
Townspeople were
able to receive meat,
fish, milk and
vegetables brought in
whilst they were still
fresh by the railways.
Seaside towns
developed; the railways
made cheap day trips
possible
Social &
Economic Impact
of the Railways
Industry grew, because the
railways needed coal & iron;
railways in return allowed
factories to transport their
goods to markets.
Newspapers could
be sent from the
capital all over the
country.
People became
more interested in
politics & this led
to the growth of
political parties
The Post was
speeded up
How did railways create more jobs?
Goods can now be
sold for less.
More people
can afford to
buy these goods
More goods are sold
& so more need to
be produced.
Railways make the
moving of goods
cheaper.
This is called
the Cycle of More people with jobs
means …
Prosperity
Businessmen employ
more workers.
C / Industrialisation went along with urbanisation
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Urbanisation and
industrialisation
We are going to work on iconographic
documents to show the link between
industrialisation and urbanisation.
We are going to work on the British example,
through three different maps.
So, first of all let’s recap the method to
present documents.
TO PRESENT A DOCUMENT, YOU MUST
IDENTIFY:
-The nature
-The topic
-The author
-The source
-The date
-The context
Let’s see the document we have here:
Present the documents
1-Describe the evolution of density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
2-What about industrial centres in the UK? Where were they located? Why?
3-What is the link between industrialisation and density increase?
Maps from : « Western
civilisation » Dennis
Sherman.Mac Graw Hill
Higher education.
2001.416 p.
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature:
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours and spots.
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic:
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source:
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source: It’s extracted from “ Western
Civilisation” by Dennis Sherman and published by Mac
Graw Hill Higher Education
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source: It’s extracted from “ Western
Civilisation” by Dennis Sherman and published by Mac
Graw Hill Higher Education
Date:
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source: It’s extracted from “ Western
Civilisation” by Dennis Sherman and published by Mac
Graw Hill Higher Education
Date: The source is a contemporary book but the
subject it deals with dates from the mid 19th
century.
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours, stripes and
spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source: It’s extracted from “ Western
Civilisation” by Dennis Sherman and published by Mac
Graw Hill Higher Education
Date: The source is a contemporary book but the
subject it deals with dates from the mid 19th
century.
Context:
PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT
Nature: It’s composed of three black and white maps
of the UK. The keys combine colours and spots.
Topic: This document deals with industrial centres
and density increase in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
Author and source: It’s extracted from “ Western
Civilisation” by Dennis Sherman and published by Mac
Graw Hill Higher Education
Date: The source is a contemporary book but the
subject it deals with dates from the mid 19th
century.
Context: Western Europe was concerned with the
Industrial Revolution. It meant that factories spread
quickly. Production increased too thanks to the use of
new machines and energy resources.
1-Describe the evolution of population
density in the UK from 1801 to 1851.
2-What about industrial centres in the UK?
Where were they located? Why?
3-What is the link between
industrialisation and density increase?
And what about the other highly
populated areas?
So, what is the link between
industrialisation and density increase?
Explain this link.
Read Text 8 and describe living conditions in the industrial
city.
To save, to rent, a flat, housing, an expensive rent, slums,
overcrowded, town-dwellers=city-dwellers, newcomers, to
fulfill a dream to make a dream come true, to meet
someone’s expectations, low-standard flats, a two-class
society, destitute people, well-off people, wealthy=rich.
D / About working conditions…
Look at source 9 and describe workers’ conditions in the mines.
Source 9
From: “Le magazine pittoresque” 1843
To walk on all four, to be skinny, to be bony, to starve, to be dressed in rags, to
suffocate, coal dust, lungs infection, harsh = tough, a trolley, to push, to pull, a
gale, to crawl.
At that time, there were no laws to forbid child labor/ labour. In the
UK it’s only in 1833 that children under nine were not allowed to work
and only in 1847 kids under 15 were limited to work “only” 10 hour-days.
Read Documents 8 and 9 and comment on kids’ working conditions in
the industry.
In the UK, the government set up WORKHOUSES in 1834: over there,
poor people could work in return of board and lodging.
In practice was seemed to be a social law, was in fact a means to take
poor out of the streets because they gave a bad image to the cities.
In workhouses, people starved, were exploited and usually beaten up by
overlookers/ overseers.
III/Some low-class workers tried to improve their conditions
A/ Case study: Chartism in the UK
Word box:
A representative- A petitionPetitioners- Universal
suffrage-WealthyLabour/labor- Reward- A
workhouse
Chartism was the first working-class movement in England which organised itself
in the mid 1830’s so as to change the parliamentary system to give better
conditions and rights to the working-class.
The « chartists » as they were called drew up their claims into the « people’s
charter ».Their movement was to no avail= in vain
Let’s see what they claimed:
-less tax to pay
-higher wages
-universal suffrage and secret suffrage
-the right to have paid representatives in the British Parliament
B/ Trade-unionism
A pressure group- A counter-power- A lobby- To take industrial action (
mouvement social) - Union fees- To be on the dole- To strike-To demonstrate- A
membership- A shop stewart ( délégué du personnel)- Legislation.
It took a while for unions to be fully accepted: at first they were only tolerated.
Below are some dates to remember:
-1871: trade union act in the UK
-1878: Unions accepted in Germany
-1884: Waldeck-Rousseau act in France: unions are finally allowed
-1886: American Federation of Labor created in the USA
Finally look at source 12 and list some of the advancement brought by trade
unionism: 3-4 you can remember for the test.