Educating young people for work and for life
YCI Human Trafficking Awareness Training
Mumbai-May 2015
Human Trafficking – the challenge
The issue, the victim, and what the
hospitality industry can do to help
Reintegration of survivors of
human trafficking
 Adaptation of selection criteria for YCI participants
 4 countries: Mexico, Vietnam, India and Ethiopia
 32 survivors have successfully completed YCI to date
with 85% finding employment within six months
(since 2012)
 One-to-one mentoring support (during and post
training)
 Creating awareness & building capacity
amongst local partners and hotel managers
Training developed with
the support of:
 US Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat
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Trafficking in Persons (The TIP Office)
International Organisation of Migration (IOM)
Hagar International
Infantia
Stop the Traffick
Worldwide Documentaries
Carlson Hotels and Resorts
The Protection Project, John Hopkins University
Training Objectives
 Module 1 – An Overview
 Objective: Participants will be able to define human trafficking and
describe its underlying causes
 Module 2 - Human Trafficking and the Hospitality Industry
 Objective: Participants will be able to identify and respond
appropriately to potential human trafficking cases
 Module 3 - The victims: experience, rescue and recovery
 Objective: Participants will be able to better understand the needs of
trafficking victims
 Module 4 - Supporting the re-integration of survivors
 Objective: Participants will be able to describe how the YCI program
will benefit victims.
Human Trafficking –
the challenge
Module 1
An Overview
What do you know about
human trafficking?
Video: “Not My Life”
documentary by Robert Bilheimer and narrated by Ashley Judd
Human Trafficking is used as an umbrella term for
activities involved when one person obtains or
holds another person in compelled service.
Trafficking occurs both within and between
countries. It is a criminal offence and a violation
of human rights.
Trafficking happens for a broad range of purposes such as
sexual exploitation, labour trafficking or forced labour. The
movement of a person is not required in the definition of
trafficking.
Global Overview
 It is the fastest growing international crime
 Human trafficking is the second largest source of
illegal income worldwide
 There are even reports that some trafficking groups
are switching their cargo from drugs to human beings,
in a search of high profits at lower risk
21 million trafficking victims in the
world *
* according to International Labour Organisation (2012)
Justice Served?
In 2013, human trafficking cases worldwide
resulted in 9,460 prosecutions, with 1,199 of
those cases relating to labour trafficking.
There were 5,776 (470 in labour trafficking)
convictions.
The total number of identified victims was
approximately 44,758 (10,603) – a number that
pales in comparison to the global estimate of
over 20 million people in modern slavery
today.
Source: U.S. Department of State 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report
Trafficking vs. Smuggling
Element
Type of
crime
Why do
we fight it?
Nature of
crime
Rationale
Border
crossing
Consent*
Trafficking
Crime against
person
To protect a persons
human rights
Exploitative
Smuggling
Crime against State
Exploitation of the
victim for profit
Non-Defining
Movement of persons
for profit
Defining element
Not given
Necessary
*Irrelevant in the case of children
To protect sovereignty
of the state
Commercial
Major Forms of Human
Trafficking
Sex Trafficking
Child Soldiers
Debt Bondage/
bonded labour
Forced Labour
Involuntary
(Domestic)
Servitude
Risk factors –
Country of origin
 A lack of political, social and economical stability
 A lack of reasonable and realistic prospects
 Domestic violence and disintegration of the family
structure
 Gender and ethnic discrimination
 Lack of access to education and information
Importance of the local context
Risk factors –
Country of destination
 Increasing demand for cheap and exploitable
labourers in domestic, construction, agricultural
and industrial sectors
 A rise in the demand for commercial sex
Risk factors – Universal
 Economic exclusion of marginalised people
 Ever more obstacles to legal migration
 Disintegration of social protection networks
 A lack of effective anti-trafficking legislation or lack of
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effective enforcement
A lack of public awareness
The high profit potential
The sophisticated organisation of criminal networks
Widespread corruption
Vulnerable Groups
Indigenous
people
Young
people and
children
Migrant
workers
Workers in
informal
employment
Individuals
engaged in
prostitution
Who are the traffickers
 Men or women
 Family, friends
 Former victims
 Diplomats
 Individuals who promise marriage or jobs
 Boyfriends
 Criminal groups
 Labour recruitment agents
 Travel agencies
 Internet chatrooms
The A-M-P Model
Action
Means*
(Force, Fraud,
Coercion)
Purpose
•
•
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•
Recruits
Harbours
Transports
Receives
•
•
•
•
•
Causing or threatening serious harm
Physical restraint
Debt bondage
Abuse of legal process
Withholding documents
• Commercial Sex Acts
• Labour or Services
• Armed conflict
*Means is not required in the case of minors
International vs. Internal
(Domestic) trafficking
International
Internal
(Domestic)
Border
crossed
No border
crossed or
movement
necessary
U.S. State Department's Trafficking in
Persons Report: Tier Placements
Tier 1
Fully comply with TVPA minimum
standards
Tier 2
Do not fully comply with TVPA
standards, but are making significant
efforts
Tier 2 WL
Tier 2 + (# of victims is significant or
increasing; no evidence of increasing efforts;
or making significant efforts based on future
commitments)
Tier 3
Do not comply w/ minimum
standards & not making significant
effort
Tier classifications
Country Specifics: India, Tier 2
 Source, destination and transit country
 India’s largest trafficking problem is forced labour: 20
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to 65 million citizens; high amount of debt bondage
90% of India’s trafficking problem is internal
Majority of trafficking victims are recruited by agents
known to them in their home villages with promises of
work
Many challenges remain, mainly relating to
government corruption and denial
Both government- and NGO-run shelters face
shortages of financial resources and trained personnel
Human Trafficking –
the challenge
Module 2
Human trafficking and the
hospitality industry
What forms of human trafficking do you
think might happen at a hotel?
Manifestations of human
trafficking in the hospitality industry
Tier 1
Forced
Prostitution
Forced
Labour
Prostitution
of Children
Human trafficking can happen at any point within a
hotel’s supply chain
Hotels can reduce the likelihood of trafficking within its
operations by:
 Establishing policies & procedures for responding to possible
cases of human trafficking.
 Training hotel staff to help them identify human trafficking
cases.
 Supply chain monitoring
The potential impact on your business
Tier 1
Legal
Brand
Moral
Financial
Video: Possible trafficking
scenarios
Carlson have kindly provided a short video of possible
trafficking scenarios that could take place in a hotel
Discussion: Examples of how to
spot signs of trafficking
 Sex Tourism
 Forced Labour
 Sex Tourism
 Potential victim stays at a distance from the perpetrator,
and may even appear “scared” in their presence
 Child (often local) is accompanied by an adult other than
parent (often male) who seems controlling
 Shows signs of psychological or physical abuse; acts
unusually fearful or submissive
 Forced Labour
 Workers who are not in possession of their documents
 Workers without a formal labour contract
 Workers who work excessively long hours
Most hotel chains have already existing
guidelines on how to deal with instances of
trafficking
Who to contact for further
information:
 Rescue Foundation
Address:-Plot No.39, Fatimadevi Road, Behind Our Lady of Remedy School,
Poisur, Kandivali (W), Mumbai - 400067, Maharashtra, India.
Telephone:- +91-22-28060707 / 28625240
Fax:- +91-22-28663322 / 28084161
Mobile:- +91-98202 10705
admin@rescuefoundation.net
http://www.rescuefoundation.net
dcpcrimenorth@ymail.com
 Kshamata
16/204, Gulmohar, Vasant Vihar , Thane (W) - 400610, India
Phone - 022 2171 1375
response@kshamata.org
www.kshamata.org
Initiatives to fight trafficking
in the industry
 UN.GIFT
 ECPAT The Code
 Polaris Project
 Business Travellers Against Human Trafficking
 Stop the Traffik Global Travel Alert
Case studies and discussion
Human Trafficking –
the challenge
Module 3
The victims: experience, rescue
and recovery
What do you think
happens to the victim?
Methods of Control
Confiscation of
Legal Documents
Threats of deportation
or other harm to the
victim or the victim’s
family
Verbal and
psychological abuse
Debt manipulation
Exploitation of
unfamiliarity with the
local language and laws
Examples of methods of control
Isolation
Deception
Torture
Fear
Debt
bondage
Intimidation
Imprisonment
Rape
Beating
Violence
and threats
of violence
Physical
exhaustion
Starvation
Extreme situations –
Extreme reactions
 The ordinary human response to danger includes
both physical and psychological reactions
 Danger focuses a person’s attention on the
immediate situation
 Traumatic reactions occur when resistance is
deemed impossible
 The human self-defence system becomes
overwhelmed and disorganised
Coping strategies
When primary control is lost
Secondary
control
Learned ‘loyalty’
(Stockholm
syndrome)
Reactions during and after
the trafficking experience
 Psychological reactions
 Psychosomatic reactions
 Physical reactions
 Case study: Elena’s story
Overview of a typical
rescue process
Tip off or
trafficking victims
identified
Survivors:
deported,
reunited with
family, or
placed in a
shelter
Raid by law
enforcement
Trial /
Overall
Criminal
Justice
proceeding
Victims
rescued
and
traffickers
arrested
Victims brought to
safe house or refuge
Steps to recovering from
human trafficking
 To establish safety and restore control over
their bodies and immediate environment
 Remembrance and mourning of the trauma
 Reconnection with ordinary life
Often the process is not linear and the
recovery progress more variable
What service for victims could
include
 Long-term shelters (as provided by Asha Sadan, St. Catherine’s
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Homes, Swadhar Homes and Advait
Health services
Psychological counselling
Legal assistance
Education and vocational training
Life skills training and employment opportunities
Identity documentation
Birth certificates
Financial assistance
Repatriation and reintegration services
Common steps to reintegration
 Arranging for health and psychosocial care
 Possible reintegration into family life
 Catch up on missed education
 Providing life skills training to restore self
confidence
 Finding economic opportunities to increase
former victims' independence
Stigmatisation
 For being trafficked
 Especially for sexual purposes
 Mental illness
 Experience of trial
A regional phenomenon
Human Trafficking –
the challenge
Module 4
Supporting the re-integration of
survivors and the role of YCI
What can YCI do?
Characteristics of a good
relationship
Honesty
Open and clear
communication
Trust
Security
Tolerance
Love and
care
Support for the participants
 Understanding and patience
 Guidance (mentoring and coaching)
 Discretion and sensibility
 Respect
 Discipline
 Access to ongoing psychological support
Benefits of skills training
 Life and work skills
 Vocational training
 Job preparation
 Life coaching
• Lesser risk of being re-trafficked
• Increased self-confidence and self-esteem
• Increased independence
Discussion: Putting it all into
action
 Classroom sessions
 Practical training
 Mentoring and coaching
 Extra activities
 Psychological support
Discussion:
Warning signs
Withdrawal
Depression
Signs of
physical
harm
Positive impacts of YCI
1. Sense of
belonging
2. Confidence
and respect
3. Stronger
sense of self
worth
8. Prospects
for the
future
4. Rights and
responsibiliti
es
5. Work
skills and
experience
7.
Independence
6. Social
reintegration
Thank you!
This publication was made possible with support
from the United States Department of State, under
the terms of Grant No. S-SGTIP-10-GR-0078. The
opinions or points of view expressed herein are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
reflect the official position or policies of the
United States Department of State.