Chapter 3
Models of the Earth
Table of Contents
Section 1 Finding Locations on Earth
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s Surface
Section 3 Types of Maps
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Objectives
• Distinguish between latitude and longitude.
• Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to
locate places on Earth’s surface.
• Explain how a magnetic compass can be used to
find directions on Earth’s surface.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Latitude
• Earth is a nearly perfect sphere. (1)
• The points at which Earth’s axis of rotation intersects
Earth’s surface are used as reference points for defining
direction. These points are the geographic North Pole and
South Pole. (2) (3) (4)
• Halfway between the poles, a circle called the equator
divides Earth into North and Southern Hemispheres. (5)
• A reference grid that is made up of equator and additional
circles is used to locate places on Earth‘s surface. (6)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Latitude, continued
• One set of circles describes positions north and south
of the equator. These circles are known as parallels,
and they express latitude. (7)
• parallel any circle that runs east and west around
Earth and that is parallel to the equator; a line of
latitude (8)
– Labeled N and S of equator (15)
• latitude the angular distance north or south from the
equator; expressed in degrees (9)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Parallels
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Latitude, continued
The diagram below shows Earth’s parallels.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Latitude, continued
Degrees of Latitude
• Latitude is measured in degrees, and the equator is 0° latitude.
The latitude of both the North Pole and the South Pole is 90°.
(10) (11) (13)
• Distance from equator to either pole is ¼ of a circle. (12)
• In actual distance, 1° latitude equals about 111 km. (14)
Minutes and Seconds
• Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts, called
minutes. One minute (symbol: °) of latitude equals 1.85 km.(16)
• In turn, each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called
seconds (symbol: °). (17)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
What is the latitude of Washington, D.C.?
• 38◦ 53’ 23“ (18)
To determine specific location of a place, you must
know latitude, how far east or west place is along
its circle of latitude. (19)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Longitude, continued
• East-west locations are established by using
meridians. (20)
• meridian any semicircle that runs north and south
around Earth from the geographic North Pole to the
geographic South Pole; a line of longitude (21)
• longitude the angular distance east or west from the
prime meridian; expressed in degrees (24)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Longitude, continued
The diagram below shows Earth’s meridians.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Longitude, continued
Degrees of Longitude
• The meridian that passes through Greenwich, England is called
the prime meridian. This meridian represents 0° longitude.
Established by international agreement. (22) (23)
• The meridian opposite the prime meridian, halfway around the
world, is labeled 180°, and is called the International Date Line.
(24)
Distance Between Meridians
• The distance covered by a degree of longitude depends on
where the degree is measured. The distance measured by a
degree of longitude decreases as you move from the equator
toward the poles. (30) (33)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Longitude
• All locations east of prime meridian have longitudes
between 0° and 180° E. (26)
• All locations west of prime meridian have longitudes
between 0° and 180° W. (27)
• Longitude expressed more precisely in degrees, minutes
and seconds. (28)
• Precise location of Washington, D.C. is 38° 53’ 23” N and
77° 00’ 33” W (29)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Longitude
• A degree of longitude equals 111 km at equator. (31)
• All meridians meet at the North and South Poles. (32)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Comparing Latitude and Longitude
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Great Circles
• A great circle is any circle that divides the globe into halves, or
marks the circumference of the globe. (35)
• Any circle formed by two meridians of longitude that are directly
across the globe from each other is a great circle. (36)
• The equator is the only line of latitude that is a great circle. (37)
• The route along a great circle is the shortest distance between
two points on a sphere. As a result, great circles are commonly
used in navigation, such as for air and sea routes. (34) (39)
• Great circles can run any direction around globe. (38)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Great Circles, continued
The diagram below shows what a great circle is.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Finding Direction
• One way to find direction on Earth is to use a magnetic
compass. It points to geomagnetic north pole (44)
• A magnetic compass can indicate direction because Earth has
magnetic properties as if a powerful bar-shaped magnet were
buried at Earth’s center at an angle to Earth’s axis of rotation.
(40) (41)
• The areas on Earth’s surface just above where the poles of the
imaginary magnet would be are called the geomagnetic poles.
(42)
• The geomagnetic poles and the geographic poles are located in
different places. (43)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Finding Direction, continued
Magnetic Declination
• The angle between the direction of the geographic pole and the
direction in which the compass needle points is called magnetic
declination. (45)
• In the Northern Hemisphere, magnetic declination is measured
in degrees east or west of the geographic North Pole. (46)
• Because Earth’s magnetic field is constantly changing, the
magnetic declinations of locations around the globe also change
constantly.
• By using magnetic declination, a person can use a compass to
determine geographic north for any place on Earth. (48)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Finding Direction, continued
• Compass needle aligns with geographic North Pole
and geomagnetic north pole for all locations along 0°
magnetic declination (47)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Finding Direction, continued
The diagram below shows the magnetic declination of the United
States.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 1 Finding Locations on
Earth
Finding Direction, continued
The Global Positioning System
• Another way people can find their location on Earth is by using
the global positioning system, or GPS. (49)
• GPS is a satellite navigation system that is based on a global
network of 24 satellites that transmit radio signals to Earth’s
surface. (50)
• A GPS receiver held by a person on the ground receives signals
from three satellites to calculate the latitude, longitude, and
altitude of the receiver on Earth. (51)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Objectives
• Explain two ways that scientists get data to make
maps.
• Describe the characteristics and uses of three types
of map projections.
• Summarize how to use keys, legends, and scales to
read maps.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Mapping Earth’s Surface
• A globe is a familiar model of Earth in the shape of a
sphere. (1)
• Globes can accurately represent the locations,
relative areas, and relative shapes of Earth’s surface
features. (2)
• They are especially useful in studying large surface
features, such as continents and oceans. (2)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
How Scientists Make Maps
• Because most globes are too small to show details of Earth’s
surface, such as streams and highways, a great variety of maps
have been developed for studying and displaying detailed
information about Earth. (3)
• The science of making maps is called cartography. Scientists
who make maps are called cartographers. (4)
• Cartographers use data from a variety of sources, such as from
field surveys and remote sensing. (5)
• Field surveys are conducted by walking or driving through an
area to be mapped and making measurements of that area. (6)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
How Scientists Make Maps, continued
• Cartographers take the information gathered from field surveys
and plot that information on a map. (7)
• remote sensing the process of gathering and analyzing
information about an object without physically being in touch
with the object. (8)
• Cartographers can collect information about a site without being
there. They use equipment on satellites and airplanes to obtain
images of Earth’s surface. (8)
• Maps are often made by combining information from images
gathered through remote sensing and information from field
surveys. (9)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections
• A map is a flat representation of Earth’s curved surface.
• Transferring a curved surface to a flat map results in a distorted
image of the curved surface. An area shown on a map may be
distorted in size, shape, distance, or direction. (14) (15)
• Over the years, cartographers have developed several ways to
transfer the curved surface of Earth onto flat maps. These
methods are called map projections.
• map projection a flat map that represents a spherical surface
(10)
• No map projection is entirely accurate, but each kind of
projection has advantages and disadvantages.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Map Projections, continued
• The larger the area being shown, the greater the distortion tends
to be. (16)
• A map of the entire Earth would show the greatest distortion.
(16)
• But a map of a city would only be slightly distorted.(16)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
Cylindrical Projections
• If you wrapped a cylinder of paper around a lighted globe and
traced the outlines of continents, oceans, parallels, and
meridians, a cylindrical projection would result. (11)
• A cylindrical projection is accurate near the equator but distorts
distances and sizes near the poles. (18)
• One advantage to cylindrical projections is that parallels and
meridians form a grid, which makes locating positions easier.
(19)
• On a cylindrical projection, shapes of small areas are usually
well preserved. (19)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
• Cylindrical projections differ from globes in that they appear as
straight, parallel lines have an equal amount of space between
them, while meridians on a globe come together at the poles.
(17)
The diagram below shows a cylindrical projection.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
Azimuthal Projections
• A projection made by placing a sheet of paper against a globe
such that the paper touches the globe at only one point is called
an azimuthal projection. (12)
• On an azimuthal projection, little distortion occurs at a the point
of contact, but the unequal spacing between parallels causes a
distortion in both direction and distance that increases as
distance from the point of contact increases. (20)
• One advantage of azimuthal projections is that on these maps,
great circles appear as straight lines. Thus, azimuthal
projections are useful for plotting navigational paths.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Map Projections, continued
Azimuthal Projections
• Azimuthal projections are very helpful in plotting navigational
routes in air travel.
• This is because a great circle appears as a straight line on an
azimuthual projection. (21)
• By drawing a straight line between any two points on this
projection, navigators can find a great-circle route. (21)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
The diagram below shows an azimuthal projection.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
Conic Projections
• A projection made by placing a paper cone over a lighted globe
so that the axis of the cone aligns with the axis of the globe is
known as a conic projection. (13)
• Areas near the parallel where the cone and the globe are in
contact are distorted least. (23)
• A series of conic projections where the cone touches the globe
at slightly different latitude and can be used to increase
accuracy by mapping a number of neighboring areas and fitting
the adjoining areas together to make a polyconic projection. (24)
• On a polyconic projection, the relative sizes and shapes of small
areas on the map are nearly the same as those on the globe.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Map Projections, continued
• The cone touches a globe in a conic projection along one
parallel of latitude. (22)
The diagram below shows a conic projection.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Reading a Map
•
Maps provide information through the use of symbols.
•
You must understand the symbols, be able to find directions, and
calculate distances in order to read a map. (25)
Direction on a Map
•
Maps are commonly drawn with north at the top, east at the right, west
at the left, and south at the bottom. (27)
•
Some maps use parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude to
indicate direction and location.
•
Many maps also include a compass rose, which is a symbol that
indicates the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west), or an
arrow that indicates north, which is generally labeled and may not point
to top of map. (31) (32) (33)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Reading a Map, continued
• The first step to read a map is determine how the compass
directions are displayed. (26)
• Parallels run from side to side. (28)
• Meridians run from top to bottom. (28)
• USGS maps mark the northern and southern boundary with
parallels (29)
• Eastern and western boundaries are marked with meridians of
longitude. (30)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Reading a Map, continued
Symbols
• Symbols are commonly used on maps to represent features
such as cities, highways, rivers, and other points of interest.
• Symbols may resemble the features that they represent, or they
may be more abstract. (35)
• Symbols are commonly explained in a legend.
• legend a list of map symbols and their meanings (34)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Information on Maps
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Reading a Map, continued
Map Scales
• scale the relationship between the distance shown on a map
and the actual distance (36)
• Map scales are commonly expressed as graphic scales,
fractional scales, or verbal scales.
• A graphic scale is a printed line that has markings that represent
units of measure, such as meters or kilometers. (37)
• A fractional scale is a ratio that indicates how distance on Earth
relates to distance on the map. (38)
• A verbal scale expresses scale in sentence form. (39)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Reading a Map, continued
Map Scales
• To find the actual distance between two points on Earth using a
graphic scale, you first measure the distance between the points
as shown on the map. Then, you compare that measurement
with the map scale. (40)
• A fractional scale of 1:10,000 on a map means that one unit of
distance on the map represents 10,000 of the same unit on
Earth. (41)
• A fractional scale stays the same with any system of
measurement, regardless of units. An example would be the
scale 1:100 could be read as 1 in. equals 100 in. or as 1 c m
equals 100 cm. (42)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Mapping Earth’s
Surface
Reading a Map, continued
Isograms
• isogram a line on a map that represents a constant or equal
value of a given quantity (43)
• The second part of the word, -gram, can be changed to
describe the measurement being graphed. For example,
when the line connects points of equal temperature the line
is called an isotherm. When the line connects points of equal
atmospheric pressure, the line is called an isobar. (44) (45)
• Isograms can be used to plot many types of data, such as
atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, gravity,
magnetism, density, elevation, chemical composition, and
many others. (48)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Reading a Map, continued
Isograms
• Isobars on a weather map show that all points along an isobar
share the same pressure value. (46)
• Isobars never cross each other because one location cannot
have two air pressures. (47)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Objectives
• Explain how elevation and topography are shown on
a map.
• Describe three types of information shown in
geologic maps.
• Identify two uses of soil maps.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Types of Maps
•
Earth scientists look at characteristics of areas on
maps, including:
– Types of rocks
– Differences on air pressure
– Varying depths of groundwater (1)
Advantages of Topographic Maps
• Topographic maps provide more detailed information
about the surface of Earth than either drawings or
projection maps. Such as island size, shape, and
elevation (9)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps
• One of the most widely used maps is called a topographic map,
which shows the surface features of Earth, both natural and
constructed like buildings and roads. (2) (4)
• Made by using aerial photographs and survey points collected in
field. (5)
• topography the size and shape of the land surface features of a
region (3)
• elevation the height of an object above sea level (6)
• Mean sea level, or place from which elevation is measured is
the point midway between highest and lowest tide levels of
ocean. It is 0. (7) (8)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps, continued
Elevation on Topographic Maps
• On topographic maps, elevation is shown by using contour
lines.(10)
• contour line a line that connects points of equal elevation on a
map (11)
• The difference in elevation between one contour line and the
next is called the contour interval. The contour interval is
selected based on the relief of the area being mapped. (13)
• relief the difference between the highest and lowest elevations
in a given area (14)
• Every fifth contour line is darker than the four lines one either
side of it. This index contour makes reading elevation easier.
(17)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Topographic Maps, continued
• If relief is high on map, the contour interval is high. It
may be 50 or 100 m. (15)
• If relief is low on map, the contour interval is low. It
may be 1 or 2 m. (16)
• Exact elevations are marked with an x and label. (18)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps, continued
Landforms on Topographic Maps
• The spacing and direction of contour lines indicate the shapes of
the landforms represented on a topographic map. (12)(19)
• Closely spaced contour lines indicate that the slope is steep.
(21)
• Widely spaced contour lines indicate that the land is relatively
level. (20)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps, continued
Landforms on Topographic Maps, continued
• A contour line that bends to form a V shape indicates a valley.
The bend in the V points toward the higher end of the valley; this
V points upstream, or in the direction from which the water
flows, if there is a stream. Because water flows from high to low
elevation. (22) (23)
• Width of V shows the width of a valley. (24)
• Contour lines that form closed loops indicate a hilltop or a
depression. Closed loops that have short straight lines
perpendicular to the inside of the loop indicate a depression.
(25) (26)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps, continued
The diagram below shows how topographic maps represent
landforms.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps and Contour Lines
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Topographic Maps, continued
Topographic Map Symbols
• Symbols are used to show certain features on topographic
maps.
• Symbol color indicates the type of feature. Constructed features,
such as buildings, are shown in black. Highways are shown in
red. Bodies of water are colored blue, and forested areas are
colored green.(27) (28) (29) (30) (33)
• Contour lines are brown or black. (31)
• Areas not verified by field exploration are purple. (32)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Index Contour, Contour Interval, and Relief
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Geologic Maps
• Geologic maps are designed to show the distribution of geologic
features, such as the types of rocks found an a given area and
the locations of faults, folds, and other structures. (34) (35)
• They are created on top of base maps, which provide surface
features, like topography or roads, to help identify location of
geologic units. (36) (37)
• A geologic unit is a volume of rock of a given age range and
rock type. (38)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Geologic Maps, continued
Rock Units on Geologic Maps
• On geologic maps, geologic units are distinguished
by color. Units of similar ages are generally assigned
colors in the same color family, such as different
shades of blue. (39)
• In addition to assigning a color, geologists assign a
set of letters to each rock unit. This set of letters
symbolizes the age of the rock [capital letter] by
geologic period and the name of the unit or the type
of rock [lowercase letter]. (40)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Geologic Maps, continued
Other Structures on Geologic Maps
• Other markings on geologic maps are contact lines. A contact
line indicates places at which two geologic units meet, called
contacts. (41)
• The two main types of contacts are faults and depositional
contacts. (42)
• Geologic maps also indicate the strike and slip of rock beds.
Strike indicates the direction in which the beds run, and dip
indicates the angle at which the beds tilt. (43)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Soil Maps
• Scientists construct soil maps to classify, map, and describe
soils, based on surveys of soils in a given area. (44)
• Based on surveys that record information about properties of
soil. (45)
• Natural Resources and Conservation Service is in charge of soil
data. It is part the Department of Agriculture. (46) (47)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Soil Surveys
• A soil survey consists of three main parts: text, maps,
and tables. (48)
• The text includes general information about the
geology, topography, and climate of the area. (49)
• The tables describe the types and volumes of soils in
the area. (49)
• The maps show the approximate locations and types
of the different soils. (49)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Soil Maps, continued
Uses of Soil Maps
• Soil maps are valuable tools for agriculture and land
management.
• Soil maps are used by farmers, agricultural engineers, and
government agencies.
• The information in soil maps and soil surveys helps developers
and agencies identify ways to conserve and use soil and plan
sites for future development. (50)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Section 3 Types of Maps
Other Types of Maps
• Maps are useful to every branch of Earth science.
• Maps that show topography and rock and soil types
are only one useful type of map.
• Some Earth scientists use maps to show the location
and flow of both water and air by using isograms to
connect points with identical data. (51)
• Other types of Earth scientists use maps to study
changes in Earth’s surface over time.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Other Type of Maps, continued
• Meteorologists use maps to record and predict weather
(52)
• Plot precipitation, air pressure, and weather fronts on
maps. (53)
• You can use maps to record location and direction of flow
of groundwater. (54)
• You can also use maps to study changes in topography,
available resources, and factors that affect climate. (55)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.