CIS 191 – Lesson 7
Lesson Module Status
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Slides – done
Properties - done
Flash cards Lessons 4-7 No-stress quiz – done
Web Calendar summary – done
Web book pages –
Commands –
Howtos –
Skills pacing Lab – done
Final Preparation (Test, Trouble, Build) - done
Class & lab ISOS
•
•
•
•
•
debian-40r4a-i386-DVD-1.iso (for class exercise)
CentOS-5.0-i386-bin-DVD.iso (for Lab 5)
xampp-linux-1.6.8a.tar.gz (final)
diagboot.img (final)
Fedora 8 (Lab 4)
•
•
•
•
Star – for X demonstration and Lab 5
Trouble (Final and XC)
Duke (Lab 4)
Dutch (Class exercise – Instructor station only)
• Class VMs
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Quiz
Please close your books, turn off your
monitor, take out a blank piece of paper
and answer the following questions:
• True or False? - Package managers like RPM check
for dependencies.
• Which compression tool is faster, gzip or bzip2?
• What command would install the VMwareTools1.0.5-80187.i386.rpm package?
CIS 191 – Lesson 7
X Windows
Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Agenda
Hour 1 - Debian Installation
Hour 2 - Network
Hour 3 – X Windows
Hour 4 – Lab 5 and Final preparation
Lab Time
• Quiz
• Questions from last week
• The Networking Layer
• Understanding X
• Debian Install
• Wrap up
 = hands on exercise for topic
CIS 191A
Course Skills Pacing
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
VMware Server
Ubuntu 8.04
Partitioning
Make file systems
RH9
Booting
Dual boot
Fedora 9/DOS
Lesson 6
Lesson 5
RPM, apt-get
Tarballs
Troubleshooting
CentOS Install
Lesson 1
Lesson 7
X windows
Debian Install
Review
Final
Lesson 4
Rooting
openSUSE 11
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Last weeks Assignment
• Questions on previous
material or assignments?
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian GNU/Linux
• Debra and Ian Murdock
• "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community
1. Debian will remain 100% free
2. We will give back to the free software community
3. We will not hide problems
4. Our priorities are our users and free software
5. Works that do not meet our free software standards
• APT package management system
• Ubuntu, Damn Small Linux, Knoppix many others based on
Debian
• buzz, rex, bo, hamm, slink, potato, woody, sarge, etch
releases
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian GNU/Linux
Installation
TUI based Installation
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian GNU/Linux
APT Package Manager
Adding chess program
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian GNU/Linux
APT Package Manager
Removing chess program
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Debian
Install
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Exercise: Debian installation
1.
Install Debian 4.0
•
•
•
•
debian-40r4a-i386-DVD-1.iso
Create a VM named dutch with 5 GB hard drive
Install Debian any way you want on the VM
Use APT to install the chess program
• apt-get install gnuchess
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking
Layer
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
TCP/IP Configuration
•
•
•
•
IP Addresses
Netmask
Gateway
Name Server
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
• /etc/hosts
- Contains host name/ip-address pairs
• /etc/resolv.conf
- Contains DNS name server
• /etc/sysconfig/network
- Contains host name and default gateway
• /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
- Contains IP address and network mask
Note: To make permanent network configuration changes, modify
these files then restart the network. For Red Hat use:
service network restart
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
/etc/hosts
- Contains host name/ip-address pairs
[root@star ~]# cat /etc/hosts
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1
star.localdomain star localhost.localdomain localhost
::1
localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
[root@star ~]#
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
/etc/resolv.conf
- Contains DNS name server
[root@star ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 192.168.0.1
[root@star ~]#
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
• /etc/sysconfig/network
- Contains host name and default gateway
Example gateway configuration:
Edit /etc/sysconfig/network
To look like:
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=station01.mordor.rivendell.middleearth
GATEWAY=172.24.1.100
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
- Contains IP address and network mask
Example DHCP IP configuration:
Edit /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
To look like:
DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
HWADDR=00:0C:29:22:F2:91
ONBOOT=yes
DHCP_HOSTNAME=star.localdomain
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network Files
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
- Contains IP address and network mask
Example static IP configuration:
Edit /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
To look like:
DEVICE=eth1
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
HWADDR=00:0C:29:22:F2:9B
IPADDR=192.168.0.50
IPV6ADDR=
IPV6PREFIX=
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.0.0
ONBOOT=yes
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network commands
• ping ip-address
- tests network connectivity.
• ifconfig
- sets or displays network parameters.
• netconfig
- configures the host network.
• ftp ip-address
- file transfer protocol.
• ssh -l login_name [hostname] [command]
• scp login@hostname:sourcefile
login@hostname:sourcefile
- remote secure copy.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network commands
• ping ip-address
- tests network connectivity.
[root@star ~]# ping 192.168.0.1
PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84)
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=1
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=2
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=3
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=4
bytes of data.
ttl=254 time=8.44
ttl=254 time=2.93
ttl=254 time=2.89
ttl=254 time=2.83
ms
ms
ms
ms
--- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.830/4.275/8.441/2.406 ms
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@star ~]#
Note: Used Ctrl-C to end pinging
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network commands
• ifconfig
- sets or displays network parameters.
[root@star ~]# ifconfig
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:22:F2:91
inet addr:192.168.0.25 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe22:f291/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:27512 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:23667 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:3439418 (3.2 MiB) TX bytes:2180665 (2.0 MiB)
Interrupt:185 Base address:0x1400
lo
Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:35927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:35927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:2443383 (2.3 MiB) TX bytes:2443383 (2.3 MiB)
[root@star ~]#
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network commands
• netconfig
- configures the host network.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Networking Layer
Network commands
• ftp ip-address
- file transfer protocol.
[root@star ~]# ftp 192.168.0.42
Connected to 192.168.0.42.
220 (vsFTPd 2.0.5)
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type
Name (192.168.0.42:root): cis191
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,0,42,195,109)
150 Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x 2 1000
1000
1024 Aug 22 15:18 Desktop
-rw------- 1 1000
1000
1923179 Oct 06 08:18 lab4.simmsmar
226 Directory send OK.
ftp> mget *
mget Desktop? n
mget lab4.simmsmar? y
227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,0,42,103,188)
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for lab4.simmsmar (1923179 bytes).
226 File send OK.
1923179 bytes received in 0.44 seconds (4.3e+03 Kbytes/s)
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
[root@star ~]#
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
X
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Overview
• One of the original open source projects
• Developed at MIT
• Criticisms of X
• Handles fonts poorly
• Security issues
• Overly complex
• Recent improvements to XFree86
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Overview
User's System
Remote
X clients
Network
X server
X clients are programs with
a graphical user interface:
• xeyes
• xlogo
• firefox
• gimp
• etc.
Local
X clients
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
The Components of X
• Server Component
• most important component
• controls input devices
• controls video hardware
• VGA and hardware specific servers
• Client Component
• clients are what the user sees
• window manager provides access to individual clients
and windows
e.g. metacity, mwm, twm, sawfish, enlightenment ...
• file manager - client that acts as a graphical shell
allowing access to the file system
• desktop manager - provides login sessions,
authentication, and taskbar support
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Understanding the XF86config File
• General Format of the File:
1. File Section
2. Keyboard Section
3. Pointer Section
4. Monitor Section
5. Graphics Device Section
6. Screen Section
• Testing the Configuration
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Starting an X Window Session
• startx shell script – starts up your GUI desktop
• x, xinit commands
x (bare bones X server)
xinit (bare bones X server and xterm)
• xdm command
• can be run only by root
• usually used in startup scripts
• shows graphical logon screen
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Window Managers – widgets level (look and feel)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AfterStep
Enlightenment
Fvwm95
IceWM
Sawfish
Window Maker
mwm
twm
twm (Tom's Window Manager)
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Window Managers – widgets level (look and feel)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AfterStep
Enlightenment
Fvwm95
IceWM
Sawfish
Window Maker
mwm
twm
mwm (Motif Window Manager)
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Desktop Environments
Debian with Gnome
Mandriva with KDE
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
GUI File Managers
• File Manager Features
• Accomplish same tasks as shell without
lengthy commands
• Have drag and drop support
• Midnight Commander
• Nautilus
• Easy to use visual file manager
• Use mouse to eliminate excessive key strokes
• File Managers on KDE
• KFM
• Konqueror
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Observe how many
hidden files there
are now for a fresh
account that has
never run the
gnome desktop yet.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Type
X
(a capital X)
to run the X server
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
To end, type
Ctrl-Alt-BS
keys at the same
time
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
After exiting X you
will see all the
messages written
to tty1.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Type xinit to run
the X server and an
xterm terminal
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
To end, type
exit
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
After exiting X you
will see all the
messages written
to tty1.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
To start the full
desktop, type
startx
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Look familiar?
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
ps –u cis191
shows that thee
are a lot more
processes used
now that with the
earlier xinit
example
Log out to end
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
After exiting X you
will see all the
messages written
to tty1.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
There are quite a
few new hidden
files and hidden
directories now
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Copy the system xinitrc file to the home
directory.
cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc .xinitrc
Make it a hidden file.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Enter the xinit command again
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Look familiar?
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Create a file named .Xclients and add:
xclock -geometry 100x100-5+5 &
exec xterm -geometry 80x24+50+150
Give the file execute permissions then enter
xinit
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
You have just started to create
your own personal desktop
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Edit .Xclients to be:
xclock -geometry 100x100-5+5 &
xterm -geometry 80x24+50+150 &
exec twm
Note &'s to run xclock and
xterm in the background. Also
note there is only one exec
command and that is at the end
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
TWM is Tom's Window Manager
(Tom LaStrange)
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Now run firefox
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Position the frame for the
Firefox window
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Enter the xinit command again
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
One last X example
[cis191@star ~]$ cat .Xclients
xclock -geometry 100x100-5+5 &
xterm -geometry 80x24+50+150 &
xkbwatch -geometry 100x100+50+5 &
xlogo -geometry 80x80+600+480 &
xsetroot -solid "azure2"
exec twm
[cis191@star ~]$
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
One last X example
To close windows or exit using
Tom's Window Manager, left
click and hold on the
background to get a pop-up
menu, then select choice.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
X
over
Network
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
X over the Network
Client – Server model (just reversed)
Normally we refer to the remote computer running an application
as the "server". It is the reverse with X.
remote
local
Star
Duke
The xclient runs here
The xclient graphical output is
displayed here using the local
X server
We will use Duke's X server to serve up a graphical display from
a program running on Star.
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
ssh remote login with –X option
Note: Using the –X option on
ssh command to log into Star
Note: the processes running on
Star before and after the remote
ssh login
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Using X to run xeyes client program remotely
Note: xeyes graphical output is
displayed on Duke
Note: xeyes process running on
Star
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Using X to run firefox client program remotely
Note: firefox graphical output is
displayed on Duke
Note: xfirefox processes
running on Star
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
X over the Network
Client – Server model (just reversed)
Normally we refer to the remote computer running an application
as the "server". It is the reverse with X.
remote
local
Star
Windows
Vista
PC
The xclient runs here
The xclient graphical output is
displayed here using the local
X server (cygwin)
We will use Duke's X server to serve up a graphical display from
a program running on a Windows PC
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Using X with Microsoft Windows PC
1) Run Cygwin Bash Shell and enter:
startx
2) Connect to Star (CentOS) with:
ssh –X root@192.168.0.25
then run xeyes and xclock
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
New X commands:
redhat-config-xfree86
startx
X
xinit
xhost
xwd, xwud
-
configures X server on RedHat
runs the graphics desktop
starts X server
starts X server and xterm terminal
grants remote X-client access to server
create and view window dumps
New X Files and Directories:
/etc/X11/XF86Config
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc and $HOME/.xinitrc
/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients
$HOME/.xauthority
New network commands
dhclient
hostname
ifconfig
ping
ssh
scp
ftp, telnet, rsh
wall, write, talk
-
New network related files
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/hosts
- hostname
- DNS servers
- manual host and IP mappings
request DHCP address
Show and set name of the system
show current TCP/IP configuration
Test connectivity to other hosts
runs secure login shell on remote system
remote secure copy
Unsecure remote access commands
local communication
CIS 191 – Lesson 7
Next Class
Assignment: Check Calendar Page on web
site to see what is due next week.
http://simms-teach.com/cis191ABcalendar.php
CIS 191 – Lesson 7
Backup
CIS 191 - Lesson 7
Understanding X
Configuring X
• Vital part of any Linux Installation
• XF86Setup
• xf86config
• redhat-config-xfree86 (RedHat)
• Gathering Hardware Information
• Monitor
• Video card
• Mouse
• Keyboard