_____________________________________________
Scotland’s Climate Change Declaration
March 2014
Sustainable Scotland Network:
GHG accounting Training.
Justin Goodwin
Glasgow 19th, Edinburgh 20th and Aberdeen 21st March 2014
GHG Accounting Training
•
Introduction to GHG estimation: 10:00 – 11:00 (60 min)
•
Coffee 11:00 – 11:15
•
UK/Scottish greenhouse gas inventories – DEFRA/DECC, the Net Scottish
Emissions Account: 11:15- 12:30 (1h:15 min)
•
Lunch: 12:30 - 13:30
•
SCCD Declaration future plans (SSN)13:30 – 14:00
•
Localising climate change reporting : 14:00 – 14:45 (45 min)
•
Coffee 14:45 - 15:00
•
•
Overview of SCCD challenges and opportunities 15:00 – 15:15 (15 min)
Discussion on SCCD solutions for area wide: 15:15 – 16:00
• Introduction to GHG estimation: 10:00 –
11:00 (60 min)
– Terminology
– Driving forces
– Simplicity of GHG accounting.
– Where the complexity starts.
GHG terminology: 1
• Historic emissions/removals:
– (commonly 1990 (or other base year) – Latest historic year (e.g. 2011/2012)
• Projections: from latest year to future years:
– Builds in assumptions on economy and technology changes.
• ..including mitigation measures
– Scenarios (test out different assumptions)
• Mitigation (policies &) measures (PAMS):
– list of actions to reduce GHGs
– Can be developed independently of projections
– Qualitative or quantitative
• Targets:
– Quantitative: Based on projections & analysis of PAMs.
– Political. To match/beat other campaigns.
• Reporting:
– some form of communication on historic or projected/PAMs
• Emissions/Removals Trading
– Kyoto Protocol
– EU Emissions Trading Scheme
GHG terminology: 2
• Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV):
– Emerging terminology for supporting action with trust-worthy data on progress
• Sources:
– Activities resulting in emissions of GHGs to the atmosphere.
• Sinks:
– Activities resulting in removals of GHGs from the atmosphere and storage
• Sectors:
– High level Categorisation of sources and sinks
• Categories and sub-categories:
– Detailed level of categorisation of sources and sinks
• Key Categories:
– categories that have a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of
greenhouse gases
GHG terminology: 3
• Gases:
– Types of GHGs emitted and accounted for (direct / indirect)
–
–
“Basket of six” CO2, N2O,CH4, SF6, PFCs, HFCs indirect: NOx, NMVOC, SO2, CO
“Bio-carbon”
• Uncertainties:
– The margin of error likely for calculated GHG datasets.
• Tiers:
– methodological complexity. Usually three tiers are provided.
• Default :
– default emission factors provided in guidance (e.g. IPCC)
Drivers:
Initiatives driving accounting
– Why: GHG accounting:
Reassess
potential
and targets
• Global science & evidence:
(Global scale only)
Assess
impacts
– Are we really responsible?
• Key sources/sinks & trends:
– What’s going on, are things
getting better or worse
Demonstrate
and
communicate
progress
Assess
mitigation
potential
• Targets, action & monitoring
– what can we change and
how?)
• Communication:
– Successes, difficulties,
change behaviour, why the
pain (e.g. Taxes).
Monitor
actions
Set targets
Implement
actions
Drivers:
• International
– UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol,
• EUMM/MMR: Effort Sharing Decision:
–
–
–
–
Carbon Disclosure Project
ICLEI
Covenant of Mayors
LA 21
• National UK
– UK CCC
• Scotland
–
–
–
–
–
Scottish NSEA
RPP and the Public Bodies Duties
Sustainability
SCCD and SSN
Single Outcome Agreements (SOA)
Drivers: UNFCCC
• Convention : http://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php
– Limit average global temperature increases. 192 Countries.
– National Communications (BRs) (emissions projections, PAMs, Adaptation,
capacity building, finance)
• Kyoto Protocol:
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/6034.php
• Reporting and verification procedures; Annual Inventories, KPLULUCF, National
Systems (Reliability of the reporting)
• Flexible market-based mechanisms (Trading systems)
• Targets and Assigned amount (e.g. UK (1990 + 1995) * 5 * (100 – 12.5) target for
2008 – 2012.
• A compliance system. (Adjustments and compliance issues affect trading of KP
units.)
– Industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions based on
the principles of the Convention. 1st CP = 2008 – 2012.
– In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012 launched a second commitment
period, starting on 1 January 2013 until 2020.
Drivers: EUMM & ESD:
International initiatives driving accounting
•
EUMM/MMR: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l28044_en.htm
– mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions
– progress made in reducing emissions
• complying with the Community's commitments under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.
• Effort Sharing Decision (ESD): http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/effort/index_en.htm
– binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period
2013–2020.
•
•
Excludes EUETS (non traded non LULUCF)
10% on 2005 by 2020
UK: -16%
Drivers: Other International
• Carbon Disclosure Project: https://www.cdp.net/en-US/Pages/HomePage.aspx
–
–
Companies reporting
Cities (London & Manchester)
• Covenant of Mayors & ICLEI:
–
–
Aberdeen & Aberdeenshire
Glasgow
• Covenant of Mayors: http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html
–
–
Mainstream European movement involving local and regional authorities
Voluntary commitment by signatories to meet and exceed the EU 20% CO2 reduction objective
through increased energy efficiency and development of renewable energy sources.
• ICLEI: http://www.iclei.org/
–
UN network of sustainable cities operating worldwide. Facilitates local government input to United
Nations (UN), processes such as the UN Framework Conventions on Climate Change, and
Biodiversity.
• LA21:
–
–
UN blueprint for sustainability in the 21st century.
Agenda 21 is a commitment to sustainable development, which was agreed by many of the
world's governments.
Drivers: UK and Scotland
Drivers: UK
UK Carbon budgets: Meet international commitments & develop low carbon economy
–
–
–
–
3,018 MtCO2e (2008 to 2012)
2,782 MtCO2e (2013 to 2017)
2,544 MtCO2e (2018 to 2022)
1,950 MtCO2e (2023 to 2027)
Drivers: Scotland
• Net Scottish Emissions Account (NSEA): Meet international commitments &
develop low carbon economy
• Scotland CCD & SSN
– All 32 LAs
– Commitment to act on mitigation,
adaption and sustainable development
What is measured?
6 Greenhouse Gases as CO2 eq (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC
and SF6). Direct and indirect
• Energy:
–
–
–
•
Industrial Process:
–
–
–
•
Feedstocks (e.g. Fossil fuels) used
Use of products (including fridges, Air Conditioning, foams,
medical equipment)
Manufacturing and production.
Agriculture & Forest practices:
–
–
–
•
Fossil fuels (tonnes, litres, kWh, MJ)
Transport –mileage (converted to fuel use)
Electricity consumption (meter readings or bills (kWh)),
Livestock (numbers & type)
Crops and soils (Land area and type)
Harvesting & processing of wood (amount, Land area and type).
Changing land use..
Waste disposal:
–
–
–
–
Wastewater (volume and Carbon/nitrogen contents)
Landfill (mass, timeframe, anaerobic (CH4), CH4 recovery)
Incineration (fossil carbon mass)
Disposal of products (gas remaining, recovery)
Principals of Global GHG accounting: A
simple story..
Gases
Global GHG accounting: A simple story..
GLOBAL
Principals: Global GHG accounting: A simple
story..
Major impact globally of increasing need for
electricity and heat production.
Global Emissions:
Attributing GHG Accounting:
Complexity begins:
Attributing GHG Accounting: Complexity
begins:
• Direct/Source
• Physical
processes
Countries
Cities
Organisations
Projects/Events
People
?
• Embodied/Consumption
• Demand for goods and
services
Carbon footprint
4
Countries
Cities
Organisations
Products
Projects/Events
People
2
?
3
1
Mr or Mrs Average
Services. Energy/Waste
Food
Travel
House & Clothes
Other stuff!!
Defining Boundaries:
• Define the boundary:
• Direct emissions from operations/activities
• Electricity, heat, steam and Cooling
• Purchased goods and services
•
Supplied goods use.
Countries
Cities
Organisations
Products
Projects/Events
People
Organisational Operational
Boundaries: GHG Protocol
• Scope 1 - Direct emissions:
–
–
–
–
on-site fuel combustion,
manufacturing and process,
refrigerant losses
company vehicles.
• Scope 2 - Indirect emissions:
– Electricity,
– heat or steam purchased.
• Scope 3 - Indirect emissions:
–
–
–
–
–
employee business travel,
outsourced transportation & services
waste disposal,
water usage and employee commuting.
Products, product use
Under the Greenhouse Gas Protocol scope 1 and 2 are
essential and there is discretion about which scope 3
emissions should be included.
Methods
•
•
•
•
•
•
National IPCC
Organisational
City PAS 2070
Product lifecycle: PAS 2050
Event
Personal
Countries
Cities
Organisations
Products
Projects/Events
People
Organisational:
• GHG Protocol & ISO 14064
• DEFRA Company Reporting
– Direct emissions from all the activities across the organisation, including
buildings’ energy use, industrial processes and company vehicles. (Scope 1)
(Usual national Inventory approach)
– Electricity use (Scope 2)
– Staff commuting, Supplier emissions (Scope 3)
— companies in complying with the greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting regulation,
a requirement from the Climate Change Act 2008; Mandatory scope 1.
— all organisations with voluntary reporting on a range of environmental matters,
including voluntary GHG reporting and through the use of key performance
indicators (KPIs).
• CRC
– Electricity & Gas for NON EUETS/CCA
elements only
City Footprinting: PAS2070 (City inventories
with two approaches)
—a direct plus supply chain (DPSC);
— direct from within the city boundary and
— indirect from
— the consumption of grid-supplied electricity,
— heating and/or cooling,
— transboundary travel
— and the supply chains from key goods and
services produced outside the city boundary
— water supply,
— food,
— building materials
—a consumption-based (CB) methodology:
— direct and life cycle GHG emissions for all goods and
services consumed by residents of a city.
City Footprinting:
National Methods: IPCC: 1 of 3
• Source of basic default physical EFs used in many other places (see
IPCC EFDB) www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef_main.php
• Focussed on direct emissions from a number of categories.
• Includes guidance by sector, and for uncertainties
• Evolution 1996 ->( 1996 revised & 2000 & 2002 LULUCF valid for
UNFCCC reporting to 2014) -> (2006 valid for UNFCCC reporting
from 2015)
• Volumes: Sector methods, data collection, uncertainties, QA/QC,
method selection.
• Tiers: methodological complexity. Usually three tiers are provided
• Default data: default emission factors
• Key Categories: categories that have a significant influence on a
country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases
National Methods: IPCC: 2 of 3
IPCC (National inventories & standard category based methodologies)
IPCC 1996
IPCC 2006
1. Energy
1. Energy
2. Industrial Processes
2. Industrial Processes and product Use
3. Solvents and Other Product Use
3. AFOLU
4. Agriculture
4. Waste
5. LULUCF
6. Waste
Bio-carbon & International shipping & aviation
emissions as memo items..
Guiding principal – TCCCA!
Transparency
Completeness
Comparability
Accuracy
Consistency
National Methods: IPCC: Core Principals: 3 of
3
• Transparency: There is sufficient and clear documentation
• Completeness: Estimates are reported for all relevant categories of
sources and sinks, and gases
• Consistency: Estimates across different inventory years, gases and
categories are made in such a way that differences in the results
between years and categories reflect real differences in emissions
• Comparability: The greenhouse gas inventory is reported in a way
that allows it to be compared with greenhouse gas inventories for
similar entities (national, city, organisational).
• Accuracy: The greenhouse gas inventory contains neither over- nor
under-estimates (bias) so far as can be judged.
Sources example 1
Sources example 2
Sources example 3: Iron and
Steel
Sources example 4: Waste
Quiz 1
1. What are “basket of six” greenhouse gases?
2. What is the UK target as part of the EU Effort Sharing Decision to reduce non-EU ETS
emissions by 20% (2005-2020)?
a) 4% increase
b) 12% reduction
c) 16% reduction
d) 24% reduction
3. What is included in the CRC?
a) Electricity consumption for non-CCA elements only
b) Fossil fuel consumption for Non-EUETS elements only
c) Electricity and gas for Non-EUETS/CCA elements only
4. What of the following elements are included in an Embodied Carbon Footprint?
a) Imported emissions
b) Domestic emissions (net of exports)
c) Domestic emissions (exports)
5. What are the five core principles of emissions inventory methodology? (T, C, C, C, A)
Quiz 1
1. What are “basket of six” greenhouse gases?
CO2, N2O, CH4, SF6, HFCs, PFCs
2. What is the UK target as part of the EU Effort Sharing Decision to reduce non-EU ETS
emissions by 20% (2005-2020)?
a) 4% increase
b) 12% reduction
c) 16% reduction
d) 24% reduction
3. What is included in the CRC?
a) Electricity consumption for non-CCA elements only
b) Fossil fuel consumption for Non-EUETS elements only
c) Electricity and gas for Non-EUETS/CCA elements only
4. What of the following elements are included in an Embodied Carbon Footprint?
a) Imported emissions
b) Domestic emissions (net of exports)
c) Domestic emissions (exports)
5. What are the five core principles of emissions inventory methodology? (T, C, C, C, A)
Transparency, Completeness, Consistency, Comparability, Accuracy
• Coffee 11:00 – 11:15
• UK/Scottish greenhouse gas inventories –
DEFRA/DECC, the Net Scottish Emissions
Account: 11:15- 12:30 (1h:15 min)
–
–
–
–
–
Devolved Administration inventories
NSEA + EUETS
End User
DECC LACO2/GHGs
Scottish Footprint
Attributing GHG Accounting: Types used in
the UK and Scotland
• National territory
– Scope 1 direct within territory
• Environmental Accounts
– Scope 1 direct citizens and national activities outside and within
territory.
• End-user
– Scope 1 direct within territory + Scope 2 embodied GHGs in
energy supplied.
• Embodied (Footprint)
– Scope 3 Embodied GHG in purchased goods and services.
– Excludes GHGs from manufacture of exported goods.
Devolved Administration
Emissions Scotland
• UK GHG Inventory (as reported to EU and UN)
•  split up to
–
–
–
–
–
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
Unallocated (Off-shore industry)
• Using:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sub-national statistics
Large point source reported data
Employment
Population
Traffic
Agriculture, forestry & land use statistics
Scotland Total by Gas & Uncertainties
Scotland: Key sectors and Gases
Scotland: Traded and non Traded:
• Traded: EUETS
(CO2)
– Energy
– Business
– Industrial
Processes
• Non Traded
Net Scottish Emissions
Account
• Target and target monitoring
• Includes
a) International Shipping & Aviation (Scotland share)
b) Emissions/removals (e.g. "carbon sinks" such as
woodland) from Landuse Change and Forestry
c) EUETS sale and purchase of relevant carbon units
(tradable emissions allowances). Scope 3 (incl
Aviation)
– http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00426339.pdf
Scotland: Net Scottish Environmental
Account:
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
Base 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
International Aviation and Shipping
Transport
Public
Industrial Process
Business
Waste Management
Residential
Land Use Change
Energy Supply
Agriculture
Scotland Territorial: Targets and relevant
legislation
DA Emissions
http://public.tableausoftware.com/views/D
AInfographic/DAInfographic
End User Estimates
• Provide insights to final consumption impacts
for:
– Solid, Liquid and Gaseous fuels
– Electricity
Scotland Territorial: “End User”
•
•
Emissions presented by source or by end user
Traded and non-traded
Direct
scope 1
Indirect
scope 2 (&3)
DECC LA Datasets
•
DECC Local Authority CO2 Statistics
•
•
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/local-authority-emissions-estimates
Electricity consumption:
•
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/sub-nationalelectricity-consumption-data .
•
Gas consumption
• weather corrected, non Large consumers, !!Domestic/Commercial Split!!l:
•
•
Road transport consumption.
•
•
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/road-transportconsumption-at-regional-and-local-level.
Residual fuel (non-electricity, non-gas, non-road transport fuels).
• Uncertain dataset...
•
•
•
•
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/sub-national-gasconsumption-data.
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-energy-climate-change/series/sub-nationalconsumption-of-other-fuels.
NAEI Large Point Sources
Agriculture country based statistics.
LULUCF country based statistics.
DECC LACO2 Methodology:
• DECC sub-national statistics
–
–
–
–
Gas
Electricity
Road Transport
Solid/Liquid (Modelled)
• Population (Domestic)
• Employment (Businesses)
• Point source emissions.
(SEPA/Environment Agency)
• LA Agricultural statistics
• LA LULUCF data
• End-user basis to fully represent carbon
footprint of the area (some sectors
excluded: aviation, shipping)
• Published annually, timeseries from 2005
to 2011
• Good quality data for Gas/Elec, Large
sources, road transport.
• Uncertainty in modelled estimates
(particularly Solid/Liquid)
LACO2 summary of statistics and methodology:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/211904/110713_Local_CO2_NS_An
nex_A2_.pdf
DECC sub-national energy statistics Methodology:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/267603/Subnational_methodology_and_guidance_booklet.pdf
DECC LACO2 Scopes:
• Scope
– Dataset 1: Full Dataset
• Excludes
– Aviation, shipping, offshore, military
– Dataset 2: “Scope of Influence”
• Also excludes
– Motorway traffic
– Large industrial installations
– LULUCF
LA CO2:
InfoGraphics
http://public.tableausoftware.com/views/Scotland-SSNdashboard_v2_EXTRACTED/DraftDashboard
Scottish Carbon Footprint
• Scotland total
– 1998 - 2011
• REAP
Scotland’s Carbon Footprint:
Scotland’s Carbon Footprint (Scottish Government)
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/indicator/carbon
a) UK IO & supply chain analysis
a) UK GHGI, Environmental Accounts
b) full global supply/demand economic datasets.
c) -> SIC factors UK applied to Scottish Economics.
b) Includes embodied GHGs in imported/consumed products.
c) Excludes embodied GHGs in exported products.
d) Scotland total (Not by LA)
e) 2011: Ongoing and updated for at least next 4 years
f) Total Global footprint of Scotland's accounts
g) Latest year 2010 >80 mt (vs 53 mt from NSEA)
Scotland’s Carbon Footprint: Import/Export
120,000
100,000
Imports from China
60,000
Imports from RoW
Imports from EU
40,000
Domestic
20,000
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
-
1998
kt (cO2e)
80,000
Scotland’s Carbon Footprint: By Category
120,000
100,000
kt (CO2e)
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Changes in inventories
Valuables
Central Government
Non-profit
institutions serving
households
Gross fixed
capital
formation
Households direct
Local Government
Households
Ecological footprinting: REAP (By LA)
Ecological/CO2 footprinting (WWF)
http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/lowfootprintscotland.pdf
•
(Not updated – last dataset = 2007)
Input-output methodology:
• Direct emissions reallocated from generating sector to production sector using IO
framework.
• Emissions from sectors are linked to the products produced. Generated by the
model, using actual UK data.
• These supply chain (embodies emissions) are specific to the UK.
Ecological/CO2 footprinting: REIP (By LA)
Quiz 2
1. Which of the “basket of six” greenhouse gases has the largest relative uncertainty in the
Scottish National Inventory?
CO2, N2O, CH4, SF6, HFCs, PFCs
2. What is Scotland’s 2050 Emissions Reduction Target, and does it include international
aviation and shipping?
3. What was Scotland’s National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory total for 2011?
a) approx. 50 Mt CO2e
b) approx. 70 Mt CO2e
c) approx. 80 Mt CO2e
d) approx. 100 Mt CO2e
4. What was Scotland’s National Carbon Footprint total for 2010?
a) approx. 50 Mt CO2e
b) approx. 70 Mt CO2e
c) approx. 80 Mt CO2e
d) approx. 100 Mt CO2e
5. Which sector is most significant in the End User Inventory?
Energy Supply, Residential, Business, Agriculture, Transport
Quiz 2
1. Which of the “basket of six” greenhouse gases has the largest relative uncertainty in the
Scottish National Inventory?
CO2, N2O, CH4, SF6, HFCs, PFCs
2. What is Scotland’s 2050 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target?
80%
3. What was Scotland’s National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory total for 2011?
a) approx. 50 Mt CO2e
b) approx. 70 Mt CO2e
c) approx. 80 Mt CO2e
d) approx. 100 Mt CO2e
4. What was Scotland’s National Carbon Footprint total for 2010?
a) approx. 50 Mt CO2e
b) approx. 70 Mt CO2e
c) approx. 80 Mt CO2e
d) approx. 100 Mt CO2e
5. Which sector is most significant in the End User Inventory?
Energy Supply, Residential, Business, Agriculture, Transport
• Lunch: 12:30 - 13:30
• SCCD Declaration future plans (SSN)13:30 –
14:00
_________________________________________________________________
HISTORY
Launched in early 2007
All 32 local authorities signatories. SSN is
the ‘custodian of the SCCD’
Scottish Government & COSLA support
All local authorities produce annual
reports, which cover:
• Governance
• Corporate Emissions
• Area-wide Emissions
• Adaptation
• Public Engagement / Partnerships
SSN team analyse the reports and work
with SSN members and stakeholders to
improve reporting
68
_________________________________________________________________
YEAR 5 ANALYSIS
•
All 32 local authorities reported in 2013
showing continued commitment to the
Declaration.
•
Analysis identified many areas of best
practice across network
•
SSN team conducted analysis on the
reports to create recommendations
within Year 5 Analysis Report including:
•
•
•
Strategic
Functional
Local
69
_________________________________________________________________
IMPROVEMENTS
Following creation of recommendations:
1. Created new template:
• Keeps the same 5 headings as before
• Includes information from Scottish Government’s Sustainability Reporting Guidance,
The Adaptation Framework and Flexible Framework
• Includes Area-Wide reporting under RPP2 ambition headings (Energy, Homes and
Communities, Transport etc)
• Changed reporting date to November to allow for CRC data, inclusion of energy data
from end of financial year (on member recommendation)
2. Completed 2 rounds of consultation with member focus group to ensure that the data we’re
asking for is realistic and useful
3. Sent a communication to Council Leaders to inform them of the new template and change of
reporting date
4. Template designed and ready to be launched following workshops including information on
further SSN support available
70
_________________________________________________________________
WHAT NEXT?
•
Can we strengthen the reporting
further? Particularly Area-Wide reporting
section?
•
Who would we need to involve in this
process?
•
Are we ready for this?
Discussion to follow…..
71
• SSN Presentation on Declaration
• Localising climate change reporting :
14:00 – 14:45 (45 min)
– Pros/Cons
– Projections
– Actions
– Corporate
Local Data:
• Have targets been set locally?
• How do you know if these are achievable?
• What local measures will be important?
• What is being monitored?
Local Data: Data  Action
Assess
impacts
Action
Current State
Engagement
Communication
Assess
mitigation
Opportunities
potential
Local Data
Progress
Goals
Monitor
actions
Implement
actions
Investment
Set
targets
Prioritising Local Data:
• Policy Questions.. E.g.
–
–
–
–
–
–
What are the key sources of emission or removals?
Are they increasing/decreasing?
Have we had any successes to date?
What opportunities are there to improve the situation?
How long will it take?
What is the pain.. Cost..?
• What are they for Scottish Local
Authorities?
• What Data is needed to answer them?
Local Data: Pro’s and Cons
• Pro’s/Benefits
– Local data reduces uncertainty
– Improves engagement
– Provides flexibility
• Cons
– Often no data flows or standards in place.
– Time consuming
– Added burden ££
A Scottish LA Case Study: Local Data
•
•
•
•
DECC Sub-regional and Local CO2 Data
Top 50 Half Hourly Energy Users by Postcode Sector
Gas and Electricity consumption in Residential and non Residential Buildings
Action Tracking (Actions, Energy Saving, Renewable Generation, CO2
Saving)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT / FACILITIES & INDUSTRIES:
TRANSPORT:
LOCAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION:
LOCAL DISTRICT HEATING / COOLING, CHPs:
LAND USE PLANNING:
PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES:
WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS:
Council Emissions 2005 - 2012
–
–
–
–
–
–
Electricity (buildings, street lighting, stair lighting, CHP
Gas, Coal, Oil (buildings)
Petrol, Diesel (transport)
Gas Oil (transport/plant)
LPG
Air, Rail, Car
Other data:
•
•
•
•
Waste data
Water
Peat restoration
Forest carbon
Local Data: Datasets?
•
National Local
– DECC
• CO2.
• Energy
• CCA
– DfT
• Transport.
– Defra
• Agriculture.
• Land use.
– Scottish Environment Protection
Agency (SEPA)
• EUETS
• CRC
– ONS
• Economic
• Demographic (Population)
– Carbon Trust/Energy Saving Trust
• Local – Local
– Projections (RPP2)
• Scotland  LA picture!
– Local policies and measures.
– Local Actions tracking.
– Engaged local organisations
• SCCD City council
• Other Public Service
• Businesses
• CRC?
• CCA?
– Local Traffic
– Energy demand/supply
analysis?
– ????
– Other Local Statistics?
Local Data: RPP2  LA Projections
• Breakdown RPP2 to component LAs:
– By LA, By Sector/Category
– Project forward DECC CO2 dataset
– Include other LA local data...
• Identify LA's ability to influence RPP2 measures:
– National vs Local Measures
– Business as Usual vs Action
• Identify gaps in reaching targets
• Illustrate important Policies and measures for each LA
area
•
RPP2: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0042/00426134.pdf
LACO2 projections: Example Projections
Saving
Projection
LACO2 projections: Example Savings
Saving
Projection
LACO2 projections: Savings Example: By
Policy
LACO2 projections: Savings Example: By
Measure
• http://prezi.com/embed/8seqiiyrsr6o/?
http://prezi.com/8seqiiyrsr6o/uk-pams/
Action Tracking: Area Wide
Successes
• Can we track Actions more effectively?
– Qualitative or semi quantitative
• Importance (potential to reduce emissions)
• Success (Progress with implementation)
• Actual savings delivered (Action monitoring plan)
– Aligned to RPP2
– SEAP role?
– SOA role?
Action Tracking: Towards
RPP2 objectives
Business, Industry and the Public Sector
Smart Metering, CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, Buildings Energy Standards , Green Deal, Products Policies, Renewable & Low Carbon Heat, Procurement policies (Low Carbon
Supply)
1. Reduce energy consumption by at least 12%
2. By 2027 - going beyond CMP, sustainable procurement and governance
3. By 2027 - transform energy usage, energy efficiency and low carbon tech
4. By 2050 energy demand from this sector will be almost zero, by energy demand reduction & low carbon tech
Energy
Renewable energy, Energy efficiency.
1. Meet at least 30% of total energy demand from renewables by 2020
2. Reduce total final energy demand in Scotland by 12% by 2020 across all fuels and sectors
3. Source 11% of heat demand & 10% of transport fuels from renewables by 2020
4. 100% of gross electricity consumption from renewables by 2020, interim 50% by 2015
5. Enable local and community ownership of at least 500MW of renewable energy by 2020
Homes and Communities
Energy efficiency, Smart Metering, Building Standards, Renewable Energy,
1. Make sure no-one is in fuel poverty by 2016
2. Deliver energy efficient homes through retrofit
3. Make full contribution to CCA targets
4. Enable the refurbishment and house building sectors to contribute to and benefit from Scotland's low carbon economy and to drive Scotland's future economic prosperity.
Transport
EV charging infrastructure, Cycling, Travel Plans, Traffic systems, Modal shift, Decarbonised vehicles
1. Mature market for low carbon cars (less 95gCO2/km)
2. An EV charging infrastructure in Scottish cities
3. Personalised travel planning to all households
4. Effective travel plans in workplaces with over 30 staff
5. At least 10% of journeys by bicycle
Waste
Recycling, Zero waste policies, Landfill gas capture.
1. household waste recycled/reused are 40% by 2010, 50% by 2013, 60% by 2020 and 70% by 2025
2. recycling 70% of all waste by 2025
3. Reducing total waste to landfill to max of 5% by 2025
Rural Land Use
Climate friendly farming, Fertilizer efficiency, Agriculture technologies, restoration of peatlands, afforestation, renewable timber.
1. By 2027, land managers have optimised natural resources, protecting enviro and reducing ghg
2. Peatlands managed to conserve carbon stores and biodiversity
3. Create 100,000 hectares of new woodland by 2022 and agree further targets
Action Tracking: Key measures
Business, Industry and the Public Sector
Smart Metering, CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, Buildings Energy
Standards , Green Deal, Products Policies, Renewable & Low Carbon Heat,
Procurement policies (Low Carbon Supply)
Energy
Renewable energy, Energy efficiency. Carbon Capture and Storage???
Homes and Communities
Energy efficiency, Smart Metering, Building Standards, Renewable Energy,
affordable warmth
Transport
EV charging infrastructure, Cycling, Travel Plans, Traffic systems, Modal
shift, Decarbonised vehicles.
Waste
Recycling, Zero waste policies, Landfill gas capture. Limit Landfill waste.
Rural Land Use
Climate friendly farming, Fertilizer efficiency, Agriculture technologies,
restoration of Peatlands, afforestation, renewable timber.
SCCD
reporting
tags?
Activities  Co-Benefits
Co-Benefits
The Climate Bonus: Co-benefits of Climate
Policy. Alison Smith (UK). London & NY:
Earthscan/Routledge, Jan 2013, 408p, $59.95pb.
Co-Benefits linking
Co-Benefits: Alison Smith
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Take co-benefits account in decisions. E.g. air quality benefits should be
included in cost-benefit analysis of climate policy options.
Focus on win-win technologies and policies. E.g. energy efficiency, material
efficiency and behaviour change.
Beware of policies with few co-benefits and major conflicts, such as CCS and
geo-engineering.
Avoid lock-in to fossil fuels. shift to low-carbon energy sources. End fossil fuel
subsidies. Place a moratorium on exploitation of environmentally damaging
sources such as tar sands and arctic oil.
Address the rebound effect. Control total resource use and carbon emissions
with caps, taxes, and policies to encourage behaviour change.
Compensate losers. Help businesses, households and developing countries to
adapt to a low-carbon economy, with appropriate financial and technical support.
Provide support and retraining for workers who lose their jobs.
Re-think the economy. Coping with a low consumption economy. (jobs, pensions
and social spending). Shorter working hours, ecological tax reform, job guarantee
schemes, basic income schemes and changes to the monetary system.
Lifestyle and culture. shift to low-carbon lifestyles, with incentives, rewards and
information campaigns to emphasise the health and well-being benefits of walking
and cycling, eating less meat and adopting a less materialistic lifestyle.
Government should lead by example, fostering an ‘I will if you will’ approach with
low-carbon public procurement policies.
Engaging: Organisational
Emissions
• Area Wide Enhancement: Large
commercial and public sector
organisations emissions data:
– Compliment CC Own Estate estimates..
– Could be significant % of Area wide..
– Engagement tool  Low carbon Community
• Focus for targets and action
• Focus for Low Carbon collaboration
Organisational Emissions: Example Oxford
• Oxford Low emissions strategy
– Integrated approach to carbon reduction and air quality –
– joint action planning and monitoring
– Central database of monitoring data
• Oxford Low Carbon Oxford Pathfinders
– Local network of >30 organisations
– Common aim to reduce carbon in city by 3% year on year,
– Sharing of ideas and monitoring and reporting emissions and
savings
– Creation of more 'green jobs' and a sustainable economy;
– Oxford to become an exemplar low carbon city for the UK
•
•
http://www.oxford.gov.uk/lowcarbonoxford
http://www.oxford.gov.uk/Library/Documents/Environmental%20Development/LCO
%20Building%20Momentum%20Report%202012.pdf
Organisational Emissions: Example
Oxford: Targets...
Organisational Emissions: Example
Oxford: Businesses
Organisational Emissions:
Example Oxford: Mini Plant
Organisational Emissions: Example
Oxford: City Council
Organisational Emissions: Pathfinder
Electricity & Gas as % of LACO2
Organisational Emissions: Pathfinder Electricity & Gas
as % of LACO2
• Coffee 14:45 - 15:00
• Overview of SCCD challenges and
opportunities 15:00 – 15:15 (15 min)
Challenges: Datasets?
Existing Data:
New Data:
•
•
What data exists?
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
DECC/Defra/SEPA
SCCD
SOA,
Sustainability Reporting,
SEAP
What data can be created?
–
•
Projections (RPP2)
Why is it worth creating?
Is it important?
How can it be used?
What are the “Area Wide” questions?:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What are the key sources of emission or removals?
Are they increasing/decreasing?
Have we had any successes to date?
What opportunities are there to improve the situation?
Who should take the lead?
How long will it take?
What is the pain.. Cost..?
SCCD 5 Year Analysis Report:
Recommendations and Actions
• Elements linked to Area Wide reporting....
– Strategic
• Carbon impact assessment toolkit (Resources, data, tools)
• Understand area wide emissions and impact assessment methods (Ongoing)
• Alignment of SCCD reporting with sustainability reporting. (Done)
– Functional
• Co-ordination of data reporting across council functions. (Ongoing)
• Links between Area-wide and SOA plans in place. (Ongoing, SSN Project)
• RPP2 structuring of area-wide emission reduction strategies (Ongoing)
– Local
• Tracking CC governance arrangements (National Systems)
• Distinction between reporting and previous years initiatives. (Done)
• Linking to management plans and policies and programmes (Ongoing)
http://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/media/128576/SSN_SCCD_1609_v2.pdf
Area Wide SCCD Reporting?
• Governance, Leadership and Management of Climate Change
– Is there a sustainable MRV system for data?
• Reducing Corporate Emissions
– Could this include other willing organisations in the LA?
• Reducing Area-wide Emissions
– Is DECC data good enough?
– Can it be enhanced with other data?
•
•
Corporate reporting (CRC, Voluntary, CCA etc)
Projections RPP2
– What targets?
• Who has targets? What do they mean? How were they set? Why are targets
needed?
– How to communicate & track Actions?
• Importance for different LAs?
• How to track success/progress?
• Common language/terminology for actions
• Discussion on SCCD solutions for area
wide: 15:15 – 16:00
– Key issues for Area Wide
• Trends, Projections, Actions
– Opportunities to improve
• Data, Research, Guidance
Could/should SCCD reporting be developed and used to
bring additional clarity to Scottish LA’s Climate Change
actions
Contact details
Justin.goodwin@aether-uk.com
+44(0)1865 261466
www.aether-uk.com