Revision powerpoints
Primary Sources
• A primary source is a document or physical
object which was written or created during
the time under study.
• Examples Include : diaries, speeches,
manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film
footage, autobiographies, official records and
artefacts.
Secondary Sources
• A secondary source interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These sources are one or
more steps removed from the event.
• Examples of secondary sources include :
• textbooks, magazine articles, histories,
criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias
Source evaluation
• When evaluating primary or secondary sources, the
following questions might be asked to help ascertain
the nature and value of material being considered:
• How does the author know these details (names,
dates, times)? Was the author present at the event or
soon on the scene?
• Where does this information come from—personal
experience, eyewitness accounts, or reports written by
others?
• Are the author's conclusions based on a single piece of
evidence, or have many sources been taken into
account
• Confucius : Believed that if people developed
moral virtue and goodness then they should
govern themselves, He tried to help ancient
China build a just and stable society using
common sense.
• Taoism : (founder Laozi) people should follow
the way of the Tao by living simple lives in
harmony with nature.
• Buddhism : Respect for other property and
other life. Most widely practiced religion in
China.
Question
Confucianism
Taoism
Buddism
You are failing class
And will be in trouble
if parents find out.
How do you handle
the situation?
Inform parents.
Apologise for pot
living up to standards
Expected. Promise to
do better.
Don’t worry about it
and the problem will
go away. Fix the
problem if it will
make you happier
Try to improve. If you
don’t improve,
accept punishment
Your friend smokes
and is trying to make
you start
Inform them that it is Smoking would make Help them to try and
wrong. Report their
you unhappy. Its bad stop smoking.
behaviour to the
for you.
principal. Avoid the
person until they
stop smoking
You have the
opportunity to steal
something without
being caught. How
should you act?
Would not take it is
against the rules
Would not take it as
it would complicate
their life.
Would not take it.
Respect other
peoples property
Qin Shi Huangdi, First Chinese
Emperor
• In 210 BC he declared himself the first emperor of China and
named himself Shi Huangdi (meaning First Emperor).
The Emperor standardized Chinese writing, law, currency,
weights and measures. He built a system of roads, and
massive fortifications and palaces.
Shi Huangdi (259-210 B.C.) was a cruel ruler who readily
killed or banished those who opposed him or his ideas. He is
notorious for burning virtually all the books that remained
from previous regimes.
The Qin dynasty ended soon after his death, but a unified
China remained for over 2,000 years. China's name is derived
from his short but seminal dynasty, Qin (pronounced Chin).
The Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China was built
over 2,000 years ago, and began by
Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of
China during the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty
(221 B.C - 206 B.C.).
The Great Wall is one of the largest
building construction projects ever
completed. It is constructed of
masonry, rocks and packed-earth. It
was over 5,000 km long. It was up to
7.5 meters tall
Geography :
• The study of the earth and its features and of
the distribution of life on the earth, including
human life and the effects of human activity.
• There are 3 types of Geography
•
Physical (what the land etc LOOKS like –
rivers, mountains etc)
•
Human (human impact - Population etc)
•
Environmental (how humans etc AFFECT
the world – it’s the bridge between the
others)
On the map horizontal lines
are lines of latitude which run
parallel to each other and....
vertical lines are lines of
Longitude which run from
North to South Pole
Equator
The X axis is the equator
Prime Meridian
and the Y axis which runs
through Greenwich, England
is the Prime Meridian.
• The South Pole is 90º
south of the equator
• The North Pole is 90º
north of the equator
• The 0º and 180º divide
the world into Eastern
and Western
Hemispheres.
City
Latitude
Minutes
Longitude
Minutes
Auckland,
36
52 S
174
45 E
Athens, Greece
37
58 N
23
43 E
Beijing,
39
55 N
116
25 E
Bombay,
19
0N
72
48 E
Cairo,
30
2N
31
21 E
London,
51
32 N
0
5W
Osaka, Japan
34
32 N
135
30 E
Wellington,
41
17 S
174
47 E
Glossary
• Time zone : A geographic region
within which the same standard time is
used.
Time Zones Around the World
Label the countries a - k
k
h
j
A
i
e
B
d
c
g
f
What is a rainforest?
• A Rainforest can be described as a tall, dense
jungle.
• The reason it is called a "rain" forest is because
of the high amount of rainfall it gets per year.
• The climate of a rain forest is very hot and humid
so the animals and plants that exist there must
learn to adapt to this climate.
Why are they important?
• These incredible places cover only 6 %
of the Earth's surface but yet they
contain MORE THAN 1/2 of the world's
plant and animal species!
• As many as 30 million species of plants
and animals live in tropical rainforests.
• At least two-thirds of the world's plant
species, including many exotic and
beautiful flowers grow in the rainforests.
Why are they important?
• Rainforests are the source of many items that
we all use in our own homes!
• We eat several foods from the rainforest and
many medicines are made from ingredients
found only in these areas.
• chocolate
•
•
•
•
•
sugar
cinnamon
rubber
medicine
pineapples
Where are rainforest located?
Rainforest layers
Emergent layer, trees can be 200 feet high. Most
trees are broad-leaved, hardwood evergreens.
Sunlight is plentiful up here. Animals found are
eagles, monkeys, bats and butterflies.
Canopy layer forms a roof over the two
remaining layers. Most trees have smooth,
oval leaves that come to a point. It forms a very
dense layer. Food is abundant for animals
including snakes, toucans and tree frogs
Little sunshine reaches here so the plants have
to grow larger leaves to reach the sunlight. The
plants in this area seldom grow to 12 feet. Many
animals live here including jaguars, red-eyed
tree frogs and leopards and many insects.
It's very dark here and so no plants grow
here, Things begin to decay very quickly. A leaf
that might take one year to decompose in a
regular climate will disappear in 6 weeks. Giant
anteaters live in this layer.
A delicate ecosystem
1. Rainfall is absorbed by the trees
and pulled up to the canopy where it
evaporates into the air.
2. Trees and plants receive most of
their nutrients from decaying matter
(fallen leaves and organic debris).
3. Plants and trees hold down the
topsoil and keep it from washing
away in heavy rains.
4. When the land is cleared and crops
are planted, the soil doesn't stay
fertile for long without the nutrients
from the decaying matter.
5. Once the foliage is removed, heavy
rains wash away the topsoil.
Last Songbirds
Songbirds, which help
farmers in the U.S. by
eating insects, can no
longer winter in
tropical forests.
Extinction
Thousands of species
of rainforest animals
and plants are lost
forever
Forest People
Forest people lose their
homes, their culture,
and sometimes their
lives. Their knowledge
of the forest is lost
Changed Climate
Burning huge areas of
rainforest releases carbon,
causing changes in wind
currents and rainfall around
the world
Undiscovered
Medicines
Plants that might
provide new medicines
and products become
extinct before they can
be studied.
Reasons for cutting down the
rainforest
• wood extraction : The exportation of wood to the
developed countries brings considerably large amount of
revenues for countries such as Brazil. Intensive cutting can
lead to zero chance of recovery.
• cattle ranching : Farmers clear much of the tropical
rainforest to make way for pastures for their cattle to
ranch on. Since nutrients found in the soil are not
renewed, they easily run out. This would then cause
farmers to cut down more forest for more pastures.
• Mining : miners clear the land of vegetation to dig for
minerals and coal.
• Heating and cooking : wood or charcoal used as a fuel
Specifically, ecotourism possesses the following
characteristics:
1. Conscientious, low-impact visitor
behavior
2. Sensitivity towards, and appreciation
of, local cultures and biodiversity
3. Support for local conservation efforts
4. Sustainable benefits to local
communities
5. Local participation in decision-making
6. Educational components for both the
traveler and local communities
Primary Concerns of Ecotourism:
• environmental concerns include the impact that large
numbers of tourists have on the flora and fauna of an
area.
• Economic concerns relate to impacts of tourism on the
local economy. One important economic challenge is to
develop tourism which will pay for nature conservation
and increase the value of undisturbed natural areas.
• and social concerns are the impact tourism has on
local people.
Sustainable Tourism
• Encourages balanced travel and tourism and
heightened respect for people and their
environment through development of
sustainable infrastructures (energy, water,
waste, and transportation).
Where are New Zealand's
energy resources?
• Oil: New Zealand has basins along its coastlines which are
potential sources of petroleum, although the Taranaki basin
has been the only source utilised to date. Most oil reserves
imported.
• Coal: Deposits exist nationwide, with primary mining
operations occurring at Westport, Greymouth and Waikato.
• Hydroelectricity: Hydro power generates around 44% of the
country's energy. As it relies heavily on sufficient rainfall and
adequate water levels in the hydro storage lakes, power crises
can result from times of low rainfall and high demand.
• Geothermal: Systems are located nationwide, but high
temperature geothermal fields exist in the Taupo region on
the North Island's Central Plateau and Ngawha, in Northland.
New Zealand’s Energy Sources
25
28
Geothermal
Hydro
3
Wind
Coal / Oil
44
Year
Hydro
Geothermal
Wind
Total
% Renewable
1975
16,497
3,281
-
20,126
90%
1980
19,171
3,165
-
22,700
91%
1985
19,511
7,720
-
27,673
76%
1990
22,953
8,047
-
31,467
81%
1995
27,259
7,475
1
35,244
85%
2000
24,387
13,230
119
38,285
73%
2005
23,099
17,312
609
41,670
66%
2009
23,962
16,014
1,456
42,010
73%
US energy Sources
NZ Energy Usage
Household energy use
What about the environmental
impacts of energy use ?
The production and use of New Zealand
energy has always had an environmental
impact. For New Zealand, the consequences
have been reduced air quality from home
wood burners and vehicles, flooded land from
the installation of hydroelectricity stations,
and wasted heat from thermal power stations.
What alternative energy sources are
available?
• For over 100 years, the world has relied on
fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas to meet
their energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels
produces carbon dioxide and other gases
which accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere.
These gases are causing the earths
temperature to rise.
• Wind Power: There are currently six wind farms in New Zealand, as
well as a number of proposals under consideration. Wind turbines
generate enough sustainable electricity to provide power to 75,000
households. The main drawbacks in the use of this renewable
energy resource are the limited amount of power that can be
produced, the cost of building and maintenance, and the noise
heard by those living near wind farms.
• Solar Power:. Solar power is a clean method of energy production
requiring solar panels which simply convert sunlight into energy
suitable for human uses. The solar panels themselves, though, must
be maintained regularly and have only a 40% efficiency rate.
• Nuclear Power: However, nuclear power has become an essential
global energy source, supplying around one fifth of the world's
electricity.
The 1981 Springbok rugby tour
• For 56 days in July, August and
September 1981, New
Zealanders were divided against
each other in the largest civil
disturbance seen in NZ. More
than 150,000 people took part in
over 200 demonstrations in 28
centres, and 1500 were charged
with offences stemming from
these protests.
• This was caused by the 1981
Springbok Tour.
RUGBY HISTORY
• The first official series, a visit by South Africa in 1921,
ended in a tie when the deciding test at Wellington’s
Athletic Park was drawn 0–0.
• In 1928 the All Blacks toured South Africa, and over the
course of three months they played 22 matches,
winning 16. The test series was tied 2–2, and a great
rivalry was born.
• Why should a sporting event be the source of civil
unrest? What these statistics and results fail to reveal is
that until 1992 the racial policies of South Africa meant
that teams were selected on the basis of race.
No Maori’s No tour
•
The policy of apartheid created obvious
problems for New Zealand rugby, given
the prominence of Māori in the sport.
•
Touring South Africa with its entrenched
segregation was also problematic. The
New Zealand Rugby Football Union
(NZRFU) chose not to select Māori for
tours to South Africa until 1970
•
Before the All Blacks toured the republic
in 1960 there were calls of ‘No Maoris –
No Tour’, and 150,000 New Zealanders
signed a petition against sending a racebased team, but the tour went ahead
regardless. Prime Minister Keith
Holyoake’s statement that ‘in this
country we are one people’ was
translated into practice when a
proposed 1967 tour to South Africa was
cancelled.
SPORTING BOYCOTT
• In 1968 the United Nations called for a sporting
boycott as one way of putting pressure on the
South African government. As rugby and cricket
were the two main sports for white South
Africans, the spotlight was bound to fall on New
Zealand.
• When the All Blacks toured in 1970 they sent a
multiracial team, not as a result of international
pressure softening South African resolve, but
because the South African government allowed
Māori to travel as ‘honorary whites’.
Protest March 1970
• For some this was the last straw. Those opposed
to contact with South Africa attacked the NZRFU
for allowing Māori players to be demeaned, and
they argued that by continuing contact, New
Zealand was condoning apartheid.
• Moreover, by allowing Māori players to be
treated in this way, we were allowing South
African racial attitudes to infect our own society.
Others, including many players, stressed that
sport and politics should remain separate. Some,
perhaps naively, argued that rugby contact with a
multiracial country like New Zealand could
promote change for the better in South Africa.
1973 Springbok Tour
• Keeping sport and politics separate was
becoming increasingly difficult. In July 1969
HART (Halt All Racist Tours) was formed.
• In April 1973, faced with what he predicted
would be the ‘greatest eruption of violence
this country has ever known’, Prime Minister
Kirk announced his government’s decision to
cancel the tour.
1976 TOUR AND OLYMPIC
BOYCOTT
• The All Blacks accepted an invitation to tour
South Africa in 1976 – a time when world
attention was firmly fixed on the republic
because of the Soweto riots. Hundreds were
killed as the authorities ruthlessly suppressed
protests. An All Blacks’ tour under such
conditions was not only intolerable to many
New Zealanders but also attracted
international condemnation. Black African
nations boycotted the 1976 Montreal
• Commonwealth Heads of State meeting in
1977 discussed the South African question
and adopted the Gleneagles Agreement,
promising to ‘discourage’ contact and
competition between their sportsmen and
sporting organisations, teams or individuals
from South Africa.
• Despite Gleneagles, Robert Muldoon made it
clear that the government would not allow
political interference in sport in any form. The
NZRFU took this as a green light, and in
September 1980 invited the South Africans to
1981: a divided New Zealand
• The Springbok rugby tour
to New Zealand was seen
by some as endorsement
of South Africa's
separatist government.
When the New Zealand
Rugby Football Union and
the NZ government
ignored calls to cancel the
tour, the NZ antiapartheid movement
planned peaceful protest
marches to attempt to
sway the government's
1981: a divided New Zealand
• The tour supporters were determined that the first
Springbok visit to New Zealand since 1965 would not
be spoiled. The anti-tour movement was equally
determined to show its opposition to it.
• the tour was seen as a clash between the ‘old and the
new New Zealand’, which revealed itself in five main
ways:
• the struggle between baby boomers and war veterans
• city versus country
• men versus women
• black versus white
• ‘Britain of the south’ versus independent Pacific nation
Impact in South Africa
• In Hamilton the protesters occupying the pitch
had chanted, ‘The whole world is watching’. The
same applied to New Zealand as a nation. Some
believed the tour was an opportunity to address
the issue of racism in New Zealand while showing
solidarity with the oppressed black majority in
South Africa.
• The 1981 tour was part of a long process that led
to this significant change in South Africa, and in
this respect, it represented New Zealand's
contribution towards a major international event
in the closing decades of the 20th century.
IMPACT
• It was a factor in a growing consciousness
about race/ethnicity as a matter of culture in
New Zealand..
New Zealand, it's a better place today than it
was 30 years ago in terms of recognizing and
respecting the diversity of the country and
how that all has contributed to the positive
aspects of New Zealand culture, certainly
including rugby.
QUESTIONS
• How did the actions of
people at this time
influence the lives of
individuals?
• How was New Zealand
society as a whole
shaped by this event?
• How did New
Zealanders respond,
individually and
collectively, to this
issue?
P HUNT
• Make a P HUNT : 10 Questions with the
answers starting with the letter P
• 1. Name the Country to the North of Australia