Types of Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Reactants: Zn + I2
Product: Zn I2
Types of Chemical Reactions:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. List the 5 basic types of chemical reactions
2. Use this list to describe a reaction
Simple Reactions
Synthesis
(Combination)
Single
Replacement
Decomposition
Double
Replacement
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
Beware of the Guy Next to You!!!
Types of Reactions
•
•
There are five types of chemical reactions we
will talk about:
1. Synthesis reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Single displacement reactions
4. Double displacement reactions
5. Combustion reactions
You need to be able to identify the type of
reaction and predict the product(s)
Steps to Writing Reactions
•
Some steps for doing reactions
1. Identify the type of reaction
2. Predict the product(s) using the type of
reaction as a model
3. Balance it
Don’t forget about the diatomic elements!
(BrINClHOF) or (7 + 1)
For example, Oxygen is O2 as an element.
In a compound, it can’t be a diatomic element
because it’s not an element anymore, it’s a
compound!
Synthesis Reactions
Synthesis Reactions:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. Recognize a synthesis chemical reaction
2. Balance this reaction type
When
Your
Back is
Up
Against
It….
Simple Reactions
Synthesis
(Combination)
Single
Replacement
Decomposition
Double
Replacement
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
What Do You Call Four Bullfighters
In Quicksand?
Quatro Cinco
Synthesis reactions
•
•
Synthesis reactions occur when two substances
(generally elements) combine and form a
compound. (Sometimes these are called
combination or addition reactions.)
reactant + reactant  1 product
Basically:
A + B  AB
• Example:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
• Example:
C + O2 
CO2
Synthesis Reactions
•
Here is another example of a synthesis reaction
Synthesis Reaction
Predict the products and balance the following
reaction:
Na + Cl2 
NaCl
•
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl
Synthesis Reactions =
•
One main purpose:
•
To make a more complex compound!!
Septic Tank Humor
Synthesis Reactions:
Let’s see if you can:
1. Recognize a synthesis chemical reaction
2. Balance this reaction type
Practice
•
•
•
•
Predict the products. Write and balance the
following synthesis reaction equations.
Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas
Na(s) + Cl2(g)  NaCl
Solid Magnesium reacts with fluorine gas
Mg(s) + F2(g)  MgF2
Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas
Al(s) + F2(g)  AlF3
Practice
State the type, predict the products and
balance the following reactions:
Cesium reacts with bromine gas 
•
Cs + Br2 
CsBr
2 Cs + Br2  2 CsBr
All You Really Need To Know
You Can Learn From Noah's Ark
9.
10.
Speed isn't always an
advantage; the snails were on
board with the cheetahs.
When you're stressed, float
awhile.
I don’t feel so stupid now…
Decomposition Reactions
Decomposition Reactions:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. Identify decomposition chemical reactions
2. Balance this type of reaction
R U Whining????!!!!
Decomposition Reactions
•
•
•
•
•
Decomposition reactions occur when a
compound breaks up into the elements or in a
few to simpler compounds
1 Reactant  Product + Product
In general: AB  A + B
Example: 2 H2O  2H2 + O2
Example: 2 HgO 
2Hg + O2
Are you wondering if this can
get much worse???
Decomposition Reactions
•
•
•
•
•
•
For Decomposition reactions to occur we
need energy as a catalyst in the form of:
Heat
Light
Electricity
Mechanical shock
Or a chemical catalyst
Decomposition Reactions
•
Another view of a decomposition reaction:
Decomposition Exceptions
•
Carbonates and chlorates are special case
decomposition reactions that do not go to the
elements. You should be able to recognize
these as decomposition only.
• Carbonates (CO32-) decompose to carbon
dioxide and a metal oxide
• Example: CaCO3  CO2 + CaO
• Chlorates (ClO3-) decompose to oxygen gas
and a metal chloride
• Example: 2 Al(ClO3)3  2 AlCl3 + 9 O2
Decomposition Exceptions
•
Ternary acids will tend to decompose to water
and the nonmetal oxide.
• Example: H2SO3  H2O + SO2
• There are other special cases, but we will not
explore those in this class
Practice of Decomposition
Predict the products and balance the following
reactions:
H2O

H2 + O2
•
2 H2O

2 H2 + O2
Practice
•
•
•
Predict the products. Then, write and balance
the following decomposition reaction equations:
Solid Lead (IV) oxide decomposes
PbO2(s)  Pb + O2
Aluminum nitride decomposes
AlN(s)  Al + N2
What Do Eskimos Get From Sitting On
The Ice too Long?
Polaroids
Decomposition:
Let’s see if you can:
1. Identify decomposition chemical reactions
2. Balance this type of reaction
Practice
Identify the type of reaction for each of the
following decomposition reactions, and write the
balanced equation:
BaCO3(s) 
BaO + CO2
NI3(s)  N2 + I2
2, 1, 3
Practice of Decomposition
•
•
Predict the products and balance the following
reactions:
Iron (II) oxide decomposes 
FeO

Fe + O2
2 FeO

2 Fe + O2
Practice
Identify the type of reaction for each of the
following synthesis or decomposition reactions,
and write the balanced equation:
N2(g) + O2(g)  2Nitrogen
NO
monoxide
BaCO3(s) 
BaO + CO2
Co(s) + S(s) 
Co2S3
(Co = +3) 2, 3, 1
NI3(s)  N2 + I2
2, 1, 3
Septic Tank Humor
POOP DOC
Single Displacement
Septic Tank Humor
Single Displacement:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. Identify a basic single
displacement reaction
2. Use the reactivity series table to
determine if the reaction will
take place
3. Balance a single displacement
reaction
Why Did Pilgrims' Pants Always Fall
Down?
Because They Wore Their Belt
Buckles On Their Hats.
Single Replacement Reactions
•
•
•
Single Replacement Reactions occur when one
element replaces another in a compound.
A metal can replace a metal (+) OR
a halogen can replace a halogen (-).
element + compound element + compound
A + BC  AC + B (if A is a metal) OR
A + BC  BA + C (if A is a halogen )
(remember the cation always goes first!)
Single Replacement Reactions
•
For these reactions, you must remember:
When H2O splits into ions, it splits
into H+ and OH- (not H+ and O-2 !!)
A single replacement reaction will only occur if the
replacement ion has a higher activity than the
original ion in the compound
To determine this, refer to a relative activity table
Relative Activities
Metals
Decreasing Activity
Lithium, Li
Potassium, K
Calcium, Ca
Sodium, Na
Magnesium, Mg
Aluminum, Al
Zinc, Zn
Hydrogen, H
Chromium, Cr
Copper, Cu
Iron, Fe
Mercury, Hg
Nickel, Ni
Silver, Ag
Tin, Sn
Platinum, Pt
Lead, Pb
Gold, Au
Halogens
Fluorine, F
Chlorine, Cl
Bromine, Br
Iodine, I
Single Replacement Reactions
•
(note: Li is higher relative activity than H):
A Displacement Reaction:
metallic copper with silver nitrate
Cu + Ag NO3
Note: Cu is
higher relative
activity
Ag + Cu(NO3)2
Dad??
My nose is
stuck again!!!
Single Replacement Reactions
Write and balance the following
single replacement reaction
equation:
• Zinc metal reacts with aqueous
hydrochloric acid
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) 
ZnCl2 + H2(g)
Note: Zinc replaces the hydrogen ion
in the reaction because of higher
relative activity
•
Single Replacement
•
Aluminum metal reacts with aqueous
copper (II) nitrate
Al(s)+ Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Al(NO3)3(aq) + Cu
2 Al(s)+ 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq)
2 Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Cu
Interesting Signs:
Single Displacement:
Let’s see if you can:
1. Identify a basic single
displacement reaction
2. Use the reactivity series table to
determine if the reaction will
take place
3. Balance a single displacement
reaction
Try This…
•
•
•
Predict the products and balance
the following reactions:
Zinc reacts with aqueous copper
(II) sulfate
Zinc is higher relative activity so…
Zn + CuSO4 
Cu + ZnSO4
Familiar Saying
It is fruitless to become lachrymost
because of scattered lacteal fluid.
Don’t cry over spilled milk??
Try This…
•
•
•
•
•
Predict the products and balance the following
reactions:
Copper (II) reacts with aqueous calcium
sulfate
Cu + CaSO4 
Copper is lower relative activity so…
Cu + CaSO4  NR
Try These Last Two:
•
Sodium chloride solid reacts with fluorine gas
2 NaCl(s) + F2(g)  2 NaF(s) + Cl2(g)
Note that fluorine replaces chlorine in the
compound
•
Aluminum metal reacts with aqueous copper (II)
nitrate
Al(s)+ Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Al(NO3)3(aq) + Cu
2, 3, 2, 3
Demo Time!!
I don’t feel so stupid now…
Double Displacement
Simple Reactions
Synthesis
(Combination)
Single
Replacement
Decomposition
Double
Replacement
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
A
+
Synthesis
Decomposition
B
AB
AB
A + B
Single
+C
A
B
Replacement
A +CB
Double A B + C D
Replacement
AD + C B
Double Displacement:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. List the types of chemical reactions that
we’ve covered so far
2. Identify a double displacement reaction
3. Determine the products of a double
displacement reaction by the foil method
4. Balance a double displacement reaction
Murphy's Laws
of
Science and Technology
Any instrument when dropped will roll into the
least accessible corner.
Double Replacement Reactions
•
•
•
Double Replacement Reactions occur when a
metal replaces a metal in a compound and a
nonmetal replaces a nonmetal in a compound
Compound + compound  compound+
compound
AB + CD  AD + CB
Double Replacement Reactions
•
•
•
Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and last
ions go together + inside ions go together
Example:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s) 
AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Another example:
K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 
2 KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
3 Driving Forces for Double Replacement
Reactions
•
•
•
•
Water Forms
Gas Forms
Solid Forms
If one of the above is not a
product, there will be no
reaction.
Double Displacement Reactions
K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 
Soluble
Soluble
BaCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
Insoluble
Driving Force?
Solid Forms (Precipitate)
Soluble
Neutralization Reaction
Acid
HCl
Soluble
+
+
Base  Salt
NaOH 
NaCl
+
Water
+
H2O
Soluble
Soluble
Molecular
Driving Force?
Water Forms
Practice
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Predict the products. Balance the equation
FeCl3 (aq) + NaOH(aq) 
NaCl + Fe(OH) 3
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
Na2SO4 + H2O
KOH(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) 
Cu(OH) 2 + K2SO4
Ba(NO3) 2(aq) + K2CrO4 (aq)  BaCrO4 + KNO3
Demo Time!!
Familiar Saying
One pyrus malus per diem restrains the arrival of
the Hippocratic apostle.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away!!
Double Displacement:
Let’s see if you can:
1. List the types of chemical reactions that
we’ve covered so far
2. Identify a double displacement reaction
3. Determine the products of a double
displacement reaction by the foil method
4. Balance a double displacement reaction
Practice Quiz


Write the double displacement reaction and give
the driving force:
Silver nitrate reacts with calcium chloride
AgNO3 + CaCl2 
AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
2AgNO3 + CaCl2  2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Every compound above is soluble except for silver
chloride.
What is the driving force?
Solid Forms
Practice
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Predict the products. Don’t
HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 
CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4 (aq) 
Pb(NO3) 2(aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 
Demo Time!!
balance the equation.
AgCl + HNO3
NaCl + Ca3 (PO4) 2
Ba(NO3) 2 + PbCl2
I don’t feel so stupid now…
The Final Reaction Type
Combustion
Combustion:
At the conclusion of our time together,
you should be able to:
1. Identify a basic combustion
reaction
2. Predict the products of
combustion reactions
3. Balance this reaction type
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Combustion Reactions
•
•
•
Combustion reactions occur
when a hydrocarbon reacts
with oxygen gas.
This is also called burning!!!
In order to burn something
you need the 3 things in
the “fire triangle”:
1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen to burn it with
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
Combustion Reactions
•
•
•
In general:
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
Products in combustion are
ALWAYS carbon dioxide and
water. (although incomplete
burning does cause some byproducts like carbon monoxide)
Combustion is used to heat
homes and run automobiles
(octane, as in gasoline, is C8H18)
Combustion Reactions
•
•
•
In general:
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
They are always exothermic
(they give off heat)
What Do You Get When You Cross a
Snowman With a Vampire?

Frostbite.
Combustion Reactions
Edgar Allen Poe’s
drooping eyes and
mouth are potential
signs of CO poisoning.
Combustion of Methane
CH4 + 2 O2 
1 CO2 + 2 H2O
Combustion of Pentane:
Predict the products and balance the
reaction:
C5H12 + 8 O2 
5 CO2 + 6 H2O
Combustion of Propanol
Predict the products and balance the
reaction:
2 C3H7OH + 9 O2 
6 CO2 + 8 H2O
This Does Seem a Little Weird!!???
Combustion:
Let’s see if you can:
1. Identify a basic combustion reaction
2. Predict the products of combustion
reactions
3. Balance this reaction type
Practice
Predict the products and balance the reaction of
hexene burning in air:
C6H12 + O2 
C6H12 + 9 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Combustion
•
•
Example
•
C5H12 + 8 O2  5 CO2 + 6 H2O
Write the products and balance the following
combustion reaction:
• 2 C10H22 + 31 O2 
20 CO2 + 22 H2O
•
I don’t feel so stupid now…
15 Helpful Hints On The Lab Report from
Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!
Hint #8. Do not believe in
miracles –
rely on them.
Mixed Practice
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
State the type, predict the products, and
balance the following reactions:
BaCl2 + H2SO4 
C6H12 + O2 
Zn + CuSO4 
Cs + Br2 
FeCO3 
Double Displacement
Combustion
Single Displacement
Synthesis
Decomposition
I don’t feel so
stupid now…