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Estimating CO2
Emissions Reduction
by example
June 19, 2003
CCIC Conference Room
Manila Observatory
May Antoniette Ajero
Climate Change Information Center
On Emissions from Power Plants:
GHG
X
A
CO2
Emissions =
Power
Generation
(tons CO2)
(MWh)
X
Carbon emission
factor, per fuel type
- IPCC
Emission
Factor (Tons
CO2/MWh)
Emission Factor= vol fuel consumed
Mwh output
(Tons CO2/kWh)
Plant based
- actual data
EF
X
X
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=
1 ton C
1 kgC
kgC
TJ
X
X
TJ
vol unit of fuel
44g/moleCO2
12g/moleC
conversion
factors
Net calorific value,
country specific,
per fuel type - IPCC
On Emissions from Power Plants :
CO2
Power
Emissions =
Generation X
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(tons CO2)
(MWh)
Emission
Factor (Tons
CO2/MWh)
Plant
Installed
Power
=
Capacity X Capacity
Generation
(%)
(MW)
(MWh)
X
8760
hours in
a year
On Emissions from a Power Grid :
Total CO2
Emissions (tons CO2)
Total electricity generation
output of grid (MWh)
=
t Op * Pt*CEFt
Percentage
contribution to
grid (%)
Emission factor for
specific technology and
or fuel type(tons
CO2/MWh)
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On Emissions from a Power Grid :
Total CO2
Emissions
=
t Op * Pt*CEFt
=
Op
=
Op* CEFwt.ave
t
Pt*CEFt
Module Energy
CO2 Em is s ions from Total Electricity
Subm odule Cons um ption per city/m unicipality
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1-A Supplem entary - Works heet to
com pute for CO2 Em is s ion Factor
Works heet (kgCO2/kWH)
Sheet 1 of 1
Year 2000
Step 1 - Calculate for Weighted CO2 Emission Factor
k g CO2/
k Wh
Ge ne ration
Mix , %
EF
(k gCO2/k Wh)
Oil-bas ed
0.798
Dies el
0.764
Hydro
0
Geotherm al
0
Coal
0.94
Natural Gas
0.581
Total Percentage
11.58
9.18
10.29
21.68
47.22
0.05
100
Weighted EF
0.09
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.44
0.00
Fue l Type
0.61
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Module Energy
CO2 Emissions from Electricity
Submodule Consumption
Worksheet 1-1
Sheet 1 of 1
Year 2000
Step 2 - Calculate for CO2 emissions
A
B
C
Em ission
Electricity
City/Municipality Factor (kg Consum ption
CO2/kWh)
(MWh)
City A
From 1-1 A
0.61
Total CO2
Emissions
=
D
CO2
Em issions
(Gg CO2)
-3
D = B x C*10
164,346
99.70
Op* CEFwt.ave
1 GWh = 1000 MWh = 1,000,000 kWh
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1 kiloton = 1000 tons = 1,000,000 kg
1 ton = 1000 kg = 1,000,000 g
1000 tons = 1 kiloton = 1 Gigagram
Kilo = 103
Mega = 106
Giga = 109
Conversion Factors
Example 1: Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
Description of the project activity:
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• Host country: Brazil
• generate electricity using hydroelectric resources to
sell to the power grid.
• Hydroelectric power with 4.2 MW installed capacity =
25,755 MWh/year
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project renewable electricity for a grid)
• baseline methodology - baseline is average of
“operating margin” and “build margin”
• crediting period is 7 years - renewable twice
Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
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Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
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Sources
Direct
On-Site
- CO2 emissions during
project construction excluded
- emissions during operation
(production of electricity from
hydro power) – negligible = 0
Off-Site
- One-step upstream: emissions
due to transport of construction
materials and equipment to project
site- excluded

Indirect
(leakage)

None are expected

Emissions from manufacture of
parts, supplies and machinery
required for building the project
– excluded.
emissions at the national grid
that would be displaced by
providing renewable power –
baseline emissions
Aquarius Hydroelectric Project
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Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity
production of project
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
Step 3. Determine baseline emissions
i) determine baseline methodology
ii) compute for emission factors
iii) compute for baseline emissions
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity
production of project
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Annual Plant
Electricity
Output
(MWh/yr)
Installed
= Plant
Capacity (MW)
=
4.2 MW
Annual Plant
Electricity
Output
Plant
X Capacity X
Factor (%)
X
=
70%
Hours
year
X 8760Hours
year
25,755
MWh/year
• how much electricity the hydropower project will deliver
annually
• how much amount of electricity will be displaced from
the grid by the hydropower
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
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Annual CO2
Emissions =
(tons CO2)
X
(MWh/year)
=
Annual CO2
Emissions
(tons CO2)
Power
Generation
25,755
MWh/year
=
Emission
Factor (Tons
CO2/MWh)
X
Zero project
emissions
Zero
(0)
Step 3. Determine baseline emissions
i) determine baseline methodology
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“approximate operating margin” - grid mix of all
generating sources serving the system, excluding hydro,
geothermal, wind, low-cost biomass, nuclear and solar
generation
“build margin” - grid mix of recent capacity additions
(newly installed plants) defined as lower of most recent
20% of plants built or the 5 most recently built plants
EFbase = (EFoperating + EFbuild)/2
*Baseline
and Monitoring Methods Workshop on July 17
Hydro
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Geothermal
Diesel
GRID
Solar
Coal
Wind
Nat
Gas
Priority Source Dispatched to
Grid
Sources most likely to be displaced by
Project
Back
ii) compute for emission factors
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Generation with
diesel
Diesel
consumption
Specific
consumption
Calorific value
(Diesel)
Diesel EF
Emission factor
EF
*
=
199.3
GWh
Actual (SIESEE)
72,236
Million
liters/year
Liter/kWh*
Actual (SIESEE)
10,700
Kcal/liter
Reference value
20.0
Tons C/TJ
Reference value
1.190
KgCO2/kWH
Calculated
363
Specific
consumption X
Calorific
value
X Conversion
factors
page 30 of Aquarius PDD (Liter/MWh) - errata
calculated
X Carbon EF
ii) compute for emission factors
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operating margin mix composed of diesel-fueled (199.3 GWh)
and natural gas-fueled (420.5GWh) power plants
• diesel EF = 1.190 kg CO2/kWh (32.16%)
• nat gas EF = 0.690 kgCO2/kWh (67.84%)
• weighted EF = 0.851 kgCO2/kWh
build margin
mix composed of natural gas-fueled (718.32
GWh) and hydroelectric (883.008GWh) power
plants
• nat gas EF = 0.690 kgCO2/kWh (44.85%)
• hydro EF = 0 kgCO2/kWh (55.15%)
• weighted EF = 0.310 kgCO2/kWh
* Aquarius
PDD typographical error - 883,008GWh
ii) compute for emission factors
EFbase = (EFoperating + EFbuild)/2
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= (0.851 + 0.310)/2
EFbase = 0.580 kgCO2/kWh
iii) compute for baseline emissions (annual)
Annual CO2 25,755
Emissions = MWh
(tons CO2)
X
0.580
X kgCO2/kWh
1000kWh
1MWh
X
1tonCO2
1000kgCO2
Annual CO2
Emissions = 14,942 tons CO2
(tons CO2)
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
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Eredn = Ebase - Eproject
=14, 942 tons CO2 - 0
= 14,942 tons CO2
Emissions reductions
1 year
14,942 tons CO 2
7 years
104,594 tons CO 2
21 years
313,782 tons CO 2
30 years
448,260 tons CO 2
Example 2: Burgos Wind Farm Project
Description of the project activity:
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• Host country: Philippines (Burgos, Ilocos Norte)
• generate electricity using wind energy to sell to
the Luzon power grid.
• First commercial wind power with approximately
120 MW total capacity*
• divided into different phases - Phase 1 = 42MW
installed capacity = 107GWh/year
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project renewable electricity for a grid)
* as per Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) feasibility study
Example 2: Burgos Wind Farm Project
Assumption:
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• crediting period: 10 years
• start of crediting period: 2004
• baseline methodology: fossil fuel mix of 2000 will
be the same mix as crediting period
• constant annual emissions reduction for the entire
crediting period
• no leakages considered, no other direct or indirect
emissions covered
Step 1. Determine expected annual electricity
production of project
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Annual Plant
Electricity
Output
(MWh/yr)
Installed
= Plant
Capacity (MW)
Plant
X Capacity X
Factor (%)
Hours
year
= (42 MW) x (29%) x (8760hours/year)
= 107 GWh/year
Step 2. Determine expected project emissions
Annual CO2
Emissions
(tons CO2)
Annual CO2
Emissions
(tons CO2)
Power
Generation
(MWh/year)
X
=
107,000
GWh/year
X
=
Zero Project Emissions
=
Emission Factor
(Tons CO2/MWh)
Zero
(0)
Step 3. Determine baseline emissions
i) determine baseline methodology
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a) operating margin and build margin
average
b) recent capacity additions
c) power generation mix of 2000
d) projected energy mix
ii) compute for emission factors
- collect data on fuel consumption and power
generation per fuel type to get specific
consumption (volume consumed/kWh generated)
Assumption:
• table of emission factors on next page:
ii) compute for emission factors
Fuel Type
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kg CO2/ kWh
Oil-based
Diesel
Hydro
Geothermal
Coal
Natural Gas
0.798
0.764
0
0
0.94
0.581
Greenhouse Gases from Local Communities: An Inventory Manual - Page 14
Fuel Type
Oil-based
Diesel
Hydro
Geothermal
Coal
Natural Gas
Total
Source: DOE
Power Generation, % Contribution to
GWh
Luzon Grid
4,017
3,182
3,569
7,520
16,374
17.357
34,679
11.58
9.18
10.29
21.68
47.22
0.05
100.00
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Module Energy
1-A Supplementary - Worksheet to compute
Worksheet for CO2 Emission Factor (kgCO2/kWH)
Sheet 1 of 1
Year 2000
Step 1 - Calculate for Weighted CO2 Emission Factor
kg CO2/
kWh
Generation
Mix , %
EF
(kgCO2/kWh)
Oil-based
0.798
Diesel
0.764
Hydro
0
Geothermal
0
Coal
0.94
Natural Gas
0.581
Total Percentage
11.58
9.18
10.29
21.68
47.22
0.05
100
Weighted EF
0.09
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.44
0.00
Fuel Type
0.6066
Final Weighted Emission Factor = 0.6066 kgCO2/kWh
iii) compute for baseline emissions (annual)
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Annual CO2 107,000
0.6066
Emissions = MWh X kgCO2/kWh
(tons CO2)
X
=
1000kWh
1MWh
X
1tonCO2
1000kgCO2
64,906 tonsCO2
Step 4. Determine annual emissions reduction
Eredn = Ebase - Eproject
=64,906 tons CO2 - 0
Eredn =64,906 tons CO2
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2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Emissions reductions
64,906
tons CO 2
129,812
tons CO 2
194,718
tons CO 2
259,624
tons CO 2
324,530
tons CO 2
389,436
tons CO 2
454,342
tons CO 2
519,248
tons CO 2
584,154
tons CO 2
649,060
tons CO 2
If at $3 per
ton CO2
$1, 947, 180
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
Description of the project activity:
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• Host country: Jamaica
• generate electricity using wind energy to sell to
the grid.
• First commercial wind power with approximately
20.7 MW capacity = 62.97Million kWh
• categorized as I-D (Renewable Energy Project renewable electricity for a grid)
• baseline methodology - “Recent Additions to the
Grid (10 years)”
• crediting period - 10 years
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
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Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
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Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
Steps in computing for the emissions reduction:
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1. Compute for the project activity emission.
2. Compute for the weighted carbon emission
factor for baseline scenario.
3. Compute for the baseline emission.
4. Compute for the annual emissions
reduction and the cumulative emission
reduction for the crediting period.
5. Estimate total sales of CERs based on
US$3 per ton of CO2 for the entire crediting
period.
Exercise: Wigton Wind Farm Project
1. Compute for the project activity emission.
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Annual Plant
Electricity
Output
(MWh/yr)
Annual CO2
Emissions
(tons CO2)
Installed
= Plant
Capacity (MW)
Plant
X Capacity X
Factor (%)
Hours
year
= 20.7 MW X 34.7% X 8760
= 62.97GWh = 62,970MWh
=
=
Annual CO2
Emissions
(tons CO2)
Power
Generation
(MWh/year)
62,970MWh
=
Emission Factor
(Tons CO2/MWh)
X
X
Zero
(0)
Zero Project Emissions
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2. Compute for the weighted carbon emission factor for baselin
D 3. Compute for the baseline emission.
4 4. Compute for the annual emissions reduction and the c
C 5. Estimate total sales of CERs based on US$3 per ton
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