Philippine Climate Change
Reality: Its Effects on
People’s Vulnerability and
Challenges to Reducing
Poverty
Introduction to
some Climate Change
Realities in the
Philippines
PART 1:
The Philippine Climate is
predominantly influenced by
monsoons
2 PRONOUNCED
SEASONS:
▪
▪
DRY : November-April
WET: May-October
The Philippine climate is gradually changing
Temperature extreme: Really, really hot during the
dry or summer season and extremely cold during
the cold months of November to February
JANUARY 2003
▪ The coldest month in the last 3 decades
▪ The mercury dropped to 6 degree Celsius
in the Northern part of the country
▪ 6 people died of respiratory diseases in
Baguio
▪ Frost destroyed 10 hectares of potato &
carrot plantations in Benguet
BUT…
The Philippine climate is gradually changing
JANUARY 2003
Southern part of Luzon
▪ Drought caused by El Niño damaged
4,389 hectares of rice & corn plantation
▪ 17 towns & cities were affected, with
damage estimated to be worth PhP32M
BUT…
The Philippine climate is gradually changing
PAGASA reported that in a 3-week period
in the first 2 months of 2003:
▪ Baguio heated up from 8 degrees to 14
degrees Celsius
▪ Temperature in Manila rose from 16
degrees to 20.4 degrees Celsius
Temperature rise is a
serious climate
change concern
especially at the
onset of El Niño in the
last 2 decades.
2002-03
1997-98
1991-93
1986-87
La Niña compounds
this climate change
1982-83
situation.
1990-91
El Niño dry spells
42 provinces in a state of calamity due to
damage to crops & farmlands
Damage amounted to PhP5.486B
▪ 302,777 hectares of farmlands destroyed
▪ 943,133 metric tons of rice & corn
damaged
1990-91
Typhoons in Leyte & Samar
▪ 90% of Ormoc, Leyte ruined
▪ 120,000 people affected
▪ 6,000 people killed
1997-98
El Niño heated up practically the whole
country
▪ from the usual 20 cyclones/year, only 14
visited the country
As El Niño effects waned
▪ produce from over 2 million hectares worth
… 5 destructive typhoons
hit ruined
other
about PhP14B
parts
of the
country
▪ more than 2 million
families
experienced
shortage
… Typhoon Loleng left Bicolfood
& Southern
▪ ignited some
126,012with
hectares
of forestlands
Tagalog
300 people
dead
October 2002 to June 2003
Mild El Niño most felt in
▪ Northern Luzon particularly in Cagayan Valley
▪ Southern Luzon affecting mostly the Bicol
Region
2 Months after the El Niño
▪ continuous monsoon rains in the Visayas &
Mindanao
▪ flashfloods & landslides affected 23,459 families
in 4 Mindanao provinces and in Leyte
November 29-December 7 2004:
Typhoons Unding, Violeta, Winnie and
Yoyong
• Also a climate variation:
• It happened in a two-week period
• The rainfall registered a record high of
1131.9 mm for a continuous rain of 11
days. It almost equaled the highest
monthly volume of rainfall recorded from
1950-2000 for the whole month of
November in 1966.
Climate Variations
Period
El Niño & La Niña occurrences
El Niño (Affected
Typhoons & Floods
areas)
(Affected areas)
1982-83
Severe: Central Luzon,
So Tagalog, W
Mindanao, Region 2,
parts of Region 1
Moderate: Regions
1,2,3,5
1981: Typhoon Dinang,
storm surges
1982: Typhoons Weling
& Bening
Mindoro (108 deaths)
1986-87
W Luzon, Bicol Region,
most of Luzon &
Northeastern Mindanao
total of 44 provinces
1986: Typhoon GadingRegions 3,6,8
1987: Typhoons Ising,
Sisang, Bebang, Trining
& Herming-Regions 1,2,4
Period
1991-93
(severe to
moderate)
El Niño (Affected
areas)
Central Luzon, So Tagalog,
No Visayas, Western
Mindanao, Region 2 & parts
of Region 1
total of 42 provinces
1997-98
(severe)
Practically whole country
(except extreme part of No
Luzon & So Palawan
October
2002-June
2003
Most parts of the country
Typhoons & Floods
(Affected areas)
1991: Typhoons Uring &
Trining-No Luzon & Visayas
(badly hit were Leyte &
Ormoc City in Samar)
1992: 4 typhoons that
caused lahar flows &
flooding in C Luzon
1997: Typhoons Bining &
Ibyang-C Luzon & Metro
Manila
Flashfloods as high as 2-4 ft
in Agusan del Norte, Agusan
del Sur, Davao del Norte &
Davao Oriental
Typhoon Milenyo-C Luzon,
Metro Manila, VisayasMonsoon rains caused
landslides & flashflods in So
Leyte
Decadal trend of annual mean sea level
(in meters)
Station
Manila
Legazpi
Davao
Cebu
Jolo
1950-59
change
- 0.07
+ 0.044
- 0.099
- 0.090
- 0.080
1960-69
change
+ 0.083
- 0.071
- 0.024
- 0.085
- 0.078
1970-79
change
+0.183
+ 0.074
+ 0.069
+ 0.027 - 0.020
1980-89
change
+0.142
+ 0.165
+ 0.165
+ 0.009 + 0.069
Sea level rise
Most coastal areas along
Manila Bay would
succumb to a one-meter
sea level
Philippine Climate
Change Reality:
Its Effects on People’s
Vulnerability and its
Challenges in Reducing
Poverty
CLIMATE CHANGE ADDS UP TO
PEOPLE’S VULNERABILITY
•In the Philippines, disasters whether
climate-induced or not add up to the
already impoverished situation of the
majority of Filipino families who are
living below the poverty line
•The harmful effects of climate change
and the disasters it induced bear
heavily on the most vulnerable or
marginalized segments of the Philippine
population especially the poor peasants
Climate change have claimed thousands of
lives & billions worth of property
1986-90
A total of 84 typhoons
▪ wrought damage amounting to PhP36.461B
▪ 1990 registered the highest loss at PhP17.341B
Periodic droughts
▪ damaged some PhP20.478B worth of crops
▪ 1997-98 El Niño affected 68% of the country
▪ Oct 2002-June2003 El Niño damaged PhP392.86M in
agriculture & aquaculture
The December 2004 typhoon-induced
Landslide Disaster incurred the following
losses:
•
•
•
•
•
Death: 1,608 persons
Displaced: 880,000 persons
Totally destroyed houses: 38,538
Partially damaged houses: 133,161
Damage to agriculture: 107,853 hectares of
agricultural crops were destroyed. Losses
were estimated to cost PhP830M
• Damage to public and private property:
estimated to cost PhP 7 B.
Quezon and Aurora Province: A
Year After
• Only 40% of the destroyed houses were
rebuilt
• 80% of agricultural lands were not yet
rehabilitated
• Lands that were previously planted to rice
and corn do not bear growth
MONTHLY FAMILY BUDGET
(Average urban poor family living on $3/day or PhP165 =Php 4,950)
Food (1 ½ kg. rice/day and viand): P2,835.00
Electricity:
600.00
Water:
100.00
Schooling of children (P10/dayx2x26) 520.00
Operational expenses:(P25/dayx26) 650.00
Kerosene/LPG
300-500.00
5,005.00
Average Farmer’s income in
one planting season
• Expenses to farm a 1 hectare rice land: PhP 14,700
• 1. Farm Inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and
herbicides): PhP12,400 (50%-50% share with the
landlord)
• 2. Land preparation (mechanized tractor and
harrow): PhP2,300 (50-50)
•
•
•
•
•
Average Regular Yield: 80 sacks
LESS: 16 sacks (2 sacks for every 10 sacks)
1. Post-harvest expenses (thresher and farm worker)
2. 50% share of the landlord
NUMBER OF SACKS LEFT TO THE FARMER: 32 sacks
• 32 sacks x PhP 350 = PhP 8,200-7,350 =
PhP850
‘Beware of the sea during a
bloody red sunset and enjoy
its abundance when dawn
breaks and the sky is red.’
The El Nino Disaster
Preparedness Program:
Learning with the
Communities in
Understanding Climate
and Climate Change
and Coping with it
▪ implemented by CDRC
together with 3 partner
Regional Centers
▪ implemented in 23 Communities from 6 provinces
nationwide
▪ supported by the Diakonisches Werk-Diakonie Emergency
Aid & the German Government Foreign Ministry
Training & Education: Key to Awareness Raising &
Disaster Preparedness
•Five training courses conducted
1. El Nino Disaster Preparedness Training
•
2. Appropriate Agriculture in Drought Situation
•
▪ .5Community-based
more training courses
developed
•
3
Research
and Monitoring
El Niño Disaster
Preparedness
Training
•. -Advocacy
4
and Campaign
Management
Skills
▪
AppropriateProject
Agriculture
in Drought
Situation
5. -Advocacy
•
Proposal
Making
- Community-based Research & Monitoring
- Advocacy Campaign Management Skills Training
- Advocacy Project Proposal Making
Training & Education: Key to Awareness Raising &
Disaster Preparedness
•Five training courses conducted
Advocacy Campaign & Management
Aims
to increase
theTraining
1. El Nino
•
Disaster
Preparedness
Skills Training
and Advocacy
Project
level of awareness
ofProposal Making
2. Appropriate Agriculture in Drought Situation
•
Participants later initiated
affected communities
actions
on:
3. Community-based
•
Research and Monitoring
on El Niño & its effects
▪ Coming
up withand
project
proposals
4. Advocacy
•
Campaign
Management Skills
to the socio-economic
▪ activities
to discuss
theProposal
effects of Making
El Niño & other climate
5. Advocacy
•
Project
activities,
livelihood,
change related
issues
health
& general
▪ environmental
projects
like tree planting & cleaning of
rivers
wellbeing
Amplifying El Nino Awareness and
Disaster Preparedness through Advocacy
and Public Information Dissemenation
▪ Community meetings / assemblies & focus group
discussions held
▪ 5 more training courses developed
▪ 12 municipal forums held
- El Niño Disaster Preparedness Training
▪ a four-day National Workshop on Lessons Learned
- Appropriate Agriculture in Drought Situation
from El Niño Disaster Preparedness Program held
- Community-based Research & Monitoring
▪ Classroom
discussions
& seminars
onTraining
disasters &
- Advocacy Campaign
Management
Skills
El Niño conducted
- Advocacy Project Proposal Making
Amplifying El Nino Awareness and
Disaster Preparedness through Advocacy
and Public Information Dissemenation
A total volume of 120,000 information,
education and communication materials were
published:
Concepts
of Disaster
and Disaster
Management
▪1.5Basic
more
training
courses
developed
2. Understanding El Nino and Drought
- El Niño Disaster Preparedness Training
3. Fires, Forest Fires and El Nino
- Appropriate Agriculture in Drought Situation
4. Surviving Drought: Agriculture and Livestock Production in
- Community-based
Research & Monitoring
Drought
Situation
- Advocacy Campaign Management Skills Training
5. Health Measures During El Nino
- Advocacy Project Proposal Making
6. Water and Environmental Sanitation
Community Mobilization & Organizing: Key to
Strengthening Resolve & Community Action toward
Disaster Awareness & Preparedness
▪ Resolves were manifested through
- Formulation of community counter-disaster plan
▪ all 23 project communities developed
& formulated a counter-disaster plan
- Formation of family clusters & disaster preparedness
committeesof project proposals
- Development
▪ A total of 148 families formed
▪ 23 Disaster Preparedness Committees
formed
Climate Change and its challenges
to the MDG and poverty reduction
• Poverty cannot be eradicated if climate extremes like
drought/El Nino and tropical cyclones will destroy the very
limited economic sources and means of vulnerable population
• Universal primary education cannot be achieved if climate
change-induced disasters or its other consequences hinder the
economic capacities of families to send their children to
schools or if school structures were destroyed by these
disasters.
• Environmental sustainability will be difficult to achieve if
programs and practices contributing to global warming
continue.
• Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases will be very
difficult and on the other hand, climate-change induced
diseases and illnesses like heat stroke (during extremely hot
weather), diarrhea, asthma, etc. could aggravate the health
situation
• The greater challenge being posed by
climate change and the disasters it
induced is more than the question of How to
prepare communities and people toward
climate change preparedness, adaptation
and mitigation but uplifting the people’s
economic and organizational capacity to
withstand its adverse effects
Philippine Climate
Maraming
Change Realities:
Salamat Po!
Its Effects and How the
People
Cope with It
THANK
YOU!