Under every forest there is a lawn.
Mia Groenewald
12000009738
BCBC 3
CRST 3
27 March 2014
Under Every Forest There Is A Lawn
Media semiotics
News events are wide-ranging effects in different places and on different groups of people.
A mythic meaning where news events are unique but are significant in the terms of only one discursive code, are
produced by coded discursive categories in the placing of news reports.
For example, a ‘foreign news’ story about the hunger crisis in Africa may exclude other issues like the structural
causes of disaster (for example deforestation) because the causes ‘belong’ in environmental news categories, or
business news.
An ideological effect and mythic meanings are given to news stories when the news reports are put into different
news categories.
The TV news discourse represents events in a narrative way. John Hartley (1982: 118-119) shows that TV news has
four different types of narrative functions:
-
Framing
-
Focussing
-
Realising
-
Closing
‘Framing’ is when the mediator establishes the topic, for example a news presenter.
The topic is ‘focussed’ by reporters and correspondents, who are ‘institutional voices’ (Hartley 1982: 110-111).
‘Realising’ is the process of lending authenticity to the story and confirming it as real by the use of actuality footage,
interviews and ‘accessed voices’ (Hartley 1982: 111).
‘Closing’ refers to the movement throughout a news story towards one discursive construction of the story, a
preferred meaning.
Human needs and forest products form an obvious underlying cause of forest loss.
The environmental issue I will be discussing is deforestation. Deforestation goes hand-in-hand with ground erosion,
flooding and wind-erosion, etc. I will be discussing those topics as well. This essay will be written in a smaller font
and contain smaller image sizes, to save paper (that also causes and deforestation). NB. The essay is not written in
the specified order.
deforest |dēˈfôrist, -ˈfär-|
verb [ with obj. ]
clear (an area) of forests or trees.
flood |fləd|
noun
1 an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, esp. over what is normally dry land: in a
thousand miles the flood destroyed every bridge | people uprooted by drought or flood | [ as modifier ] : a flood
barrier.
• ( the Flood )the biblical flood brought by God upon the earth because of the wickedness of the human race (Gen. 6
ff.).
erosion |iˈrōZHən|
noun
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents: the problem of soil erosion.
It is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth’s surface by exogenetic processes such as wind
or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations. There are three types of wind erosion: creep
(25 percent), saltation (50 percent) and suspension (for example a dust storm) (25 percent).
The recent trends of increasing global temperatures and incidences of extreme climate events in Africa are mainly
droughts and floods. This demonstrates the level and depth of the impact the climate change has on African
economies. In 2012, 70 percent of major global droughts occurred in Africa. Floods claimed 363 lives in Nigeria and
65 lives in Niger. Mozambique’s GDP growth has reduced by more than 1 percent per year because of the climaterelated shocks.
Unfavourable changes in temperature and rainfall patterns also increase the risk of insect-borne diseases, create
conflict over water and gazing resources, and threaten the lives and property of citizens across the continent.
Facts on the importance of trees
Forests absorb a large amount of carbon out of the atmosphere and produce oxygen every day. That is like taking
more than 180 million cars off the road. Every year in the U.S., the forests absorb more than 13 percent of their total,
economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions.
But sadly, we lose 28 million acres of tropical rainforest per year, where 50 percent of the world’s plants and animals
are found.
Over half of the planets species live in forests. 50,000 species of plants and animals become extinct every year due
to deforestation, meaning that every 12 minutes, a whole species of plant or animal is entirely wiped out from its
existence on planet Earth.
Tree’s roots hold soil in its place, therefore without the roots; the soil is easily washed away when it rains. The soil
the washes downhill to the largest bodies of water, which is the ocean.
The soil then sinks down onto the ocean bed, where most coral reefs are, therefore killing the animals and wiping out
the food chain.
Water and wind erosion are natural processes but human activities (such as farming, construction and other soil
disturbance activities) have increased the rate by 10-40 times at which erosion occurs globally. Erosion deteriorates
the quality of our soil and water.
Erosion also causes desertification.
Erosion reduces soil productivity due to land degradation, as well as sedimentation of waterways, and ecological
collapse due to loss of the nutrient rich upper soil layers.
Rainforests provide oxygen, medicines, paper and wood products, food, tools, coal, shelter, heating (fire and
protection from cold winds-tree canopy), homes (species), shade, etc.
Trees help us to survive environmentally and help produce rainfall and stabilise the weather.
Just as with coal and other fossil fuels, when trees are burned, the carbon they've accumulated over decades is
released. But whereas coal is very energy dense, trees are full of water.
Trees are used to generate electricity, but the power plant uses a lot of energy to boil off all that water before it can
start producing the electricity. Therefore burning more wood to generate the same of amount of electricity as coal
(therefore producing more carbon emissions).
Deforestation is when natural forests are cleared through logging and burning, either to use the growing woods or to
replace the area for alternative uses.
The effects of deforestation are: reduced biodiversity, release of greenhouse gas emissions, disrupted water cycles,
and increased soil erosion.
Rainforests in Brazil are cleared for grazing land for cattle. Brazil is the leading exporter of beef to the United Stated,
providing companies with beef products.
Rainforests are also cleared to make room for recreational purposes due to overpopulation.
After deforestation, rainfall intensity and landform affected the soil erosion process greatly.
These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil decay and
eco-environmental failure in deforested regions.
We loose about 24 billion tons of agricultural topsoil that wash or blow away each year.
Agri-business, industrial logging, mining for metals, road building and hydroelectric dams, are all examples of human
activity driving the destruction of the world’s natural forests.
Agri-business is the largest driver for deforestation, because large areas are burned or cleared to make space for
live stock or grow cash mono crops like palm oil and soy. Toothpaste, animal feed, cosmetics and chocolate are
products in which palm oil and soy are used.
Industrial logging is used for wood fibre, pulp and timber to create building materials and consumer products such as
tissues, magazines, office paper, books and packaging.
Mining for materials such as gold, aluminium, or copper clears large amounts of natural forests and contaminate
forest eco-systems with their run-off (for example, what happened in Richards Bay mines).
Road building through forests endangers the wildlife habitat and it is also an access point for illegal loggers and other
business operations.
Hydroelectric dams flood upstream forests, leading to large forest loss, as well as habitat loss and displacement of
forest communities and wildlife.
The expansion of large-scale export-oriented agriculture also forms one of the main causes of forest loss. And the
main victims of the expansion of large-scale export-orientated agriculture are the worlds small farmers who lose their
local markets and therefore their farms and livelihoods.
A reflection of an even deeper root cause of forest loss is the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Economic policies
and conventional policies work against forests, as most forest values will never be properly reflected in monetary
economies. The policies have to incorporate and build upon the social, cultural and spiritual values of forests.
With the lack of trees, flooding can take place. It is crucial to plant trees, because when there is a lack of trees, and a
heavy flood is occurring, the trees can reduce the pressure and impact of a flood. The soil also is fresh enough to be
able to absorb some water. When a flood occurs in places like rivers/ dams, it must be monitored and rivers/ dams
must be cleaned out and widened, because the flood and the rain causes soil to be pushed into the river, causing the
river bank size to decrease. For example, the flooding that happened in the UK where the river overflowed, because
environmental and animal activists denied its routine clean out.
There are 3 types of flooding:
-
Overflow
-
Accumulation
-
Urbanisation
Media coverage on recent flooding’s in South Africa:
“Floods cause Kruger Camp closures, Thursday 6 March 2014, Four camps have been closed in the Kruger National
Park on Thursday due to flooding, SA National Park (SANParks) said. The flooding is a result of heavy rain across
the southern parts of the reserve.” (SABC NEWS)
“Water pours out of the Vaal Dam at the dam wall near Denneysville, 11 March 2014, following a weak of heavy
rains. The dam has reached 105 percent capacity, and Vaal Dam management have opened 7 of the 16 gates.
Water is flowing out of the dam at 994.4m3/s.”
“Flood warning for Limpopo, Friday 14 March 2014. Flooding is keeping emergency services busy in different parts
of Limpopo province. Officials say stranded people are being evacuated in Bela Bela. Parts of the town are flooded
after two dams burst earlier on Thursday. Evacuation centres have also been set up in Lephalale in the northwest of
the province. Provincial Co-operative Governance spokesperson, Motupa Selomo says, situation in the Waterberg
district near Modimolle and the Capricorn doistrict around Polokwane is very bad.” (SABC NEWS)
With all the flooding, ground erosion took place and potholes emerged, costing a lot of money. Roads were
destroyed and some cars as well.
The articles I found about the floods were only covered between 6 and 14 March. When I reloaded the browser links
a week later almost all of the links previous flood content were replaced with the Oscar Pistorius Trial articles.
Therefore proving that when a mass of news coverage occurs, there is a disappearance from the agenda because
other events/disasters/issues literally push them off the news agenda. There is an intense competition for space on
the media agenda, called a ‘carrying capacity’ (Hilgartner and Bosk).
The pathetic thing is, that the flooding issue was a more important issue than Oscar’s Trail of a murder that
happened a year ago. (Most people actually did not care as much and forgot about that incident, until it was brought
up again this year.) With the flooding, people lost their homes and valuables and some even lost family and friends
and even pets, some people’s whole life they have been trying to improve and worked for washed away, which is a
very big issue. These people need all the help they can get and the media just gave these people a few weeks of
sympathy and publicity (to help them reach out for help from people and organisations willing to help them) and then
swept it up under the rug and drew the attention to Oscar Pistorius. It’s all about sensationalism.
The first official protected areas in South Africa were the forest reserves of Knysna and Tsitsikamma in the southern
Cape, proclaimed in the terms of the Cape Forest Act of 1888. (Tsitsikamma forest reserve in the images below)
South Africa doesn’t actually have a deforestation problem. There are a lot of reforestation areas, called ‘green
deserts’. The problem that South Africa has is that lots of reforestation areas have alien or invasive plants and trees
(38%). In South Africa, on the 3rd of April 2009, The Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mr Marthinus Van
Schalkwyk published a document that was to be released for 30 days for public comment, “The 2nd draft of the Alien
and Invasive Species Regulations of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No.10 of
2004)”. It stated that plants would be placed in sections named “species exempted (section 66), prohibited alien
species (section 67) and invasive species (section 70).” These invasive/ alien plants take over and kill our indigenous
plants and trees. Cape town is one of the only places left in world that still has fynbos, but even then, there is a
scarcity.
Women of some local communities, in South Africa, have to walk many kilometres more to gather feulwood, because
their communities are surrounded by “reforestation projects”, and these reforestation areas are inaccessible to these
communities. In my opinion I don’t think it’s such a bad thing that the communities have to walk further to gather
wood. Most of these communities aren’t educated and don’t look after the habitat, or plant the trees again after
cutting it down. Only negative is the illegal theft of reforestation wood.
Tree plantations score poorly when it comes to employment: in Hawaii a 10 000 ha pulp plantation would produce
40-60 jobs, while the same amount of diversified agriculture would create over 4 000 jobs (Mattoon, 1998).
Man’s effect on nature versus man’s relationship with nature. Does man have respect?
It is clear that in terms of deforestation, most people have a utilitarian point of view, because they have no love for
the environment. Therefore, with the lack of love and respect for the environment leads to flooding, ground erosion,
extinction, lack of oxygen, food, shelter, warmth, energy (coal), shade, paper and wood products, etc.
People with a romanticised view of the environment are failing to get into the minds of the utilitarian’s. They are
publishing these environmental issues but not actually getting through to the people to help them make a difference.
The utilitarian’s aren’t thinking of the future in terms of nature and the environment, when it comes to deforestation.
Issues like the hunger crises, lack of jobs, etc. are seen as more important. People aren’t educated enough to make
the connection between issues like flooding, ground erosion, wind erosion, etc. and deforestation. They are also not
educated enough to know that tree’s take years to grow back, even decades. Fossil fuel and coal come from tree’s
that have been on earth for millions of years.
Propaganda
Persuasive communication comes into play by winning the hearts and minds by using discourse instead of using
science. The environment has become a propaganda tool.
Images represent what we want them to represent. It is no longer about the facts, but the representative of implied
meaning.
While I was doing research I looked at news articles about floods in South Africa, and I came across one news article
from the website Urban Gateway (article selected from daily press
coverage, Mon, 03/10/2014, source: News24), where the article
was displaying this image:
The article was discussing floods in Gauteng, Mpumalanga,
Limpopo, the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal. The article never
mentions Victoria Bay or George or the Western Cape, where this
photo is taken.
This photo was taken in Victoria
Bay. To prove my accusation, see
below image, where I am in the
foreground and the houses in the
background (I’ve was in the red
house this December holiday):
Is this image a decontextualisation or an abstraction of images? In terms of experiential knowledge (direct
experience) versus symbolic reality (created by others), I would fall under experiential knowledge, and other people
who don’t have the knowledge I have because of experiential knowledge, will have a symbolic reality that the author
has created.
Greenpeace
“Greenpeace investigates, exposes and confronts environmental abuse by corporations around the world, and takes
action with its supporters.”
Greenpeace states, “Our campaigns have shifted the buying behaviour of major companies, creating immediate
impacts in the market and on the ground.”
I did some research, to compare the articles to see if they were talking the truth:
“In 2008 Greenpeace launched a major globally coordinated campaign to halt the massive scale deforestation in
Indonesia which is largely driven by a huge demand for palm oil, a monoculture crop produced on deforested land
across much of Indonesia.”
“Despite the movement of the industry, led by Unilever in response to Greenpeace's campaign, some suppliers
continue to: a) Ignore existing commitments under the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
b) Resist the strengthening of those standards and
c) Continue to advocate against a moratorium.”
Amazon Trees March in Durban for Climate Justice.
Photo | November 29, 2011
Exact extract:
“Greenpeace activists at the COP 17 in Durban, South Africa call on President Dilma Rousseff to “Save the Amazon,
Stop the chainsaws.”
A bill proposing a complete overhaul of the current Forest Code in Brazil was approved by the lower House of
Congress last May. The text has now been sent back for a final vote - to be completed in the coming days - and then
it will go to Dilma for presidential signature before final approval.
The changes in the forest code would open the Amazon up for dangerous deforestation.
If confirmed by Dilma, the new law will also compromise the international agreements Lula signed during the Climate
Conference in Copenhagen, in December of 2009, committing Brazil to ambitious CO2 emissions reduction targets.”
Barbie, it’s over, I don’t date girls that are into deforestation.
Exact extract
“ Greenpeace created a campaign against deforestation from a different angle and instead of scaring the public; they
decide to make their campaign humorous to gain more attention. As the biggest toy company in the world, Mattel
became highly criticized for using the manufacturer ‘Asia Pulp and Paper (APP)’ that is notoriously involved in the
destruction of the Sumatran tiger’s habitat and forests for paper and pulp. The public became angry and decided to
take action against them. Photos were created with Barbie holding a chain saw; interviews with ken were played out
and received more than 1 million views on YouTube and not to forget the public feud between Barbie and Ken that
was created on twitter. Greenpeace activists also climbed up the Mattel headquarters and dropped a gigantic banner
that had a picture of Ken very angry with the comment “Barbie, its over. I don’t date girls that are into deforestation”
which gained a lot of attention worldwide and even made it onto some of the leading news channels shows. While
the news programs were showing the banner, they also provided the reason as to why Greenpeace were doing it,
and this brought a lot of attention to deforestation in Indonesia and the effects of it. Mattel knew that they needed to
do some serious damage control to keep their current brand image. They decided to drop APP from their supply
chain and use more responsible forms to create their Barbie dolls. They have also been trying to influence other
companies to do the same and avoid manufacturers that are involved in deforestation and in their supply chains.”
Greenpeace is protesting against deforestation. As you can see, Greenpeace does a very successful job with their
activations in getting laws established, companies to change and making everybody aware and participate with what
is going on out there.
Apartheid: ‘White’ and ‘Homeland’
The government focussed on conserving the closed canopy forests, as well as encouraging a thriving forest industry
based on planted resources. Communities could stay in the ‘Homelands’ areas and it was their job to look after it.
But the indigenous forest management in the former ‘Homelands’ came under a conservation regime because the
lack of education and effective management led to a failure to succeed in looking after the natural resources and to
fulfil the needs of these communities to sustain their livelihood.
There was a lack of information relating to the country’s state-owned forest and woodland resources, as a result of
the combination of the forest services of the former RSA with those former ‘Homelands’.
Over the past two decades traditional regulatory mechanisms have broken down due to the forced removals and
undermining of traditional leadership systems by the apartheid regime, as well as because of the change to a more
western thinking and the commercialisation of many forest products.
A lot of the small plantations that were particularly in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape were established on natural
forest grounds to provide pole and timber for the surrounding inhabitants. South Africa produces 1.2 percent of the
global industrial input.
There is a battle between local communities and the Forest Reserves because of the recent land restoration, and the
future ownership and managements of these areas that has not been resolved yet.
Because of the size of the country, indigenous forests make up less than 2 percent of the land surface in South
Africa, but these areas contain valuable resources such as:
-
Biodiversity
-
Ecotourism
-
Timber production
-
Non-timber forest products, particularly firewood, poles and medicines.
The closed-canopy forests are a critical component of the environment and provide recreational areas.
The Southern Cape forests of Knysna and Tsitsikamma and the Amatola forests in the Eastern Cape provide
non-timber products for the surrounding communities and the market, on an informal basis.
The products are:
-
Gathered foods
-
Medicinal plants
-
Handcrafts and household items
-
Fuel and construction wood which to date have not been quantified.
Commercialisation of forest and woodland products are on the increase in South Africa, but the impacts of these
activities are yet to be discovered.
South Africa is ranked as the third most biologically diverse in the world, containing between 250,000 and 1,000,000
species, many of which occur nowhere else. And for plants alone, there is about 18,000 vascular plant species. But
South Africa is known for the highest concentration of threatened plants and extinct species for any area in the world.
South Africa is one of the only countries on Earth to have and entire plant kingdom within its borders (the Cape Floral
Kingdom –one of six in the word).
Job offerings: skilled personnel are required for inventory work, but there is a shortage of suitable people and lack of
funding to be able to train people to do this work.
In conclusion, we need to invest time on researching a development for improved conservation techniques and we
need to find a process that works because there seems to be no real solution.
References:

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
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
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