Introduction
Water Resources Planning and Management
Daene C. McKinney
www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/mckinney/teaching/ce385d-wrpm.html
Course Objectives
• Introduction to
– Water resource systems
• Planning, design, and operation
– Application of
• Economic principles (Cost – Benefit and
Microeconomic analysis)
• Operations research (linear and nonlinear optimization,
and simulation modeling)
to various water resource allocation problems
Course Outcomes
• Students should be able to
– Develop and solve various types of water resources
planning and management (WRPM) models
– Understand the advantages and limitations of
modeling methods and algorithms used in WRPM
– Understand and appreciate how models can be used
in WRPM
– Understand and critically evaluate WRPM literature
Course Topics
• Planning and Management:
– Institutional objectives and constraints
– Alternative identification and evaluation
– Modeling advantages and limitations
• Economic Analysis:
– Cost-benefit and microeconomic analysis
• Modeling:
– Application of models, solution methods
• Integrated River Basin Planning
Housekeeping
• Text
– Loucks, Daniel P. and Eelco van Beek, Water Resources Systems Planning and
Management: An Introduction to Methods, Models and Applications, (online)
https://utexas.instructure.com/courses/1157301/files/folder/Text
– Various readings (online)
• Homework
– Mix of Book-type and Computer-type problems
• Exams
– 2 exams, No makeups, No final
• Grading
–
–
–
–
Exams (2)
Homework
Project:
A
AB+
B
B-
30% (15% each)
20%
50%
92-100%
89-91%
86-88%
82-85%
79-81%
Texts
1962
Maas et al.
1982
Loucks, Stedinger & Haith
2005
Loucks & van Beek
Projects
•
•
•
Work in teams on real, complex WRPM issues
of current interest
Teams make oral presentations of results and
deliver final report
Purposes
–
–
Enable you to explore in-depth an aspect of WRPM
Provide experience in:
•
•
•
•
Investigating
Writing
Oral reporting
Teamwork
Water Availability
Water Resources Planning and
Management
Daene C. McKinney
Global Water Resources
Only this portion
is renewable
saline (salt) water: 10 to 100g/L (34g/L)
brackish water: 1 to 10g/L (treatable)
Fresh water: <1g/L (drinkable)
Global Water Cycle
Principal sources
of fresh water for
human activities
(44,800 km3/yr)
Global Water Availability
The Importance of Water
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Human / Environmental Health
Dignity / Gender Equity
Economic Growth / Poverty Reduction
Environment and Ecosystem Services
Food Security / Crops and Fisheries
Energy Generation / Flood Control
Conflict Prevention and Mitigation
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010
Population and Water Use
9000
8000
Withdrawal (km3/yr)
7000
Population (million)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
global freshwater use is ~4000 km3/year
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
~10% of the renewable supply (44,800km3/year)
2010
2020
Water Cycle Diagram
Global Water Security – an engineering perspective
The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2010
Global Water Withdrawal
Global Water Use
Water Use by Sector
World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing
World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan
Water Supply and Sanitation
• 663 million people - 1 in 10 - lack access to safe water.1,2
• 2.4 billion people - 1 in 3 - lack access to a toilet.1,2
• The water crisis is the #1 global risk based on impact to society (as
a measure of devastation), as announced by the World Economic
Forum in January 2015. 3
1. World Health Organization and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). (2015) Progress on
Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2015 Update and MDG Assessment.
2. United States Census Bureau Estimates. (2015). United States and World Population Clock.
3. World Economic Forum. (2015). Global Risks 2015 Report.
http://water.org/water-crisis/water-sanitation-facts/
Access to Safe Water
2009: 800 million people lacked access to an “improved” water sources.
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010
Access to Sanitation
2009: more than 2 billion people lacked access to basic sanitation facilities
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010
Water, Sanitation & Poverty
World Water Assessment Programme. 2009.
The United Nations World Water Development Report 3:
Water in a Changing World. Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan
Domestic Water Use
• Survival = 5 L/day
• Drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation = 50 L
• United States = 250 to 300 L
• Netherlands = 104 L
• Somalia = 9 L
* L/c/d = liters per person per day
Water Stress Index
• Based on human consumption
– linked to population growth
• Domestic requirement:
– About 100 L/c/d = 40 m3/c/yr
• Agricultural, industrial & energy need:
– About 20 x 40 m3/c/yr = 800 m3/c/yr
• Total need:
– 840 m3/c/yr
– About 1000 m3/c/yr
Water Stress Index
• Water availability below 1,000 m3/c/yr
– chronic water related problems impeding development and
harming human health
• Water sufficiency: >1700 m3/c/yr
• Water stress: <1700 m3/c/yr
• Water scarcity: <1000 m3/c/yr
Prof. Malin Falkenmark
Water Scarcity (2008)
In 2008, over 1.54 billion people suffered from water stress
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010
Water Scarcity (2030)
By 2030, 3.3 billion people will live “water stress” conditions
Summary of the World Water Crisis and USG Investments in the Water Sector, USAID, 2010
Water Availability - USA
• USA
– Area
– Population
9.36
304
mln km2
mln, 2008
Water Resources (bln m3/yr)
Water Availability (1000 m3/yr)
Transboundary
Local
Total
per km2
per capita
Minimum
107
2058
2165
231
7
Average
148
2930
3078
329
10
Maximum
178
3864
4042
432
13
From: Shiklomanov http://espejo.unesco.org.uy/]
Water Availability - USA
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/pdf/circular1268.pdf
Water Use - USA
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html
Trends
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html
Trends
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html
Texas River Basins
Texas Aquifers
Texas Water Planning Regions
Texas Regional Water Planning
•
State Water Plan provides for development, management, and
conservation of water resources and preparation for and response to
drought conditions, in order that sufficient water will be available at a
reasonable cost to ensure public health, safety, and welfare; further
economic development; and protect the agricultural and natural resources
of the entire state
•
Steps:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Describe the regional water planning area.
Quantify current and projected population and water demand
Evaluate and quantify current water supplies
Identify surpluses and needs
Evaluate water management strategies and prepare plans to meet the
needs
Recommend regulatory, administrative, and legislative changes; and
Adopt the plan, including the required level of public participation.
http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/State_Water_Plan/2007/2007StateWaterPlan/2007StateWaterPlan.htm
Texas Water Demand
30.0
Water Demand (bln m3)
Unmet Demand (bln m3)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/wrpi/swp/swp.htm
Capital Cost ($ billion)
Texas Senate Bill 1 (1997)
• SB-1 Directed TCEQ to develop Water
Availability Models (WAM)
• Water Availability Models
– Determine how much water is available to meet
existing or permit new water rights
• Assess availability and reliability (volume and time) based on
simulating river management and water allocation using
historic, naturalized flows, prior appropriation water rights,
and institutional policies of water allocation and reservoir
storage
– Provide consistent set of planning tools and data sets
for water planning in all 23 Tx basins
• Regional planning and processing of new water permits
• Simulation model: WRAP, data sets developed in ArcHydro
http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/permitting/water_supply/water_rights/wam.html
Texas Water Use Permits
• Any change in water use requires new assessment
• 22 River Basins - Permits approved if
–
–
–
–
–
Unappropriated water is available,
A beneficial use is established
Water conservation will be practiced
Existing water rights are not impaired, and
Water use is not detrimental to public welfare.
• 23rd Basin - Rio Grande
– Over appropriated for many years
– No new rights for additional water use being granted
– Rights are commonly transferred between users