SECTION 1
SPATIAL MEASUREMENTS
(‫)المقياس المكاني‬
Shapes
( WARM UP )
Three dimensional
& Two dimensional
Revision
Which parts are
Vertical tube
flame
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

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
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Air-vent
horizontal
tube
Base
rubber tube
A Bunsen burner





Flexible?
Rigid?
Round?
Non-combustible
Convex?
Circular?
Cylindrical?
Which part leads to the gas
supply?
Who is the vertical tube
connected to the rubber tube?
What shape is the flame?
What are the tubes made of?
Where is the air-vent?
How is the rubber tube attached
to the horizontal tube?
What properties have the metal
and rubber tubes in common?
Revision
Remember the following expressions



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













at the top of
at the bottom of
on the right
on the left
in the middle of
above/over
below/under
beside
Between
diagonally above
outside
inside
on either side
at the end of
far
beyond
near
next to/ adjacent
‫في قمة‬
‫في أسفل‬
‫على اليمين‬
‫على اليسار‬
‫في منتصف‬
‫فوق‬
‫تحت‬
‫بجانب‬
‫بين‬
‫قطريا ً فوق‬
‫خارج‬
‫داخل‬
‫على الجانبين‬
‫في نهاية‬
ً ‫بعيدا‬
- ‫ما بعد‬
‫قُ ْرب‬
‫ مجاور‬/ ‫بجانب‬
Read this and replace the words in
red colour with other expressions
The block of wood has
various properties: for
example, it is shaped like
a cube: its material is
wood: the material burns
easily: you cannot see
through it: the block is
difficult to bend, etc.
The block of wood has
various properties; for
example, it is cubic; it is
made of wood; the
material is combustible;
opaque; the block is
rigid, etc.
We can measure the properties of this block.
This block has other
properties which are
measured. It has height,
length and width. Each
surface has areas. The area
of the cross-section is the
cross-sectional area. The
area of all the surfaces is
the surface area. The
volume of the block=
length X height X width.
l x h = area (‫(مسا حة‬
l x h x w = volume )‫(حجم‬
Say which properties of these objects we can measure.
 We can measure the
Circumference
Radius
Diameter
from the
to the
Earth
Sun
distance
radius, the diameter, the
circumference and the
area of a circle.
 We can measure the
sides, angles and area of
a rectangle, a square and
a triangle
 We can measure the
length of a line.
 We can measure the
distance from the Sun to
the Earth.
Make sentences from the table
Example:
The height of large objects is measured in meters.
height
m
volume
cm
area
mm
width
um
surface area
The
length
large
of
radius
small
very small
is
objects measured
in
m3
cm3
mm3
cross-sectional area
m2
diameter
cm2
circumference
mm2
distance
between
places
km
Complete the sentences
 This brick has a length of





3 cm.
It has a height of 1 cm.
It has a width of 2 cm.
It has a cross-sectional
area of 2 cm2.
It has a surface area of 22
cm2.
It has a volume of 6 cm3.
1cm
3 cm
2 cm
Complete the sentences
 This brick has a length of 3





cm.
It has a height of 1 cm.
It has a width of 2 cm.
It has a cross-sectional area
of 2 cm2.
It has a surface area of 22
cm2.
It has a volume of 6 cm3.
1cm
3 cm
2 cm
 The measurements of this
forest and the trees.
 This forest has the length
of 10 km.
 It has the width of 5 km.
 It has the area of 50 km2
 The height of trees is 10m
 The measurement of circle.
 This circle has a radius of
5cm
 It has a diameter of 10 cm.
 It has a circumference of
31.4 cm
 It has an area of 78.5 cm2.
Look and read. Exactly (‫ )ابلضبط‬Approximately (ً‫)تقريبا‬
 The thermometer has a length of exactly 14 cm.
 The pencil has a length of approximately 14 cm. (exactly 13.9 cm)
 The knife also has a length of approximately 14cm. (exactly 14.2)
This cylinder has a diameter of exactly 20 cm.
The tree trunk has a diameter of approximately 20 cm.
The rectangular prism has a volume of exactly 6 cm3.
The pieces of soap has a volume of exactly 6 cm3.
Section 2
Other measurements
 Refer to part 2 of the appendix and say whether the
following statements are true or false. Correct the
statements.
a) Duration is measured in degrees Centigrade. (F) in
seconds, minutes, hours.
b) The second is a unit of time. (T)
c) Speed is measured in kilogram per hours. (F) Km
d) The watt is a unit of electrical resistance. (F) electric
power.
e) Density is measured in grams per meter cubed. (F)
kilogram per cubic meter. (kg/m3)
f) The gram is unit of mass. (T)
g) Liquid measurements are made in liters, or cubic
decimeters. (T)
Section 3 Scales an averages
Very large and very small quantities (‫ )الكميات‬are expressed like
this:
106 = ten to the power of six = one million (1,000,000)
10-6= ten to the power of minus six = one millionth.
Complete these.
102 = ten the power of two
= one hundred (100)
103 = ten the power of three
= one thousand (1000)
108 = ten the power of eight
= one billion(100,000,000)
10-2 = ten the power of minus two= one hundredth (
)
10-5 = ten the power of minus five= one hundred thousandth
1
Ex.9 Make Sentences.
 The distance to the farthest stars is ten to the power of twenty six
m, ie 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 km.
 The diameter of the Sun is ten to the power of nine meter,
i.e. 1,000,000 km ( to convert meter into km delete 3zoro)
 The diameter of the Earth is….
 The height of Mt Everest is…
 A mouse has a length of approx. ten to the power of minus one
meter. i.e. ten centimeters.
 A cherry has a diameter of…
i.e. one centimeter.
 A blood cell has a diameter of…
 The diameter of a sugar molecule is…
Ex.11
Look at the histograms.
 The histograms in the top row show average range of
temperature (in degrees Centigrade) for each month in three
cities. The histograms in the bottom row show their average
monthly rainfall (in centimeters).
 In Calcutta in January(J) the temperature ranges from 27 0C to 13
0C; that is, the maximum temperature is 27 0C and the minimum
temperature is 13 0C. These are the two extremes (‫ )النهايات‬of
temperature.
 Complete theses (See part 5 of the appendix for the names
of months):
a) Extremes of temperature in Tokyo in January: maximum 10 0C
; minimum -2 0C
.
b) In Lima in April the temperature ranges from 15 0C to 28 0C .
c) Throughout the year in Calcutta the rainfall ranges from 33 cm
to 1 cm.
d) In Tokyo the maximum rainfall occurs in the month of
September and minimum rainfall occur in the month of
January.
How to calculate the average
The average rainfall in Calcutta during the first six months
of the year.
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January
1 cm
July
32 cm
February
3 cm
August
23 cm
March
4 cm
September
24 cm
April
5 cm
October
12 cm
May
14 cm
November
3 cm
June
28 cm
December
1 cm
Total = 55 cm ÷ 6 = 9.2 cm.
Total =
93 cm ÷ 6 = 15.5
Answer these questions:
a.
Is the figure 9.2 exact or approximate? Exact.
b. What is the total rainfall for the second half of the year in Calcutta?
93 cm
c. What is the average monthly rainfall during this period? 15.5 cm
d. What is the average rainfall during the last three months of the year
in Tokyo? 11.66 cm
Read this and answer the questions
In Lima the range of rainfall is very narrow (‫)محد‬.
Rainfall is fairly constant (‫ )ثابت‬throughout the year. In
Calcutta, however, the range of rainfall is very wide. It
ُ
varies ( ‫تفاوت‬
َ‫ )ي‬a lot.
 In which city is there the widest range of
temperature? Tokyo.
 In which city is the temperature most constant? Lima
 Where does the rainfall vary most? Calcutta.
Section 4
Reading
Read the text and find the answers to these
question:
a) Why did early measurements vary?
(‫)لماذا مبكرا ً مقاييس تَفاوتتْ ؟‬
b) How have measurements become more
ْ‫صبَحت‬
constant? (‫أكثر ثباتاً؟‬
ْ َ ‫)كيف المقاييس أ‬
َ
Standards of measurements (‫)معايري املقاييس‬
 In early times measurements
were made by comparing
( ‫ارنَة‬
َ َ‫)بال ُمق‬things with parts of
the human body. Early units
of measurement included the
distance from the elbow to
the fingers, the width of the
hand and the width of the
fingers.
 Some of these human
measurements are still used.
For example, the inch is
based on the length of half
the thumb. A foot was
originally the length of a
man’s foot. A mile was one
thousand walking steps.
Standards of measurements (‫)معايري املقاييس‬
 These units were only
approximate, because their
standard – the human body- was
not constant. Governments tried
to standardise( ‫جرب للتَوحيد‬
ّ ‫) ُم‬them
by using rods of fixed lengths.
(‫ )قضبان األطوال الثابتة‬But these rods
still varied from country to
country.
 During the French Revolution,
scientists looked for a standard
(‫ )المعيار‬of measurement which
did not change. They chose the
distance from the Equator to the
North Pole, which is one quarter
of the circumference of the
Earth. One ten-millionth of this
was called one meter and
became the basic unit of the
metric system.
Other metric units are based on
it. For example, the centimeter is
one hundredth of a meter. A
gram- the unit of weight- is the
mass of one cubic centimeter of
water.
 A standard meter was marked
on a platinum bar.(‫ )حانة بالتين‬The
accuracy ( ‫)الدقة‬of measuring
instruments was checked by
comparing them with this bar.
Nowadays the meter is
standardized by comparing it
with another constant (‫ –)ثابت‬the
wavelength ( ‫)طول الموجة‬of a
certain kind of light.
Standards of measurements (‫)معايري املقاييس‬
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Complete these notes:
Early units of measurement included the distance from
elbow to fingers, width of hand, width of finger.
Some human body measurements which are still used,
they include the inch, the foot , the mile.
These units of measurements were not constant because
their standard was human body. Rods of fixed length
were used to standardise them, but these also varied.
The distance from the Equator to the North Pole was
chosen as the basic unit of metric system .Its length is
one millionth of one quarter of the Earth’s circumference.
Other metric units are centimeters and millimeters.
The standard meter is marked on a platinum bar.
Nowadays another constant is used: the wave length of a
certain kind of light.