Overview of
IEEE 802.16 / WiMAX
Presented by
Dr. Sim Moh Lim
mlsim2003@gmail.com
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1
Agenda
• Part 1: Overview of WiMax (2h)
–
–
–
–
–
Overview of the WiMax.
History & Evolution
Spectrum
Network architectures
Current status and future trend
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Overview
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3
WIMAX / IEEE 802.16
• WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access as defined by WiMax
Forum


WiMAX networks refer to
broadband wireless networks that
are based on the IEEE 802.16
standard, which ensures
compatibility and interoperability
between broadband wireless
access equipment
The IEEE 802.16 standards define
how wireless traffics move
between subscriber equipment
and core networks
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
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4
WIMAX System: General
Features
•
Subsystems:
–
A WiMAX tower
•
–
A WiMAX client terminal
•
•
•
•
•
similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can
provide coverage to a very large area as big as ~8,000 square km.
The terminal receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal
Computer Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way
WiFi access is today
Range: 50km from base station
Speed: 70 Megabits per second
Frequency bands: 2 to 11 and 10 to 66 (licensed and
unlicensed bands)
IEEE 802.16 standards define both MAC and PHY layers and
allow multiple PHY layer specifications
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IEEE 802.16 Specifications
•
A family of
standards for
broadband
wireless
access
•
802.16a
–
•
•
Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz
Provides QoS( for real time voice and
video service)
802.16c
–
Spectrum from 10 to 66GHz
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802.16d (d = a+b+c)
– Improvement and fixes for 802.16a
802.16b
–
–
•
Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to
11 GHz; supports Mesh network
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
•
802.16e-2005
– Addresses on Mobile
– Enable high-speed signal handoffs
necessary for communication with
users moving at vehicular speeds
6
802.16e Compatibility with 16d

802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16

Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA
 Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource
management
Service Specific Convergence Sub Layer
IP
Ethernet
ATM
Packet
Classifier
Header
Suppression
MAC Common Part & Security Sub Layers
Net Entry
PDU
Generation
ARQ
PHY Burst
Scheduling
PDU
Reassembly
Security/Privacy
Key, AES, EAP
Connection
Management
Handoff
Bandwidth
Management
Power Mgnt
Sleep/Idle
PHY Layer
SC
10-66GHz
802.16d
SCa
2-11GHz
OFDM
2-11GHz 256FFT
OFDMA
2-11GHz 2048FFT
OFDMA 2-11GHz
128, 256, 512,1024, 2048
802.16e
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Source: BeyondSpot Technology
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Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Multiplexing technique that divides the channel into multiple
orthogonal subchannels
• Input data stream is divided into several substreams of a lower data
rate (increased symbol duration) and each substream is modulated
and simultaneously transmitted on a separate subchannel with
carrier orthogonal to each other
• High spectral efficiency, resilient to interference, and low multi-path
distortion
FDM
OFDM

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OFDM is more
spectral efficient as
compared to FDM
(allows more
transmission
channels)
8
WiMAX Forum
• Is an industry group founded in April 2001
– Consists of services providers, manufacturers, and
related companies that have joined together to promote
the family of technologies based upon the IEEE 802.16
standard
– Ensure interoperability of IEEE 802.16* and other
interoperable (ETSI HiperMAN*) systems
– Equivalent in purpose to Wi-Fi Alliance for IEEE 802.11
• Develop Conformance Test Specifications
• Host interoperability events
– Provide WiMAX-Certified stamp of approval
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Players in WiMAX Forum

WiMAX Forum has >500
members (530 as at 26/11/08)

WiMAX members represent over
75% of current 2-11 GHz BWA
equipment sales!
And a lot more…..
Source: WiMAx Forum
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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16
• “WiMAX” is a subset of IEEE 802.16
– No new features can be added
• Mandatory features in 802.16 are mandatory in
WiMAX, if included
• Optional features in 802.16 may be optional,
mandatory or not included
Fixed WiMAX –
256 OFDM
IEEE 802.16
World
WiBro
Mobile WiMAX OFDMA
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Source: WiMAx Forum
11
MODES OF OPERATION
• WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless service:
– Non-LOS
• Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer
connects to the tower.
• Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz).
– LOS
• where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower
from a rooftop or pole.
• The LOS connection is stronger and more stable: higher
throughput.
• Uses higher frequencies: reaching a possible 66 GHz.
• Through stronger LOS antennas, higher range can be
achieved: up to 50km radius.
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Non Line of Sight
Point to MultiMulti-point
Broadband Usage
Scenarios
• Fixed wireless access (FWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination and the network access
point to be connected to the end-user
are fixed.
Line of Sight
BACKHAUL
802.16
802.16
Telco Core
Network or
Private (Fiber)
Network
INTERNET
BACKBONE
• Backhaul for business
• Consumer last mile
• Nomadic wireless access (NWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination may be in different places
but it must be stationary while in use.
• Mobile wireless access (MWA)
– Wireless access application in which
the location of the end-user
termination is mobile.
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Source: WiMAx Forum
13
Types of access supported by
WiMax
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Source: WiMax Forum
14
History & Evolution
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15
Why (earlier) BWA solutions have
not taken off?
Wireless Solutions Before WiMax:

Proprietary, vertical solutions
Equipment Mfrs Focus

No volume silicon market – lack economies of scale
Lack of global spectrum
Service Providers
System
Integration
Network Software
System Design &
Architecture
Volume

Economies of
scale as
WiMax is an
open
standard
solution
Ethernet
Custom MAC
Custom, 802.11 or
DOCSIS PHY
Custom Radio
1980s
1990s
2000
2010
Source: WiMAx Forum
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802.16 Standard History 2008
530
Membership
2006
802.16-2004 Fixed
Broadband Wireless
Standard
2005
(Revised : Covers <11 GHz NLOS
& 10-66 GHz LOS Systems)
802.16c System Profiles
for 10-66 GHz LOS
Systems
(Inactive)
55 members
1999
IEEE 802.16
Working
Group Started
2004
2003
2002
802.16 Fixed
Broadband Wireless
Standard for 10-66
GHz LOS Systems
(Inactive)
343
members
802.16e
Combined Fixed
and Mobile
Amendment
for <11 GHz
Licensed
Systems
65 members
802.16a Fixed
Broadband
Wireless Standard
for 2-11 GHz NonLOS Systems
(Inactive)
(Formally approved
in December 2005)
Time
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Source: Intel & WiMax Forum
17
WiMax
Spectrum
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Global spectrum bands
• WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global deployment:
• Unlicensed 5 GHz:
– Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band
(5.725 – 5.850 GHz) many countries allow higher power output (4 Watts)
that makes it attractive for WiMax applications.
– Unlicensed fixed outdoor services
• Licensed 3.5 GHz:
– Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been allocated for BWA in majority
of countries.
– Explicitly allow Nomadic use in Fixed Wireless spectrum to support indoor
modems and laptops
• Licensed 2.5 GHz:
– The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have been allocated in the US,
Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed
for MDS and ITFS.
– New mobile services model and can address the broadband digital divide.
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19
Licensed vs. License-Exempt
Solutions
Licensed Solution
FDD
License-Exempt
Solution
TDD
Better QoS
Fast Rollout
Better NLOS
reception at lower
frequencies
Higher barriers for
entrance
Lower Costs
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More worldwide
options
20
•WiMax Network
Architectures
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Wimax Network
System Architecture
Home CSN
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
ASN: Access Service Network
NSP: Network Service Provider
NAP: Network Access Provider
HA: Home Agent, FA: Foreign Agent
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting
Visited CSN
HA
AAA
HA
NSP
ASN
BS
BS
ASN GW
(FA)
ASN GW
(FA)
NAP
Mesh
BS
BS
BS
MS
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BS
P2MP or P2P
22
802.16 Network Architectures
 Point-to-Point (P2P)
Architecture
 BS to BS
 P2MP Architecture
 BS serves several
Subscriber Stations
(SS)
 Provides SS with first
mile access to Public
Networks
 Mesh Architecture
P2P
P2M
P
Telco
Core
Netwo
rk
INTER
NET
Source: SHASHI JAKKU
 Optional architecture
for WiMAX
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Key Goals for Network
Architecture
• Should support a common evolution path from fixed to
portable to mobile
• Support of IP infrastructure and a single topology to
handle both packet voice and packet data efficiently
– Should handle IP multicast to the cell-edge for
efficient operations
• Network Architecture should allow
– Lower Latency
– Higher data throughput
• Future Investment Protection
– Support Radio Evolution and/or multiple radio
types
• Build a mobile device model and network architecture
that is much less expensive
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Current & Future
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Current Status
• More Than 350 Operator Trials and Deployments in
65+ countries!
• List of operators
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deployed_WiMAX_networks
26
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Source: Intel, the WiMAX Forum
Current Status - Malaysia
• Existing fixed wireless BB licensed operators in
WiMax bands
– 2.5 GHz (TM, Airzed, AtlasOne, EB Tech, Jaring Comm,
TTDotCom, Maxis)
– 3.5 GHz (Airzed, Maxis, Nasioncom, TM, EB Tech,
AtlasOne)
• 4 new players awarded 2.3GHz WiMax licenses,
March 2007
– Asiaspace: 2300 – 2330 (Peninsular)
– Bizsurf (50% assoc of YRL e-solution): 2330 – 2360
(Peninsular)
– MIB (55% sub of Green Packet): 2360 – 2390 (Peninsular)
• Aug 08: Packet One Networks launched its WiMax service in
Klang Valley. Used Alcatel-Lucent equipment.
• 1.2Mbps (RM99) – 2.4Mbps (RM229)
– Redtone-CNX : 2375-2400 (East M’sia)
• Aug 08: Redtone launched its WiMax network in Kota
Kinabalu. Used Motorola equipment.
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4G (beyond 3G) / IMT Advanced
• 4G, a term used to describe the next complete
evolution in wireless communications,
– is being developed to accommodate the quality of service
(QoS) and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications
for "anytime-anywhere".
• The 4G working group has defined the following as
objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard:
– A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically
moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while
client and station are in relatively fixed positions
– Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks
– Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple
networks
– High quality of service for next generation multimedia support
(real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile
TV, etc)
– An all IP, packet switched network.
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Wireless Broadband
Evolution to 4G
Mobile
Broadband
4G
• OFDM Based,
• MIMO, All-IP
• Core
Cellular
1G
Broadband
Wireless
3G,
2G
HSDPA, HSUPA,
HSPA
802.16d
Wireless LAN
802.16e
802.11a/b/g
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LTE
(2009)
802.16
REV 2
(2009)
LTE
advanced
802.16m
802.11n
(2009)
29
Pre-4G
Standard
Family
Downlink
(Mbps)
Radio Tech
Uplink
(Mbps)
Notes
WiBro
WiBro
OFDMA
50
50
Mobile range (900 m)
802.16e
WiMAX
MIMO-SOFDMA
70
70
Quoted speeds only achievable at very short ranges,
more practically 10 Mbit/s at 10 km.
HIPERMAN
HIPERMAN
OFDM
56.9
56.9
Flash-OFDM
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM
5.3
10.6
15.9
1.8
3.6
5.4
Mobile range 18miles (30km)
extended range 34 miles (55km);
mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)
64
3–12 km
iBurst
iBurst 802.20 HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 64
UMTS
CDMA/FDD
W-CDMA
UMTS/3GSM
HSDPA+HSUPA
CDMA/FDD/MIMO
HSPA+
0.384
14.4
42
0.384
5.76
11.5
HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates
today 1–2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+
downlink up to 42 Mbit/s.
OFDMA/MIMO/SCFDMA
326.4
86.4
LTE-Advanced update to offer over 1 Gbit/s speeds.
LTE
UMTS/4GSM
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Source: Wikipedia
30
HSPA
(High speed packet access)
• HSPA+ boosts peak data rates to 42 Mbps on
the downlink and 22 Mbps on the uplink
– Use MIMO and higher order modulation
• HSDPA (D = downlink)
– 14.4 Mbps in downlink
– 174 commercial networks in 76 countries
– Can be achieved by software upgrade of existing 3G
networks
• HSUPA (U = uplink)
– 5.76 Mbps in uplink
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LTE (Long term evolution)
• Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Release 8 Standards in progress (expected
2009)
– a project within the 3GPP to improve the UMTS
mobile phone standard
• air interface is a completely new systems
– based on OFDMA in the downlink and Single-carrierFDMA (SC-FDMA has low PAPR) in the uplink that
efficiently supports multi-antenna techologies (MIMO).
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Thank
You
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Backup Slides
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Major  & 
Advantages
• Fresh design meant for
outdoor BWA
• Multipath advantages
• Spectral efficiency
• Global harmonization
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Issues
• Regulatory difficulty
• Power constraint
• High layer
integration
• Market and time
competition
• Global spectrum
availability
39