WiMAX
By
Assad Saleem
Wireless Communication Standards
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
2
Personal Area Network
• IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)
• IEEE 802.15.1.1a (Bluetooth)
• IEEE 802.15.3.a (Ultra-Wide Band or
Bluetooth Future)
3
Local Area Network
• IEEE 802.11a
• IEEE 802.11b
• IEEE 802.11g
4
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• WiMAX
– IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
– IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
– 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA,
HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, SAE/LTE)
– 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT,
1xEV-DO, Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)
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Standards Organization
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IEEE
3GPP
3GPP2
IETF
WiMAX Forum
OMA
FMC
ETSI
ETSI TISPAN
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• WiMAX
– IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
– IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
– 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA,
HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, SAE/LTE)
– 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT,
1xEV-DO, Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)
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Evolution of Standards
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What is the Cause of Evolution
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Demand for High Data Rates
• High Data Rates:- (DL 46 Mbps, & UL 14 Mbps in 10
MHz channel)
• Due to MIMO, flexible sub-channelization, advanced
coding & modulation
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Scalability in Channelization
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1.25 MHz Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz Channel Bandwidth
10 MHz Channel Bandwidth
20 MHz Channel Bandwidth
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• WiMAX
– IEEE 802.16d (Fixed)
– IEEE 802.16e (Mobile)
• Cellular Communications Standards
– 3GPP Based (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA,
HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, SAE/LTE)
– 3GPP2 Based (cdmaOne, cdma2000-1XRTT,
1xEV-DO, Rel-A, Rel-B, Rel-C)
12
1st Generation of Telecommunication
Systems
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
– Developed and introduced in North America in early
1980’s
– Operates in 800-MHz band
• 821 to 849 MHz for upstream and
• 869 to 894 MHz) for downstream
• Total Access Communication Services (TACS)
– European version of AMPS
– operates in 890 to 915 MHz
• 890-915 for upstream and
• 935-960 MHz for downstream.
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AMPS/TACS
• These systems were narrow band and
analog.
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2nd Generation Of
Telecommunication Systems
• 2G was a major advancement over 1G
– Used digital radio technology
• Enabled to Use better multiplexing techniques,
• Enabled to digitize voice to increase spectral
efficiency.
– Offered superior voice quality
– Offered better radio resource utilization over
1G
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GSM
Year 1992
• 2G Used digital radio technology deployed
worldwide except Japan
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2.5 Generation of Telecommunication
Systems
• Internet’s fast growth triggered demand for
data services
• CS GSM offered data services by adding
– SGSN
– GGSN
• Offered 128 Kbps of data service but not
essentially faster services
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2.75 Generation Telecommunication
Systems
• EDGE, an enhanced version of GPRS
• Used 8PSK at high & GMSK at lower data
rates
• Provided data rates of up to 384 Kbps
• 2.5G+ strived to enhance per-user data rates
over 2G
• But demand for even higher data rates was
there
• It triggered the formation of 3GPP to work
on 3G
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2.75 Generation Telecommunication
Systems
• EDGE Year 2002 Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
• EDGE was the final evolution in GSM
• Demand for even higher data rates lead to
form 3G and 3GPP
• Deployed worldwide except Japan
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Evolution at a Glance
• 2G
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GSM, GPRS, and EDGE were standardized by ETSI
Transferred to 3GPP for maintenance
3GPP updates specifications in the form of releases
3G
Release ’99 was the first release to provide basic 3G standard
Followed by Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
Release 7 and recently
Release 8
• B3G
– 3.5 G and
– 3.9 G (HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, evolved HSPA, and currently SAE/LTE)
• 4G
– No clear Definition of 4G
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Advanced Wireless Communications
• Support MAN, WAN, wireless local-loop application,
and 4G wireless telephony
• Provide high data rate, MIMO services
• Efficient use of available spectrum and bandwidth
• Tolerant to channel distortion and multipath
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WiMAX
• WiMAX is a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Based upon Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexed (OFDM) signaling
• Software Radio Prototyping Components are
available to support applied research of
OFDM signaling and MIMO system
performance.
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WiMAX
• WiMAX is a standard:
– For Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
– It is based on IEEE 802.16 Standards
• WiMAX is a Technology
– to provide broadband applications in more
optimized way compared to existing wireless
technologies
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WiMAX
• Specified for
– Non line-of-sight connectivity
– Access within the range of 50 Km
– Frequency Bands from 2 GHz to 11GHz
• Applications
– Replacement for DSL; potentially less expensive while
providing higher bandwidth
– Suitable for multimedia and faster internet accessibility
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WiMAX
• WiMAX has two Flavors
– 802.16d (Not Forward Compatible)
– 802.16e
802.16m
• Fixed/Portable/ Nomadic WiMAX is expected to
deliver
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40 Mbps in 3-10 Km cell
Last mile broadband connections
Hotspots and Cellular backhaul
OFDM
• Mobile WiMAX is expected to deliver
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5 Mbps in 1.3-3 Km cell
Vehicular speeds > 120 km/hr
NLOS
OFDMA
• 802.16j is another Standard for Multi-hop relay
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Fixed/Mobile Scenario
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Where Does WiMAX Play?
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Small and Large Enterprises
Public Network
Residential Broadband
Portable, Nomadic and Mobile Access
Wireless Backhaul
Hot Spot
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What is WiMAX Forum (WF)?
• Established April 2001
• Sponsors IEEE & ETSI (HiperMAN)
• Members >500 companies (as of Oct 26
‘07)
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Service Providers
Equipment Vendors
Device Vendors
Semiconductor
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Objectives of WF
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Support FIXED & MOBILE access
Ensure Interoperability/Certification
Resolve Regulatory Issues
Facilitate Roaming Agreements
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WiMAX
• WiMAX is the acronym for “Worldwide for
Microwave Interoperability Access”
• IEEE standard for Broadband Wireless MAN Access,
referred as IEEE 802.16
• IEEE approved its first version in 2001 which was
later published in year 2002
• An alternative solution to the existing DSL, cable, and
T1/E1 technology for the last mile access
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WiMAX would Win or Loose?
• i.e. Would it become a Broadband Mobile
Wireless Standard???
vs
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WiMAX MAY Win
Why?
7 Reasons of WiMAX Success
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1. Early Time to Market Vs
Contending Technologies
• “Early” Time to Market because
• Got ready made PHY from IEEE.
• Aggressive efforts of Intel, etc.
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2. Operator’s willingness towards Deployments
• Some established operators will use WiMAX as a
Complimentary Solution for broadband evolution & for
off-loading traffic on existing network e.g. Sprint, USA
• Some have already Deployed (e.g. Korea, Pakistan-Pre
Commercial Service)
• Some have completed and some are doing Field Trials
(e.g., USA, Europe, Japan)
• Some aggressive ones are not Discouraged by difficulties
e.g. Spectrum Issues in Japan
• Some established operators will use WiMAX for Data only
e.g. KDDI, Japan
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3. WiMAX is Cost Effective
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WiMAX is based on IEEE standard
– IEEE has RAND Policy that ensures fair IPR licensing practices. It reduce royalties
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WiMAX is interoperable
– Well Planned Strategy of WiMAX forum right from the start, as opposed to Wi-Fi
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WiMAX is Adopted by ETSI
– It makes it adoption global and ensure economies of scale thus lower cost low.
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WiMAX Operates on IP Platform
– Substantially reduces operating/capital cost
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WiMAX is a Dedicated Data Network (contrast to Mobile Networks)
– It has enough capacity and spectrum for high speed data services at affordable rates
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WiMAX Spectrum is also expected to be significantly lower in price.
– 55% operators believe WiMAX a lower cost of delivery compared to 3G In most cases,
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CPE will be user-funded.
– Thus Mobile WiMAX systems are expected to come in at 10% the cost per bit of CDMA.
– TelecomView’ shows that ROI for WiMAX is 2-3 times better than 3G technologies
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4. WiMAX is attractive option for
Green Field Operators
• • Mobile WiMAX System is ideal for green field
operators
– Built from scratch
– Free from issues like legacy/backward compatibility
– Attractive for developing and under served markets
• 50% of countries still have GSM (GPRS not deployed yet)
• Sprint still have EvDO Rev-0 (and is behind Verizon)
• Wateen in Pakistan, a green field operator decided to deploy
WiMAX
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5. Superior Performance
• Simulations show that
– WiMAX has better Spectral Efficiency (More
than two times)
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5. Superior Performance
• Simulations show that
– WiMAX has better Performance than existing cellular systems
• Number of Required Base Stations
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Lower path loss
Better penetration
Lower Doppler shift
Better mobility
•Low complexity in design interference immunity
•Less weather-induced impairments
•Higher transmit powers
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6. WiMAX has Booming market
demand
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7. Some Other Factors
• Removal of a Threat from 802.20
(Suspension of 802.20 on June 20th 2006)
• Plug & Play (Easy Installation)
– WiMAX does not require a truck roll in
installation and operation of CPE
– Easy installation reduces CPE cost (“zero cost”
over the time)
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WiMAX May Not Win?
Why?
7 Reasons of WiMAX Failure
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1. Existing 3G Investments
• Some Operators are Reluctant because of
Existing
– Multi-billion dollars investments in 2G/3G
– Particularly those who have gone far in
advanced 3G
– E.g. Deployed HSPDA
• Additional site acquisition and
construction costs considerations
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2. Evolution of 3G
• The main competition is from SAE/LTE
– Had WiMAX been developed a few years earlier, it had
been a sure success.
– In fact development of WiMAX actually triggered 3G
Evolution
• WiMAX triggered both camps to have aggressive
and competitive time schedule.
• In absence of WiMAX, 3G operators might have
further delayed introduction of 4G until 20122015
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3. Varity of Options
•Though WiMAX is less costly, availability of
large number of options may increase the
bargaining capacity of operators to get reduction
in the equipment price
• SAE/LTE
• HSPA/HSPA+
• HSDPA
• EvDO Rev-A
• EvDO REV B
• EvDO REV C
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4. Spectrum Issue (Source WiMAX
Forum)
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4. Spectrum Issue
• 2.5 GHz is not internationally available
• Licensed 3.5 GHz:,
– though widely available internationally,
– but suffers from huge inconsistencies in different
countries
– e.g., in the pricing, regulations, bandwidth and
– conditions attached to those licenses
• 5GHz
– attractive for many Applications because it allows
higher power output (4 Watts), but
– Mobility feature becomes less attractive in higher
spectrum
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4. Spectrum Issue
• Lack of sufficient Spectrum availability
across the Globe
– May hinder 802.16e to become a global mobile
standard.
– May block WiMAX efforts to take an important
place in 4G
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5. Formation of WMC
• • Formation of WMC may split WiMAX world into two
– The WiMAX-802.16e and
– The WiBro (Pre-WiMAX)
• The activities of the WMC may conflict with those of the
WiMAX Forum in
– Technology and
– Regulatory improvements
• WMC may create a large island of Wi-Bro deployments.
This may cause
– Limited roaming and interoperability capabilities with WiMAX802.16e.
– Serious delay in achieving global roaming and harmonization
around full 802.16e.
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6. Difficulties of Ensuring Seamless
Mobility
• Difficulties of ensuring seamless portability
or mobility across network
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7. Absence of content and applications
• Absence of content and applications
50
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Questions?
Thank You.