How to nail the exam
TIPS
 STUDY. YOU CANNOT DO WELL WITHOUT IT
 MAKE STUDY NOTES BY READING,
HIGHLIGHTING AND SUMMARISING YOUR CLASS
NOTES
 USE THE POWERPOINTS. THEY ARE MORE
VALUABLE THAN A TEXTBOOK.
 REMEMBER ONE GOOD QUOTE FOR EACH TOPIC
Outline the key events in Australia’s response to
Communism
 MALAYAN INSURGENCY 1949 TO SUPPORT
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BRITAIN
UN LED FORCE TO KOREA IN 1950
SIGNING OF ANZUS 1951
SIGNING OF SEATO 1954
COMMITMENT TO VIETNAM 1965
AUSTRALIAS RESPONSE WAS UNDERPINNED BY
THE IDEOLOGY OF FORWARD DEFENCE
TOPIC 1
AUSTRALIA AND THE VIETNAM
WAR
 explain the purpose of the treaties Australia contracted
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during this period
outline the key developments in Australia’s response to
communism within Australia
explain the reasons for Australia’s involvement in the
Vietnam War?
explain the reasons why different groups within
Australia supported or opposed Australia’s
involvement in the Vietnam War?
assess the impact of the war on Vietnam Refugees
PURPOSE OF TREATIES
 The principle purpose was to bind ourselves to more
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powerful allies for purposes of defence within the Asia
Pacific Area
ANZUS April 29 1952
Treaty bound signatories to “recognize that an armed
attack in the Pacific would endanger safety of others. It
committed them to consult…to meet common danger.”????
SEATO 1954
Formed after the withdrawal of the French from South East
Asia. Its principal was to sanction American presence in
Pacific- disbanded in 1977
Goals of economic, social and cultural cooperation
between members. Military forces of joint nations held
annual manoeuvres.
Outline the key developments in Australia’s response to
communism within Australia
 1949 MENZIES WINS THE ELECTION ON THE
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PLATFORM OF “ KICKING THE COMMUNIST CAN”
1951 COMMUNIST PARTY DISSOLUTION BILL
INTRODUCED
1951 HIGH COURT DECLARES IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL
1951 REFERENDUM TO THE BAN THE COMMUNIST
PARTY NARROWLY FAILS
1954 PETROV SPY SCANDAl, MENZIES REELECTED,
SPLIT IN LABOR PARTY FORMATION OF DLP
ROYAL COMMISION INTO SPYING
1955 FINAL REPORT VALIDATES PETROV CLAIM OF
SPYING “ WITNESSES OF TRUTH
EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR
AUSTRALIA’S INVOLVEMENT IN
VIETNAM WAR
COLD WAR
CONTEXT
AUSTRALIAN
ISOLATION
WITHIN ASIA
PACIFIC
SUPPORT FOR
STH VIETNAM
DEMOCRACY
SHORT TERM
CAUSES
INVOLVEMENT
EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL
THREAT OF
COMMUNISM
REGIONAL
INSTABILITY
ANZUS AND
SEATO ALLIANCE
COIMMITMENTS
COMMITMENT
TO FORWARD
CEFENCE
LONG
TERM
CAUSES
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES???????
 “The takeover of South Vietnam would be a direct military threat
to Australia and all the countries of South and South East Asia. It
must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist China between the
Indian and Pacific Oceans.” ROBERT MENZIES
 “Australia's defence and foreign policy during the post war period
cannot be fully understood without reference to Indonesia." Greg
Pembarton ‘The Australian desire to see the United States actively
engaged in the security of South East Asia was
..understandable.” GARETH EVANS
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IMPACT ON VIETNAM VETS
INJURY
ONGOING
REJECTION BY
GOVERNMENT RE
COMPENSATION
LONG TERM
LIFE THREATENING
ILLNESSES
CANCERS
DEATH
IMPACT
POST TRAUMATIC
STRESS DEISORDER
REHABILITATION
REJECTION BY
AUSTRALIA
MARRIAGE
BREAKDOWN
IMMEDIATE
Topic 2
ABORIGINES AND WOMEN
 account for continuity and/or change over time in
changing Aboriginal Policy
 examine the varying experiences of Stolen Generation
using a range of sources
 Examine the changing rights and freedoms of Women
 Assess the significance of the 67 Referendum and
Land Rights in changing rights and freedoms of
Aborigines.
EXPLAIN CHANGING ABORIGINAL
POLICIES
PROTECTIONISM
1900-1940’S
INTEGRATION
ASSIMILATION
1962-1972
1940’s-1962
SELF
DETERMINATIO
N
1972-2009
Aboriginal people
were removed from
their traditional lands
and placed on
reserves
(government-run) or
missions (churchrun).
The government
argument was that
this was done ‘for
their own protection’,
as they were a ‘dying
race’.
Although Protection
Boards were replaced
by Welfare Boards in
most states between
1938-1951, with the
idea of Aboriginals
being able to retain
some of their culture,
officially the policy
was not legislated till
1951
The words defining
‘assimilation’ were
changed in 1965 which
seemed to allow
Aborigines to retain some
of their cultural ideas,
beliefs and customs, and
implied a greater
acceptance of their
culture and relationship
with the land. The
granting of the vote in
1962 to all Aborigines
embraced this idea
This change was soon
called ‘integration
Aborigines
were to
have full
control over
all aspects
of their
lives
INTERVENTION?
????
Northern Territory
2007-???
On 21 June 2007, the
Australian
Government
announced a ‘national
emergency response
to protect Aboriginal
children in the
Northern Territory’
from sexual abuse and
family violence
Explain the varying experiences of
the stolen generation
Forcible removal of aboriginal children
on the basis of colour
STATE RUN
ADOPTED BY
WHITE FAMILY
CHURCH RUN
MISSIONS
TRAINING
HOMES
COOTAMUNDRA
KINCHELA
VARYING
 According to the Bringing Them Home Report, at least 100,000 children
were removed from their parents, and the figure may be substantially
higher (the report notes that formal records of removals were very
poorly kept).
 It noted that some removals were certainly voluntary. Mothers may
have surrendered their children for any number of reasons (due to
sickness, poverty, living arrangements, racism, etc). There was also
evidence that some Aboriginal parents voluntarily sent their children to
religious missions, in the hope that at least in this way they would be
able to retain contact with their children and some knowledge of their
whereabouts
 Conversely, evidence indicated that in a large number of cases children
were brutally and forcibly removed from their parent or parents,
possibly even from the hospital shortly after their birth. Aboriginal
Protection Officers often made the judgment on removal
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES?
 John Herron tabled a report in the Australian Parliament that
questioned whether or not there ever actually had been a "Stolen
Generation", on the semantic distinction that as "only 10% of
Aboriginal children" has been removed, they did not constitute an
entire "generation"
 . Supporting this is the conservative views of Keith Windshuttle who
argues that numbers are grossly exaggerated and do not constitute a
generation.
 Opposing this view we have the writings of Henry Reynolds “ Why
weren’t We Told” who outlines the intentional gaps in our nations
history. Robert Manne suggests that the forcible removal was
tantamount to cultural genocide and quotes the Human Rights
definition of genocide
 Debate appear to be empirical and semantic but the core acceptance is
that there was forcible removal of half caste children under the policy
of Assimilation.
IMPACT OF REMOVAL
LOSS OF
FAMILY
LOSS OF
LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE
SOCIAL
DISFUNCTION
LONG TERM
IMMEDIATE
PARENTING
SKILLS
LOSS OF LAND
SELF ESTEEM
SIGNIFICANCE OF 67 REFERENDUM
 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power
to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the
Commonwealth with respect to: (xxvi) The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in
any State, for whom it is necessary to make special laws.
 127. In reckoning the numbers of the people of the
Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth,
aboriginal natives should not be counted
 There were two parts to the referendum: to change the
constitution so that Aboriginal people could be counted as
part of the population, and to change the constitution to
allow the Commonwealth to make laws to help improve
conditions for Aboriginal people, no matter where they
lived in Australia
TH
40
ANNIVERSARY
 “Peoples high hopes were not fulfilled. The Commonwealth
Government set up a small office of Aboriginal Affairs
and allocated $6 for each Aboriginal man woman and child
for health services. Nothing else was achieved in the
short term. The inclusion in the census had symbolic and
practical importance. In practical terms census data
provides information necessary for the provision of future
services…..It was almost 10 years before the power given to
the Commonwealth Government by the 1967 referendum
was actually used to make laws for the benefit of the
Aboriginal people and almost 30 years before
Commonwealth Native Title Legislation was enacted.”

Kate Cameron
The 1967 referendum 40th
anniversary
OUTLINE LAND RIGHTS
1963
1976
• YIRKALA
• BARK
PETITION
• Aboriginal
Land Rights
Act
1966
1985
• Handing
back of Uluru
Wave Hill
Strike for
better wages
and
conditions
1989
1972
• Hearing in
supreme
court of
Queensland
• MABO
Tent embassy
1992
HIGH COURT
REJECTS
TERRA
NULLIUS
1972
• Woodward
royal
commission
1995
MABO ACT
1975
1998
• WHITLAM
HANDS
BACK
GURRINDJI
LAND
WIK
DECISION
TOPIC 3
AUSTRALIA AS A GLOBAL CITIZEN
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 outline key developments in Australia’s role within the
UN in the post-war period
 assess an achievement of Australia in its role within
the UN
 explain the purpose of Australia’s regional agreements
OUTLINE AUSTRALIAS ROLE AS
GLOBAL CITIZEN
 In 1945 Australia joined the United Nations as one of the founding nations
and since then has adopted many of the UN conventions ranging from
anti-discrimination and women’s rights to control of trade in
endangered species (CITES) and the protection of the natural
environment.
 In 1947 Australia sent observers with the UN Commission supervising
Indonesia’s move to independence from Holland.
 In 1948 Dr H V Evatt was elected President of the General He also chaired
the United Nations Special Commission on Palestine in 1947 and was involved
in the drafting of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 In 1950 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations in Korea.
 In 1956 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations with the Suez Crisis.
 In 1991 Australia sent troops to assist the United Nations with the Gulf War.
 In 1999 INTERFET was sent to East Timor to assist the United Nations in the
transition of East Timor to independence.
Explain purpose of Australia’s Regional Agreements
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ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, the United States)
Established 1951
Implied mutual defence if one country should be attacked but not really binding
Main purpose was to strengthen Australia’s alliance with the United States
No longer exists since New Zealand refused to allow US ships to enter its harbours in 1986 as they were suspected of being
nuclear-powered and carrying nuclear weapons
SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation)
Established 1954
An anti-communist arrangement of countries united for mutual support against the spread of communism
A formal expression of Australia’s four-step foreign policy of the period
Economic
Colombo Plan
Established 1950
To assist economic and social development of less-developed countries in South East Asia
Origins in a meeting of the British Commonwealth countries’ foreign ministers in Colombo
Its purpose was that, by assisting these countries, they would be less likely to fall to communism
The Plan, which has been revised several times over the past 50 plus years, helps in areas as diverse as drug control and
business administration
APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)
Established 1983
Its 21 ‘member economies’ make up more than a third of the world’s population and conduct almost half the world’s trade
Australia conducts more than 75% of its exports through APEC countries
Its purpose was ‘to promote economic development, trade and investment among its member nations’
Recently APEC’s role is changing to include issues such as terrorism, SARS and the bird flu (avian influenza)
ASSESS AN ACHIEVEMENT OF
AUSTRALIA WITHIN THE UN
STOP VIOLENCE
RESTORE PEACE
SUPERVISE
ASSIST IN
REBUILDING
PROCESS
DEMOCRATIC
ELECTIONS
INTERFET
PROVIDE
HUMANITARIAN
AID
ASSIST
TRANSITION TO
INDEPENDENCE
FROM
INDONESIA
A GOOD QUOTE
 “The success of this deployment in
pacifying the territory led to the departure of
Indonesian forces from East Timor and the formal
revoking of Indonesia's sovereign claim to the
territory. It also signaled a break with past Australian
diplomatic orthodoxy towards Indonesia and
the declining influence of the Jakarta lobby on
Australian public policy”
 Scot Burchill
"We should not
fulfil our citizenship of the world by sending just arms to fight, but rather sending
aid to foster growth and development, and extend the hand of friendship. We should be a more
proactive supporter of debt relief and coupling aid funds with social, economic and institutional
reforms. We should also be looking at the underlying causes of poverty.“ KEVIN RUDD
PEACEKEEPING
ECONOMIC AID
AUSTRALIAS
ACHIEVEMENT AS
GLOBAL CITIZEN
SUPPORT AND PARTICIPATION
SUPPORT FOR UN CONVENTIONS
IN UN ORGANIZATIONS EG UNESCO
EG RIGHTS OF CHILD
TOPIC 5
PRIME MINISTERS

 outline and explain a major policy or issue of the term
of office of the chosen Prime Minister
 assess the contribution of the chosen Prime Minister
to Australia’s post-war development
OUTLINE ONE POLICY OR ISSUE
FOREIGN
POLICY
WELFARE
EDUCATION
WHITLAM
WOMEN’S
ISSUES
FAMILY LAW
HEALTH
LAND
RIGHTS
ASSESSMENT
When Whitlam became Prime
Minister in 1972 he abolished
conscription, withdrew the
remaining Australian troops from
Vietnam, banned sporting teams
from South Africa, changed
Australia's voting on South African
questions in the UN, organised
independence for PNG, abolished
tertiary fees and the death penalty,
introduced welfare payments for
single parent families and reduced
the voting age to eighteen years. The
irony of his life is that it was his
dismissal that is the lasting memory
‘ a large man of magisterial self
regard.” Stuart McIntyre
“The Whitlam Government confronted the backlog of 23
years of structural and social stagnation, at the very time
at which the period of almost uninterrupted postwar
growth of the Western economies came to an abrupt end,
following the oil crisis of 1973.” Neville Wran
Leader
Led the Labor
Party to victory
after 23 years of
Liberal
Government
Reformer
Assisted the
passage of 472
pieces of
legislation
PROTAGONIST
IN DISMISSAL
Forged stronger
relations with
Asia
TOPIC 4
PEOPLE POWER AND POLITICS
 examine the role of the significant individual in the
chosen study
 assess the significance of the chosen study for
Australia in the post-war period
THE DISMISSAL
“ In the immediate aftermath of
the dismissal Australians were
probably more divided than at any
other time in the 20th century.”
Geoffrey Blainey
USE OF RESERVE
POWERS TO
DISMISS AN
ELECTED OFFICIAL
DEBATE OVER
ROLE OF
GOVERNOR
GENERAL
LAWS ON SENATE
VACANCIES
SIGNIFICANCE
OF JOHN KERR
CONSTITUTION OR
CONVENTION
CALL FOR A
REPUBLIC
LEGACY
 The Prices Justification Act.
 The Pipeline Authority Act 1973
 The Health Insurance Act 1973
 The Trade Practices Act 1974
 The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975
 The Racial Discrimination Act 1975
 The Family Law Act 1975
 The Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975
 The Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975
TOPIC 6
POST WAR TECHNOLOGY
 outline the impact of the main technological changes
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over time on everyday life in post-war Australia,
housing
home appliances
entertainment
transport
communications
OUTLINE IMPACT OF CHANGING TECHNOLOGY:
COMMUNICATIONS
Accessible information
to boost tourism and
entertainment
I Phones, Facebook,
Twitter enable instant
communication but
contribute to compost
culture
Media saturation of
British and American
popular culture
Influence of advertising
and popular culture on
mass consumerism
OVERTHROWING
THE TYRANNY OF
DISTANCE
Breaking down the
sense of geographical
isolation
And cultural
uniqueness
Communication
through internet and
phone contributes to
spread of global ideas in
business as well
personal relationships
“ phone home”
Communication
revolution breaks down
urban rural divide
Establishment of home
office changes
employment profiles
GOOD QUOTES
 “ While distance and remoteness were defining features
of Australia in years gone by, today technology has
annihilated distance” Malcolm Turnbull
 "the next century will be one in which the tyranny of
distance has been abolished ... Australia will profit from
its strategic location, as a highly educated, Englishspeaking society that because of technological change
is now as integrated in the world economy as any place
on earth". Rupert Murdoch
TOPIC 7
DECADE STUDY
 describe the main social and cultural features of the
chosen decade
 outline the main influences of Britain or the USA on
Australian popular culture of the chosen decade
 assess the impact of the chosen decade in shaping
Australian identity