Water Analysis & Control
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Water analysis & control
Contents
1. Chemical parameters and ranges
2. Water sources: Sampling procedures
3. Laboratory
4. Water sources: Analysis implementation and recording
5. Water treatment: Analysis implementation and recording
6. Water quality control process summary
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Water analysis & control
1. Chemical parameters and ranges
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Water analysis & control
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
• Turbidity: Suspended matter that acts a shield protecting virus
and bacteria against their destruction by a disinfectant plus the
dirtiness and unpleasant visual and tasting aspects.
• pH: Measure of water acidity or alkalinity. It has to have certain
value to in order to Aluminium Sulphate being effective.
• Coliforms: Presence of faecal matter that might cause a whole
range of diarrheic diseases that can be fatal.
• Nitrates: They are not toxic but they show the presence of
fertilizers and other compounds more dangerous such as nitrites.
• Nitrites: They are harmful for human health. In high
concentrations, they show the presence of industrial contamination
an/or domestic waste water.
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Water analysis & control
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
• Aluminium: It is important to determine that the quantity of
Aluminium Sulphate added to a water treatment process is not
excessive. Otherwise, high concentrations of this compound might
be harmful to humans.
• Hardness: Hardness is due to Magnesium and Calcium salts. It
is no related to health problems although it produces very
unpleasant taste when values are higher than those recommended
by WHO.
• Conductivity: It is an indicator of water salinity that must not
be higher than certain limits, otherwise it might be harmful to
health. Salt water has a conductivity of 45,000 µS/cm and average
fresh water conductivity is less than 2.500 µS/cm.
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Water analysis & control
RANGES ---------- SPANISH LEGISLATION
Turbidity (In the water mains)
≤ 5 NTU
pH
6,5 ≤
Coliforms
0 CFU in 100 ml
Nitrates
≤ 50 mg/l
Nitrites (In the water mains)
≤ 0,5 mg/l
Hardness
There are not specific values to
consider :
Soft water
≤ 17 mg/l
Hard water
≤ 180 mg/l
Very hard water > 180 mg/l
Conductivity
≤ 2.500 µS/cm (20ºC)
Aluminium
≤ 0,2 mg/l
Free Chlorine
≤ 1,0 mg/l
≤ 9,5
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Water analysis & control
RANGES ------- WORLD HELATH ORGANISATION
Guidelines for Drinking-water quality
Nitrates (as NO3-)
≤ 50 mg/l
Medium term exposure
≤ 3 mg/l
Short term exposure
≤ 0.2 mg/l
Medium term exposure
Nitrites (as NO2-)
Free residual chlorine
≥ 0.5 mg/l
Aluminium
≤ 0,2 mg/l
For an effective disinfection there
must be a residual concentration of
free chlorine of ≥0.5 mg/litre after a
minimum contact time of 30 min with
a pH <8.0
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Water analysis & control
RANGES ------- EUROPEAN UNION (Directive 98-83 CE)
pH = 6,5 – 9
Cl- (water distribution) ≈ 0,6 -1 ppm (check with local authorities)
Conductivity < 2.500 µS/cm (20ºC)
Nitrites = 0,5 ppm. (see note)
Nitrates = 50 ppm. (see note)
Aluminium = 0,2 ppm
Bacteriological = 0 cfu (water consumption point)
Note: Ensure that the value of 0,10 mg/l for nitrites is met at the
outlet of water treatment facilities. Likewise, the condition
that [nitrates]/50 + [nitrites]/3 # 1 is observed, where the brackets
mean concentrations in mg/l for nitrates (NO-3) and for nitrites (NO-2).
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Water analysis & control
UNITS
Concentration: 1 g/m3 <> 1 mg/l<> 1 ppm
1 g <> 1000 mg
1 m3 <> 1000 l
1 mg <> 1.000 mg
1 mg/l <> 1000 mg/l
Turbidity: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit )
Coliforms: cfu (colony forming unit)
Conductivity: µS/cm
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Water analysis & control
2. Water sources: Sampling procedures
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Water analysis & control
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The way that sampling
is carried out
might definitely distort
the final results.
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Water analysis & control
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
 Sampling is carried out in
representative manner.
 Date, time, sampling location
are registered (Field log
book).
 Samples kept in safe and cool
place.
 Always value how, where and
why a water source is
selected, ensuring that the
water can be treatable and
safe for human consumption.
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Water analysis & control
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Avoid any direct contact with water If feasible. It
might be sufficient to acquire diseases.
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Water analysis & control
2. Take sample where properties are best describing the
source. For instance, we will avoid the vicinities of a
sewage discharge pipe.
3. Avoid the surface or the bottom since due to flotation
or sedimentation these concentrate materials,
chemicals, bacteria… Sample is best taken 30 cm
below surface.
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Water analysis & control
4. Clean sample collecting vessel with sample
water, never with chemical or other water, including
tap water.
5. If sampling piped water, leave running for 1
minute before taking the sample.
6. Do not allow foreign
material or waters to touch
water collecting vessel.
7. Label results with
appropriate information, date,
place and any other parameter
that may hold importance (Field
Log Book)
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3.
Laboratory
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Water analysis & control
LABORATORY
TEST CAPABILITY
Turbidity
pH
Nitrites
Aluminium
Conductivity
Coliforms
Chlorine
Temperature
Nitrates
Hardness
Jar test
Chlorine demand essay
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Water analysis & control
LABORATORY MAINTENANCE
IMPORTANT
• Always handled the equipment with care. It is fragile.
• Carefully clean and dry all items before introducing them in
the laboratory box.
• Protect the most fragile items with appropriate packaging.
• Dispose the items in the right place inside the laboratory
box.
• Be organised and methodical when using the items and
chemicals, and implementing any test.
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Water analysis & control
4. Water sources: Analysis implementation &
recording
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OXFAM DELAGUA KIT
• Coliforms
• Turbidity
• pH
• Chlorine
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TURBIDITY
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Water analysis & control
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pH
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Water analysis & control
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NITRATES
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Water analysis & control
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NITRITES
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Water analysis & control
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CONDUCTIVITY
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SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES
Date
Source Nº
Date
Source Nº
Date
≤ 180
Source Nº
≤ 2.500
6,5 ≤ ≤ 9,5
≤ 50
≤ 0,5
Date
Source Nº
Coliforms
(Nº x 100ml)
Hardness
(mg/l)
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
pH
Nitrates
(mg/l)
Nitrites
(mg/l)
Turbidity
(NTU)
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Water analysis & control
5. Water treatment: Analysis implementation &
recording
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TURBIDITY
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Water analysis & control
TURBIDITY
Dosage pump
(%)
Turbidity
after treatment
(NTU)
Turbidity
after pre-treatment
(NTU)
≤5
≤ 20
Turbidity
water source
(NTU)
Date
(Turbidity tests are needed on weekly basis and
when visual inspection shows some changes in water qualities)
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ALUMINIUM
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COLIFORMS, ALUMINIUM AND HARDNESS
(Outlet of water treatment plant)
Hardness
(mg/l)
Aluminum
(mg/l)
≤ 0,2
Coeliforms
(Nº x 100ml)
0 CFU
Date
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CHLORINE
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Water analysis & control
DATE____________ SITE____________________
RESIDUAL CHLORINE (mg/l)
Time
Place
3rd chamber
0.1 – 0.3
Dosage pump
(%)
Outlet of
WTP
Dosage pump
(%)
0.6 – 1.0
Chlorine at the exit of the settlement tank: 0,1 mg/l – 0.3 mg/l
Residual chlorine at the exit of the plant: 0.6 mg/l – 1.0 mg/l
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WATER DISTRIBUTION.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE
Water analysis & control
Place
Date &
Time
Chlorine
This table records the residual chlorine
data obtained in the different places
where the treated water from the SRC
site is supplied.
Samples should be taken from the taps.
It is also convenient to specify where
the water is supplied from a static tank
or from a tanker directly to the users.
The samples can be taken daily or
randomly in different days.
Residual chlorine at the taps: 0.3 mg/l – 0.6 mg/l
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Water analysis & control
6. Water quality control process summary
6 < pH < 8
Nitrates < 50mg/l
Nitrites < 0.5 mg/l
Conductivity < 2,000 µS/cm
Turbidity = NTU as low as possible
WATER ANALYSIS
Turbidity > 20 NTU:
Aluminium Sulphate (Jar Test)
Turbidity ≤ 20 NTU
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Chlorine = 0.6 mg/l – 1.0 mg/l
Aluminium < 0.2 mg/l
Chlorine = 0.1mg/l – 0.3 mg/l
Turbidity ≤ 5 NTU
Chlorine = 0.3 mg/l – 0.6mg/l
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Thank you……….
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Water analysis & control