ASIA-PACIFIC TELECOMMUNITY
The 14th Meeting of the APT Wireless Group (AWG-14)
18 – 21 March 2013, Bangkok, Thailand
Document
AWG-14/INP-68
18 March 2012
Republic of Korea
RESPONSE TO APT QUESTIONNAIRE ON WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION
Name of the Replying Administration/Organization:
KCC (RRA)
Contact Person (Name, Designation and Email):
Mr. Young-taek KIM (youngtaek@kcc.go.kr)
1. Applications
1) What WPT applications do you expect in your country? There may be various types of
WPT applications including cellular phones, digital camera, wearable equipment, note PC,
tablet, CE appliances, Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, industrial
tools/machines, etc. Please describe your expectations. You may provide specific use cases
as well.
<Answer>
In Korea, WPT applications are as follows: a) Smart phones, b) On-Line Electric Vehicles, c)
Industrial Robots, d) Wireless Sensor Network, e) Electrical train, f) toys, TV accessory, etc.
2. Market demand and forecast
1) Please provide the list of products which are currently on the market and are to be released
implementing WPT technologies in your country
<Answer>
In Korea, various technologies and products have been developed since 2007. Main items are
such as commercial products, developed prototypes, and so on for wireless power transmission
as shown in Table 2-1-1.
AWG-14/INP-68
Table 2-1-1 WPT commercial products and developed prototypes in Korea
Type
Application
Product
Manufacturer/
Organization
Commercial
Smartphone (TightlyAndroid charge battery
Samsung
Products
coupled WPT)
cover
Power Transmitter &
LG Electronics
Receiver (WCP-700)
Power Transmitter &
LS Cable
Receiver (iPhone, Galaxy
S2)
Power Transmitter &
Wisepower
Receiver (iPhone, Galaxy
S2)
Power Transmitter &
HanrimPostech
Receiver (iPhone)
TV Accessory (LooselyWireless Charger for 3D
Samsung
coupled WPT)
Glasses
Developed
Mobile device (~5W)
Wireless Power Transfer
KETI
Prototypes
System for Multiple Mobile
Devices
Desktop, LED sign board,
Wireless Power Transfer
ETRI
TV and OLED lighting
System in Middle Range
device (~40 W)
Electric Vehicle (~50 kW)
On-Line Electric
Dongwon-Olev
Vehicle(BUS)
Regarding commercial products in the Table 2-1-1, tightly-coupled WPT products by Wireless
Power Consortium (WPC) specification and Qi certification are released to the market and the
loosely-coupled WPT product was developed by Samsung Electronics as well.
Prototypes of WPT system for standing lamp, digital camera, media tablet, MP3 player, PC
Monitor, LED sign board, TV, laptops and electric vehicle, electrical train are being developed
by KAIST, ETRI, SAMSUNG, LG, LS Cable, SAMSUNG Electro-Mechanics and LG Innotek,
etc.
2) Please provide information or estimates of current and future market size relating to market
sectors for WPT devices and systems per application. You may include market size, market
trends, prices, commercial timeline, and useful references (e.g. websites, documents).
<Answer>
The products utilizing wireless charging for mobile devices and consumer electronics consist
of wireless charging pad and a receiver or a sleeve. Mobile devices and consumer electronics
such as smartphones, digital cameras, MP3 Players, media tablets and game controllers can be
charged by placing the equipment on the charging pad. The charging pad will be connected with
a power source, and depending on the specification up to five smartphones can be charged at a
single time. The receiver or the sleeve is used only for smartphones. The sleeve contains a
receiver coil that enables the charging of the smartphone. The receiver coils are now being
embedded in digital cameras and hence do not require an add-on feature. The model of the
sleeves of the smartphones varies with respect to the model of the smartphone it is designed and
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used for. For example; the sleeve for iPhone 3GS is different from the sleeve of iPhone 4S and
sleeve for different other models of Blackberry as well as Samsung smartphones.
Table 2-2-1 Global Wireless Charging Market Revenue, by products, 2010-2017($Million)
Source : MarketsandMarkets
The market for the charging pads as well as the receivers is expected to increase from $671.3
million in 2012 to $6,453.3 million in 2017 at a CAGR of 57% from 2012 to 2017.
Table 2-2-2 Unit Shipments and Revenue for Wireless Charging Pads, Korea,
2010-2017 (Million units, $Million)
CAGR%
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
(20122017)
Unit
Shipments
Revenue
0.23
0.41
0.70
1.18
1.98
3.33
5.67
9.50
68.47
19.78
33.1
60
82.6
128.7
200
311.9
475
52.22
The unit shipments for wireless charging pads in the APAC region is expected to increase from
1.15 million units in 2011 to 25.60 in 2017 at an estimated CAGR of 67.08% from 2012 to 2017.
The Korean market is expected to have the maximum number of units shipped in 2017 from
0.41 million units in 2011 to 9.5 million units shipped in 2017 at an estimated CAGR of 68.47%
from 2012 to 2017. The average price of the pads is 61.3$ from 2010 to 2017.
Table 2-2-3 Unit Shipments and Revenue for Wireless Charging Receivers, Korea,
2010-2017 (Million units, $Million)
CAGR%
Years
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
(20122017)
Unit
Shipments
Revenue
0.23
0.41
0.7
1.18
1.98
3.33
5.67
9.50
68.5
12.7
21.7
35.7
57.7
93.2
150.0
243.8
389.4
61.3
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The Korean market is eventually gaining momentum and is expected to have the maximum
number of units shipped in 2017 from 0.41 million units in 2011 to 9.50 million units shipped in
2017 at an estimated CAGR of 68.50% from 2012 to 2017. The average price of the receivers is
48$ from 2010 to 2017.
3. Technologies
1) WPT technology may depend on application. Please describe technical and operational
characteristics to implement WPT applications in commercial with respect to each
application. These may include transmission technologies, transmission distance,
transmission power, and any unique aspects.
<Answer>
There might be various WPT applied devices which include mobile phones, tablets, computer,
headsets and associate devices. Following conditions are the fundamental requirements:
simultaneously flexible charge multiple devices, deliver power at varying distances from
charging surface, charge through surfaces such as desks, countertops and molded plastic parts
while minimizing impact on transmitter and receiver design, not be impaired or affected by the
presence of foreign objects (keys, coins, pens, magnetic strips) in charging field, tolerate
accessories (cases, protective covers, skins, sleeves) on devices, discriminate between loads in
the device that do not need charging and those that do, reliably deliver adequate charging power
for a given devices (e.g. mobile phones 3.5 - 5W; tablets 6 - 11W; headsets 250 - 500mW),
comply with global regulatory requirements
2) If there are some technologies found by researching in academia and industry, please
describe also.
<Answer>
1) Tightly-coupled WPT (Magnetic Induction Type)
The tightly-coupled WPT system consists of a transmitter coil and a receiver coil. Both coils
form a system of magnetically coupled inductors. An alternating current in the transmitter coil
generates a magnetic field which induces a current in the receiver coil.
Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) is focusing on tightly–coupled (Inductive) wireless
power transmission. WPC released their 1st version of specification based on inductive
coupling in July 2010. And recently, they are planning to extend their standardization
activities to apply a loosely-coupled technology.
2) Loosely-coupled WPT (Magnetic Resonance Type)
Loosely-coupled WPT system consists of a power transmitter unit resonator and power
receiver unit resonators. Both resonators must have the same resonant frequency and the
power is transferred from a transmitter to one or more receivers through coupling wave.
Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) is focusing on a loosely-coupled wireless power
transmission technology that provides spatial freedom for charging of electrical devices and
for multiple devices simultaneously. They released the A4WP technical specification version
1.0 based on resonance technology in January 2013.
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3) Shaped Magnetic Field in Resonance (SMFIR) WPT
SMFIR is the new technology for Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) which is an electric
vehicle using electromagnetic induction. In March 2010, the Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology (KAIST) launched out a public transport system using a
"recharging road". Electric power strips have been buried 30 cm (12 in) deep under the
road surface and connected to the national grid. Pick-up equipment underneath the vehicle
then collects power through non-contact magnetic induction which is used either to power
the vehicle prime-mover or for battery charging. The demonstration system is a trackless
train with an electric tractor hauling three passenger cars.
Gumi, a city in Korea is going to operate the world's first wireless electric bus from July
2013. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.
4) You may provide references of technical reports, websites, or any beneficial sources to
share among APT countries.
<Answer>
Some useful websites are as follows: A4WP (http://www.a4wp.org/), WPC
(http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/), KWPF (www.kwpf.org), TTA Website
(http://www.tta.or.kr/English/new/standardization/eng_ttastdlist.jsp)
The information of TTA Standards and Reports on WPT are as follows:
No Standard number
Title
Issued date
1
TTAR-06.0112
Evaluation Methodology on candidate technologies for
Wireless power transfer
2012-05-23
2
TTAR-06.0109
Requirements for Wireless power transfer(Technical Report)
2011-12-01
3
TTAR-06.0108
Use case for Wireless power transfer(Technical Report)
2011-12-01
4
TTAR-06.0107
Service scenario for Wireless power transfer(Technical Report)
2011-12-01
5
TTAR-06.0113
Definition on efficiency of wireless power transfer for Mobile
devices
2012-05-23
6
TTAE.KO-06.0304 Interface definition for highly resonant wireless power transfer
2012-06-12
7
TTAE.KO-06.0303 Control protocol of wireless power transfer
2012-06-12
Guideline for functional receiver components of wireless
power transfer system via coupled magnetic resonances
System Control Sequence of Resonant Wireless Power
9 TTAK.KO-10.0590
Transmission
Evaluation Method of Ultrasonic Receiver Efficiency for
10 TTAK.KO-10.0632
Wireless Power Transmission
8
TTAK.KO-10.0571
2012-06-12
2012-10-09
2012-12-21
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4. Standardization/guidelines/regulations
1) Does your country participate in international standardization activities of WPT such as
IEEE, ITU, ISO, IEC, etc.? If so, please provide WPT activity information of international
organizations for standardization/ guidelines/ regulations.
<Answer>
Name of the organization
IEC TC 100
Tech. Item
- Survey for Technical Reports regarding WPT
Standardizing
- IEC TC 100 Stage 0 Project
. Survey Completed: July. 2012
. Under Drafting Technical Reports
Name of the organization
ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 6
Tech. Item
- In-band PHY and MAC Layer Protocol of WPT
Standardizing
- ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 6
. Working Item was approved in Jan. 2012.
. On Circulation with WD (Working Document)
Name of the organization
ITU-R SG1
Tech. Item
- Recommendation/Report of regulatory and spectrum aspect on WPT
Standardizing
- Question ITU-R 210-3/1
. Question Updated in Nov. 2012.
Name of the organization
A4WP
Tech. Item
- Non-radiative near- and mid-range magnetic resonant coupling (highly resonant
coupling) (loosely-coupled WPT).
Standardizing
- Baseline Technical Specification completed 2012
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Name of the organization
WPC
Tech. Item
- Tightly coupled inductive coupling solutions across a range of power levels.
Website lists more than 120 members and 80 certified products including accessories,
chargers and devices
Standardizing
- Interface specifications completed and available
2) Are there any organizations for WPT standardization/ guidelines/ regulations in your
country? It may contain standards development organization, forum activities, or
governmental organization.
<Answer>
WPT standardization-related organizations are Korean Agency for Technology and
Standards (KATS) , Korea Wireless Power Forum (KWPF) and Telecommunications
Technology Association (TTA) . The scope of WPT technical standards development
includes a broad range of core technologies such as loosely-coupled (Resonant) and tightlycoupled (Inductive) to be applied across a variety of use cases from low-power to highpower applications.
Korea Communications Commission (KCC) and its National Radio Research Agency (RRA)
are charged with WPT regulation.
3) Please provide plans/ timeline and the current development status for standardization/
guidelines/ regulations in your country if available.
<Answer>
Please see the answer for Questions 4).
4) Please provide the name of the organization, contact point, plan, and status of their works if
available.
<Answer>
Name of the Administrations
Contact point
Plan and/or timeline of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Status of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
KCC/RRA
Mr. young-taek KIM (youngtaek@kcc.go.kr)
On-going:
Frequency allocation in the band 6.78 MHz for WPT
and technical regulation for out-of-band
communication on WPT
Completed:
Frequency allocated in the bands 19-21 kHz and 59-61
kHz for electronic vehicle
Operating in the frequency band 110 - 205 kHz and
relevant regulation for in-band communication
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Name of the organization
Contact point
Plan and/or timeline of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Status of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS)
Name of the organization
Contact point
Plan and/or timeline of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Status of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Korea Wireless Power Forum (KWPF)
Dr. Won-ho Jang (whj@rapa.or.kr)
On-going:
Studies on standardization, spectrum and regulation on
WPT
Developing:
- Researching spectrum related to WPT
- Researching regulation related to WPT
Name of the organization
Contact point
Plan and/or timeline of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)
Mr. Dae-Jung Kim (kdj@tta.or.kr)
Planning:
- Technology development
. WPT based on magnetic resonance
. WPT based on magnetic induction
Completed (See Answer 3-3):
- Use Case & Service Scenario
- Definition of Efficiency
- Evaluation Method
- Technology development
. In-band communication for WPT
(TTAE.KO-06-0303)
. Control for management of WPT
(TTAE.KO-06-0304)
Status of
standard/guideline/regulation
development
Developing:
- Multi-device charging management of WPT
- In-band Control of WPT
Standardizing:
- IEC TC 100 Project PT62827
- Established: 10th Aug. 2012.
- ISO/IEC JTC1 SC 6
. PWI was approved in Jan. 2012.
. Under drafting WD (working document)
5. Suitable frequency bands and coexistence with the incumbents
1) Suitable frequency band for WPT may depend on technology, application, and regulatory
aspects. What category of spectrum (e.g., ISM or other specific bands) and/or which
frequency band(s) do you consider for WPT usage with respect to each application assumed
in your country? Please provide information with reasons.
<Answer>
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Status on frequency bands for WPT in Korea
The frequency bands 19 -21 kHz and 59 - 61 kHz for electric vehicle for wireless charging
are allocated in 2011. These bands are suitable for high power application for WPT in
respect of power efficiency and regulatory aspect such as EMI, EMF, etc.
In terms of mobile & CE applications, the choice of suitable frequency alleviates induction
heating effect and any concerns regarding regulatory compliance.
In the case of low power WPT devices using frequency 110 - 205 kHz by tightly-coupled
WPT are generally applicable to Extremely Low-power Radio Devices. Most inductive
WPT products are currently certificated as Weak Electric Field Strength Radio Equipment
which does not require specific frequency allocation for the operation.
The frequency band 6.78 MHz (ISM band) for loosely-coupled WPT is under consideration
to be allocated in 2013. Considering the issues, using 6.78MHz as WPT operating frequency
can be good candidate. In addition, WPT system designs can be subject to different
regulations depending on WPT operating frequency and communication method (inband/out-of-band in terms of communication frequency channel or unidirectional/bidirectional in terms of power transmission communication channel).
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, e.g., 6.78MHz, designated by the ITU-R, are
attractive for WPT handling subsystem, because of globally harmonized availability and
unrestricted emission, e.g., FCC Part 18.
.
Frequency use
From a technical point of view, WPT for RF energy transmission is classified into ISM
equipment and also the radio equipment to do communication between the devices.
When it comes to regulations, wireless charging part of WPT complies to technical
regulation for ISM equipment, but technical regulations for short range devices are applied
to communication part of WPT in Korea.
Being used WPT devices for ISM band (6.78 MHz) and Non-ISM band (20 kHz, 110-205
kHz) in Korea, we are considering to make category to ‘WPT equipment’ or ‘ISM
equipment for use of non-fixed frequency’ in terms of frequency or use specific.
Designating suitable service and frequency band in preparation for various WPT devices
need to be discussed at the international level in the future.
2) What steps are required to make sure your radio services protected from the usage of WPT?
Is there any compliance for EMC/EMI that can be applied for WPT applications?
<Answer>
Please see the answers for Questions 7-1).
6. RF exposure
1) Please provide RF exposure guidelines applied in your country. Please provide RF exposure
references such as international guidelines publicly available.
<Answer>
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KCC enacted EMF regulation with reference to the international guidelines on ICNIRP 98, but
this regulation does not prescribe the concerned devices and measurement methods for WPT.
For this reason, KCC plans to revise the existing EMF regulation in 2013.
2) Please provide information on assessment methods/procedures used for human exposure to
RF from WPT to demonstrate regulatory compliance.
<Answer>
Currently, there is no assessment methods/procedures used for human exposure to RF from
WPT in Korea. KCC is planning to introduce assessment methods/procedures for human
safety in 2013.
7. Regulatory matter
1) If there are any regulations relating to WPT in your country, please provide detailed
information.
<Answer>
In Korea, any radio equipment including WPT devices have to comply with three kinds
of radio regulations as defined in the Radio Waves Act: Technical regulation for in-band/out-of
band communication frequency, EMC regulation and EMF regulation. Technical regulations are
defined technical requirements at the operating frequency such as output power for each type of
radio equipment. EMC regulation limits power emission such as harmonics. EMF regulation
limits the electric or magnetic field strength with consideration of the influence of RF exposure
on human body.
This article presents current situation related with the radio regulation on WPT in
Korea. The rest of the article is organized as the following three sections:
Section 1 describes the technical regulation for in-band frequency on WPT in Korea.
There are no explicit provisions for the WPT devices in the Radio Waves Act at the moment.
But, low power WPT devices for mobile phones are generally applicable to Extremely Lowpower Radio Devices or High Power ISM Equipment. Most inductive WPT products are
currently certificated as Weak Electric Field Strength Radio Equipment which does not require
specific frequency allocation for the operation. The regulation of High Power ISM Equipment is
different according to the output power and the operating frequency. Section 2 describes the
EMC regulation. Until now CISPR-11 has been applied to WPT, but now KCC is planning to
introduce a new EMC regulation which classifies WPT as domestic (or household) devices.
Currently, while there is EMF regulation on the mobile phone, there is no explicit provision for
WPT. It is now under the consideration by KCC. This will be described in Section 3.
1. Technical regulation for in-band frequency
There are two kinds of regulations applicable in this case as below:
(1) Extremely Low-power Radio Devices
- It is classified as unlicensed radio equipment.
- It is currently applied to certification of inductive WPT products.
- The electric field strength is limited according to the operating frequency, as shown in Table
I.
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Table I. Electric field strength limit of Weak Electric Field Strength Radio Equipment
Frequency
Electric field strength (μV/m @3m)
0 – 322MHz
500 (for the frequencies under 15MHz, a value of
measurement multiplied by 6π/λ is applied, where λ
is the wavelength.)
322MHz – 10GHz 35
10GHz – 150GHz
3.5ⅹf , where f is the frequency in GHz. (if 3.5ⅹf
>500 μV/m, the limit is 500 μV/m)
Over 150GHz
500
(2) High Power ISM Equipment
- While a device for WPT transmitting over 50W should get permission from KCC/ (RRA)
and have to be installed in a specific location, it is unnecessary to get permission for transmitting
under 50W. Therefore, mobile devices and audio-video multimedia equipment should not
exceed the transmitting power of 50W. Several Korean industry organizations want to have
higher transmitting power (e.g. 200 W) for audio-video multimedia equipment.
- The electric field strength of a fundamental wave and a spurious emission is limited to use of
ISM bands or to use of ISM equipment as shown in Table II.
Table II. Electric field strength limit of High Power ISM Equipment
Purpose
Electric field strength
Industrial
100 μV/m @100m
Medical
100 μV/m @30m
Other Output power ≤ 50 100uV/m @30m
0W
Output power > 50 100uV/m@100m
0W
100×√(P/500)@30m, where P is the output po
wer in W
- For a device for WPT operating at ISM band, there is no limit output power from
fundamental wave in case of use ISM bands.
- Although 6.78 MHz is ISM frequency, it cannot be used at the moment since its usage is not
designated yet. KCC is now taking steps to allow WPT to use 6.78 MHz ISM band.
2. EMC regulations
Until now CISPR-11 (Group2, Class B) as shown in Table III has been being applied to
WPT, but now KCC is planning to introduce more stringent EMC regulations which classifies
WPT as domestic (or household) devices under 30 MHz.
Table III. EMC requirements for WPT
Electric field strength @10m
Quasi-peak
Average Note2)
Frequency (MHz)
(dBV/m)
(dBV/m)
0.15 – 30
30 - 80.872
30
25
80.872 - 81.848
50
45
81.848 - 134.786
30
25
134.786 - 136.414
50
45
136.414 – 230
30
25
Magnetic
field
strength (quasi-peak)
(dBA/m)
39 - 3 Note1)
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230 – 1000
37
32
Note 1) See Figure 7-1 for details.
Note 2) This average can be applied only to magnetron driven appliances and in case the ma
gnetron driven appliance exceeds the value of quasi-peak at a certain frequency, the magnetr
on driven appliance can use the average value.
Figure 7-1 Magnetic field strength (quasi-peak) on Korea EMC requirement
EMI regulation under 30 MHz was revised and then the requirements which are applied to
domestic (in-door) WPT equipment are separately prescribed as shown the table below. EMI
regulation for WPT ISM expects to be revised in Feb. 2013 and be in force from May 2013.
o Radiated disturbance limit of domestic (in-door) WPT devices below 30MHz
- Radiated disturbance limit
Measurement
Frequency (MHz)
Quasi-peak criteria (dBμV/m)
Distance (m)
0.009 ～ 0.45
47 - 20log f
0.45 ～ 30
54
3
- Limit for WPT harmonics are set to the lower one by comparing two values;
1) the value calculated by adding Radiated disturbance limit shown in the table above to the
value displayed in the table below, and 2) the value specified in Radiated disturbance limit for
ISM equipment of EMI regulation.
Harmonics
value
3
20dB
5
10dB
7
9
5dB
Over 10
Applying
Radiated disturbance
limit
3. EMF regulation
There is EMF regulation referring to international guideline on ICNIRP 98 in Korea. However,
this regulation doesn’t include WPT device for application and suitable measurement method.
KCC is planning to introduce revision of EMF regulation including WPT devices in 2013.
Current SAR requirements for mobile phone are as follows:
① SAR for head of the general public: 1.6W/kg @100kHz – 10GHz
② It is expected that the requirement will be subdivided as 0.08W/kg for whole body, 1.6W/kg
for head and trunk, 4W/kg for limbs, which is based on IEEE C95.1-1991 standard.
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2) If not, please explain the related rulemaking process or activities being processed for WPT
currently or in future.
<Answer>
The activities being processed for WPT currently and in future are as followings:
Technical R
egulation
Category
Full
details
EMC
EMF
Technical Regulation for Industrial,
Scientific and Medical(ISM)
Table of Frequency al
Wireless Power Transmission equipment
or OO ISM for use of xx frequency
Wireless Power Transmission
or ISM(footnote m
(Notification of KC
(Notification of RRA)
Inductive WPT
(110~205kHz)
Resonant WPT
(6.78Mhz)
Electrical V
(20kHz,
Weak Electric field strength
Radio equipment
Short Range Device(SRD)
Electric field s
M
use under frequency 322M
hz
On-gong frequency allocati
on(2013 year)
Completed fre
tion(201
EMC adoption
EMC adoption
On-going radio equipment and measurement technique fo
r SAR(2013 year)
 Currently, ISM equipment over power 50W must be licensed by KCC and electric
vehicle power is allowed around 50kW over.
3) Is there any plan of type approval for WPT products in the future?
<Answer>
Currently, WPT products using over 50 W require for licensing and WPT products using
less 50 W require the registration of conformity through weak electric filed strength and
EMC test.
Others
1) Please provide any other WPT information and studies that are beneficial to share among
APT countries.
<Answer>
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On-gong
(2013
EMF ad
AWG-14/INP-68
None
______________
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