UNIT II HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
- ANCIENT TIMES (4000 BC – 1000AD)
MSc Nursing
2nd year
HISTORY PSYCHIATRY : (Text Book of postgraduate
psychiatry)
IMPORTANT VIEWS
1. Ayurveda (4000 BC)
• Indian system of scientific medicine and positive health
• Psychiatry was labeled asbhut – vidya, (demonology,
Charak Samhita, “Neither gods.. Nor demons)
Heriditory – causation of mental disorders
Psychiatry patient- treated with the sympathy and kindness.
Intractable disease were treated by brutal treatment with scalding ( hot
water, iron or oil) whipping, tying with soft bandages and confinement.
Sushruta believed that passions an d strong emotions could not only cause
mental disorders but also physical disorders that may require surgical
intervention.
2. SAGE AGASTRA (7th CENTURY BC)
• Indian sage, practitioner of siddha system of medicine
•Described 18 types of mental disorders, with
giving bhasam (ash)
treatment consisting
•Wrote a treatise of mental disorders called as Agastiyar Kirigai Nool.
3. ALCMAEON ( 6th century BC)
•
A Greek physician priest; a student of pythagoras.
•
Related sensation to brain processes, and concluded that defects
reasoning must result from brain pathology and not from abstract spiritu
phenomena.
4. JIVAK (5th Century BC)
•
Indian physician
•
Practiced neurosurgery and performed that several operations on brain
5. BHAGAVAD GITA ( 4th Century BC)
-Psychotherapy and counseling
-Guru Chela relationship (Dr- Patient)
6. HIPPOCRATES (460- 377BC)
-
Greek physician
-
Temperaments were believed to be caused by mixture of 4 bodily humors
(blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) and were called as Sanguine
phlegma tic, choleric and melancholic.
-
Disease- imbalance of these bodily humors
-
Attempted to classify mental disorders into categories recognizable as
melancholia, post partum psychosis, phobias , delirium, dementia and
hysteria
-
Hysteria- wandering uterus ( treatment marriage and sexual intercourse )
-
epilepsy was a sacred disease and believed natural causes to be
responsible for the malady.
-
Stressed the importance of doctor – patients relationship
7. SOCRETES (469- 399 BC)
-
Greek philospher
-
Developed a unique method of teaching
8. Plato ( 427-347BC)
-
Greek philosopher and rationalist
-
believed that the mental world consists of self exist ideas which are
wholly independent of one’s life experience
-
Divided the soul of psyche into 3 parts (appetite, impulses and reason)
located respectively abdomen, chest and head
-
Earlier he described 2 kinds of madness
i) The appetitive soul loses the domination of the rational soul.
ii) The gods inspire the madness (divine madness)
-
Later, in phaedrus’, he described 4 kinds of madness
i) Prophetic madness
ii) Telestic or Ritual Madness
iii) Portic madness
iv) Erotic madness
-
In the ‘Laws’, Definite norms of handling a ‘mental’ patient are given, e.g.
confinement at home, exile, and even punishment by death (in extreme
cases)
9. ARISTOTLE (384- 322 BC)
•
Greek physician; plato’s most influential student
•
Insisted that theories should be derived from observable data;
thus believed in empiricism as opposed to plato’s rationalism.
•
Described ‘heart’ as the seat of all mental functions and
therefore, the major agent of causation of mental disorders.
•
Described the various emotions or affections’ (eg., desire, joy,
courage, anger, fear , hatred, and pity) in De Anima (a
collection of 8 books, containing his views and theories on
psychology.
•
Discussed ‘catharsis’ as a natural outlet for disturbing
passions. Advocated that passions must be purged
consistently to avoid violence.
10. Herophilus (335- 280 BC)
-
Greek physician
-
Known as the ‘father of Anatomy.’
-
Refuted the theory of body humors and believed anatomic
defects within the brain
to be responsible
for mental
disorders.
11. KING ASHOKA (27 4- 235 BC )
-
Indian King; a great warrior who later embraced Buddhism.
-
His regime saw establishment of many hospitals. Mentally ill
were humanely cared for, along with the physically ill, in these
hospitals.
12. ASCELEPIADES (C 150 BC)
-Roman (originally from Asia Minor) Philosopher- physician
-Rejected the doctrine of bodily humors
-Differentiated illusions from delusions
-Subdivided the diseases into acute and chronic.
-Advocated psychological modes of treatment and stressed the importance of
environmental influences.
His teachings led to the cult of Asclepias (O: Asclepiades ), the god of healing.
The Asclepian priest: used dream interpretation to suggest healing measures.
13. CICERO (106- 43BC)
-
Roman physician
-
Provided the 1st detailed description of passions, the strongest of which
was ‘libido’ (violent passion).
-
1st to use the term ‘libido’ in a psychological sense.
14. AURELIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS (25BC – 5 0 AD)
-
Non – medical, Roman encyclopedist.
-
Described 6 types of insanity in his classic medical text book, ‘De Re
Medica’.
Phrenitis, Melancholia ,Delirium,Lethargus (stupor),Epilepsy,Schizophrenia
-
Advocated ‘shocking harshaly’ as a method of treatment for the mentally
ill.
-
This ‘shock treatment’ provided a rationale for the brutal treatment of the
insane for centuries to come.
15. ARETAEUS (50- 130 AD)
-
Physician in Cappadocia, in Eastern Asia Minor (a part of the Roman
Empire).
-
Believed mental disorders to be exaggerated normal processes
-
1st to describe mania and depression as two phases of the same disorder,
occuring in the same person
-
Also described paranoid syndromes.
-
Studied pre- morbid personalities of the mentally ill and conducted detailed
follow up studies
-
Proposed an ‘eclectic’ approach in treatment.
16. SORANUS (93- 138)
• Roman physician
• Provided many accurate description of mental disorders (especially delusions
of grandiosity, states of stupor).
17. GALEN (130 – 200)
-
Physician in Asia (Now Turkey) of the Roman Empire.
-
Instrumental in the ‘rebirth’ and propagation of the humoral theory
-
Defined hysteria as a complex, in curable disease with an known physical
cause. He located the seat of the disorder in cerebellum, calling it the site of
‘carnal love’.
-
His views had widespread acceptance and hindered the development of
knowledge regarding mental disorders for many centuries.
18. ST. AUGUSTINE (354- 430)
- Aurelius Augustinus, later known as St. Augustine, was born in
Tagaste (Numidia,. North Africa).
- Wrote
the 1st book, ‘Confessions’,
on psychological
introspection based on self – analysis, though tinged with
religious overtones.
- 1st to describe vidibly, and in detail, his subjective emotional
experiences without any reservations. Believed to be the
forerunner
of
existentialism,
phenomenology
and
psychoanalysis.
- His views had tremendous influence on the Western intellectual
world for at least the next 10 centuries
19. BAGHDAD MENTAL ASYLUM (C 705 )
- 1st asylum for the mentally ill (exclusively) at Baghdad.
- Provided humane treatment for the insane
20. RHAZES OR AL RAZI (865- 925)
- Persian physician in the city of Baghdad.
-
known as the ‘Persian Galen’.
- Believed mental disorders to have ‘organic’ ca uses
- Proponent of psychological modes of treatment
- Was the physician – in – child of the Baghdad hospital.
-
Wrote more than 200 volumes on subjects ranging from
medicine and religion, to philosophy and astronomy.
PRIMITIVE AGES ( Demonology
gods, and Magic)
Primitive people believed that
the
mentally ill were possessed by demons, who
invaded the human body as a form of
punishment for the sins which the afflicted
person
had
committed.
This
theory
was
enlarged to such an extent that a demon was
assigned to each of 36 parts of the body. Many
of the so –called possessed individuals were
abandoned. As misfits or worthless, to the
forests where they were devoured by animals;
others were burned at the stake. This practice
appeared to be
prompted by the belief that
mentally ill were allied with the devil and
capable of casting spells. (Margareta)
Five Different belief models shaped the reactions to mental
illness of earl y humans and their primitive descendants.
1. The person’s soul has fled
the body; and the wandering needed to be
convinced to return.
2. A foreign body with magical powers entered the body; the cure required that
it be extracted and neutralized.
3. Evil spirits had entered the body; these had to be exorcised before the victim
could have relief.
4. The person had infringed on a taboo; the person and situation required
ritualistic purification.
5. The person had sinned (Hebraic and other traditions attributed mental illness
to sin). Requiring confession in the hope that sins could be expiated (Jeffrey
and Hedlund).
Primitive era – treatment (Magic)
Primitive medicine or psychiatry was believed to
cure if the client accepted and belived in the
treatment. the effectiveness of healing was
attributed to magic.
Ellenberger identified five key elements in the
success of primitive medical haling (1970):
1. The healer occupied a central role in the
society
2. Confidence was in the healer, not in the
medication
3. Healers were learned people, as defined by
culture
4. Psychological methods of healing were more
important
5. The healing is almost always a public affair.
TREATMENT IN ANCIENT TIMES FOCUSED ON
1.
EXORCISM : Prayer,
noise
–
making
and
preparation of purgatives
prepared
from
sheep
dung and wine to be
drunk by the patient.
2. OPERATION / TREPHENING:
It is a circular opening made on the
skull with crude stone instrument for
the evil spirit to escape from the
brain( K. Lalitha).
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY AND HEALERS
•
Priest
•
Physician
•
Psychologist
•
Magician
METHODS OF TREATMENT
• Mystic rites
• Incantation
• Temples of healing
• Shaman – wooden statue
• Wearing talisman
• A trephened skull
• Exorcism
Rosenblatt records community response during the ancient
times
Assistance : The least restrictive approach, provided food and
money and often enables family to maintain as a unit
Banishment : Led to wandering lunatics living no one cared how
and dying no one cared where.
Confinement : Most restrictive method of copying with the
mentally ill. Who were often chained.
Age of rationalism (BC 500- 580)
Hyppocrates (460 – 357BC)
Charaka and Susruta (100AD) (Ayurvedic physician placed
the mind in the heart )
Galen ( 130-200 AD)
The dark ages (500- 1000AD)
Demonology and witchcraft
An asylum – Baghdad (705 AD)
Rhazes ( 900 AD)
Pre- christian Development ( 580 – 510 BC) ( Age of
rationalism)
Pythagoras
Hippocrate
Plato
Aristotle
Herophilus
Asclepiads
Early christian period of 25BC – 1000 AD
Augustine , Aurelius, Cornelius Celsus, Aretaeus of Cappadocia,
Galen, Soranus, Caelius Aurelinus
HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY
(midieval period)
The following categories of periods are identified
The period of persecution (1552BC-1400AD)
The period of segregation(1545AD-1800AD)
The
humanitarian
period
(1745-1826AD)
Beginning
of
scietific
attitude(1796-1878)
The period of prevention(1885-1960)
Avicenna or Abu Alibn Sina(9801037)



Persian physician
Recognised that emotional upsets can
cause certain physical and mental
disorders
Used physiological methods of
treatment
Constantius Africamus(10201087)





A resident of carthage
Provided aa detailed description of
melancholia
Believed melan cholia to be caused
byan excess of black bile
Opined that prognosns better in
acute,reactive conditions
Was instrumental in spreading Galenic
views on depression
Naja buddin Unhammad ( c
1222)






Indian physician
Described 7 types of mental disorders
1. Sauda-a-Tabee
2. MureeSauda
3. Malikholia-a-Maraki 4. Haziyan
5. Ishk
6. Nisyan
7. Janoon
Methods of treatment – Bleeding and purging,
nutritious food, massage, change of climate,
avoidance of fear and irritation etc
Moses Maimonides (11351204)



Arab scholar
Provided a detailed description of
depression
Believed in mental hygiene program
St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)



Believes soul being divine in origin, cannot
commit any sin
Mental diseases sprang from organic factors
Attributed mental disorders to deficient use
of reasons
Bartholomaes Anglicus (13th
century
French Monk
First attempts to localize brain functions


Valencia Mental Asylum (1409)




First European mental hospital
Founded by Fr. Gilabert Jofre
Advocate humane treatment for the
mentally ill
Separate unit for the mentally ill children


Maulana Fazulure-Lah Hakim
(1450)
Indian physician
In charge of the Indian mental asylum
opened by Mohammed Khilji at Dhar
Malleus Maleficarum (1487)


A book, title of which means “Witches
Hammer”
Authorised by Heinrich Kraemer and
Johann Sprenger
Phillipus Aureolus Paracelsus (14931541)

Austrian physician

Later latinized his name to Paracelsus

Provided a new classification of diseases in his book,
“On diseases which deprive Man of Reason:
1.

Vesamia
2. Lunacy
Believed mental disorders to be natural diseases and
not caused by demons.

Believed in bodily `magnetism’ and lunar
phenomenon.

3. Insanity
Advocated treatment with chemicals
Juan Louis Vives(1492-1540)

Spanish Philosopher

Wrote the first model text book of psychology

Forerunner of Freud in emphazing the importance
of psychological associations in forming emotions

Believed that painful, long forgotten memories can
be recalled through reflective association

Popular for his humanitarian stance towards mental
ill
Teresa of Avila


Spanish nun
Suggested that a mind can be ill just as a body
can be ill.
Johann Wayer (1552-1586)




Dutch physician
Regarded by some as the father of psychiatry
His book “De Praestigis Daemonum” vigorously
attacked ‘Malleus’ refuting that the demons are
the cause of mental disorders
Practiced psychotherapy
Francis Bacon (1521-1626)

Introduced the inductive method
Bethlehem Hospital (1547)




Introduced the inductive method
Founded as a priory of St. Mary of
Bethlehem, London in 1247.
Henry VIII gave it a charter as a hospital
for the cure of lunatics in 1547.
Name was later corrupted to Bedlam
Timothy Bright (1551-1615)





English physician
Wrote the first treatise on mental illness
by an English physician
Classified melancholia into two
1.Caused by humeral imbalance which
can treated by diet and physical means
2.Caused by psychological factors which
can be treated by psychological
treatment
Felix Plater(1536-1614)



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




Swiss physician
Classified mental disorders on the basis of
symptoms
1Coernatio mentis
Mentis alienato
Mentis defatigatio
Imbecillitas mentis
Emphasize the importance of clinical
observation
Believed brain damage to be the chief cause
of mental disorders
First physician to separate medicine from
philosophy
Reginald Scot (1538-1599)



English physician
Opponent of demonology
His book discovery of witch craft
Gockel (1547-1628)



German Philosopher
Coined the word psychology in 1590
Emphasized the importance of mind body
relationship
Robert Burton (1577-1640)


Oxford Dean of Divinity
Provided a comprehensive description of
melancholy in his book “The Anatomy of
Melancholy”
Rane Descartes (1596-1650)



A deductive rationalist
Introduced the concept of reflex arc to explain all
animal and much human behaviour
Believed that man had a thinking substance, the
soul, which did not interact with the body, thus
creating a misleading mind body dichotomy
Paulozacchia (1584-1659)



Italian physician and lawyer
First forensic psychiatrist
Suggested that a physician rather than a priest
or lawyer should evaluate a patient’s
responsibility for abnormal behaviour
Thomas Sydenhan (1624-1689)




English physician
Provided a comprehensive of the symptomatology
of hysteria
Believed hysteria to be caused by disturbed animal
spirits
First to draw attention to the symptom of neurosis
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)


Portuguese philosopher
Challenged Descarte’s mind-body dualism and
replaced it with a concept of psychophysiological
parallelism
Thomas Willis (1622-1675)




English physician
Classified mental disorders into two groups
1. Caused by gross brain disease
2. Caused by disturbed animal spirits
Described clinical features of major mental disorders
First to describe the Circle of Willis in brain and first ot
use the term reflex action
George Ernst Stahl (16601734)




German physician
First to make distinction between
functional and organic illnesses
Propounded his theory of animism
Mental disorders were believed to be
caused by inhibitions of `anima’ for
bodily illnesses
George Cheyne (1671-1743)


English physician
Described depression as the “English Malady” and
that there is nothing shameful about abnormal
behaviour
Francois Brossier De Sarwages (17061767)

French Physician and Botanist

Arranged mental disorders overt symptoms in a
manner similar to natural scientist who systematised
plans and animals

Bombay Asylum (1745)
First lunatic asylum to be built in modern
India
Pennsylvania Hospital (1751)

First hospital in USA to accept mentally ill
Simon Andre Tissot (17281797)
 Swiss physician

Emphasized the pathological effects of
excessive masturbation
William Cullen (1710 – 1790)

Scottish physician

First to use the term neurosis

Authorised a comprehensive text on
nosology

Believed mental disorders to be due to a
breakdown in the nervous system
Robert Whytt (1714-1766)


First Scottish neurologist
Classified neurosis into three
1. Hysteria
2. Hypochondriasis
3. Nervous exhaustion
William Battia (1703 – 1776)




English physician
First to initiate the teaching of clinical psychiatry in
England
Made `treatment of madness’ a respected specialty
Distinguished mental disorders that arise form
internal process
John Aiken (1747-1822)


English physician
Wrote first book on lunatic hospitals
Williamsburg Asylum (1773)

First asylum in USA
Franz Anton Masmer (1734-1815)



Austrian physician
Borrowing from Paracelsus’ notion of
planetary magnetism
Developed the concept of animal magnetism
which later came to be known as hypnosis
Abbe de Faira (1756-1819)



Resident of Goa
Learnt hypnosis from temple priests in India
Johan Gottfried Langermann
(1768-1832)
Wrote the First doctor dissertation in psychiatry on
the method of diagnosing and treating chronic
mental diseases
Calcutta Asylum (1787)

First asylum in India for insane Europeans. Later in
1817, Surgeon Breadmore established the first
private hospital in India at the outskirts of Calcutta
Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759-1820)


Italian physician
One of the first to institute humane reforms in
the treatment of mentally ill
Philipe Pinel (1745-1826)




French physician
Removed the chains of the mentally ill at the Bicetre
asylum
Insisted on humane and moral treatment of the
mentally ill
Classified mental disorders into 4 types
1.melancholia
2. mania
3.dementia
4. idiocy
Madras Asylum (1793)
Private lunatic asylum with a bed strength
of 20
In 1807, Surgeon James Dalton expanded
the bed strength to 54


Monghyr Asylum (1795)

First lunatic asylum for insane Indian
soldiers
Johann Christian Rail (1759-1813)



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
German physician
First to use the word psychiatry
Founded the first psychiatric journal
“Magazine fuir die psychische heilkunde’
(1805)
Performed anatomical studies of brain
Proposed a wide range of therapeutic
measurement of the mentally ill which
included music therapy, occupational
therapy, drama therapy
William Tuke (1732-1822)


English Quaker merchant and a
member of “The society of Friend”
Founded the famous “York Retreat” for
the treatment of mentally ill
Benjamin Rush (1745-1830)




American physician
One of the signatories of the Declaration of
independence of USA
Wrote the first systematic general text book
of psychiatry
Known as the Father of American psychiatry
Thomas Sutton (1767-1835)

First description of delirium tremens
Joseph Adams (1756-1818)


First description of delirium tremens
Wrote the first text book on the hereditary
`properties’ of diseases
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)


Founder of phrenology
Described 27 specific organs in the human
brain
Johann Christian Heinroth (17731843)


First to use the term psychosomatic
Fore runner of psychoanalysis
Isaac Ray (1807-1881)


One of the founder of American Psychiatric
Association
Founder of American forensic psychiatry
Ernst Freihern Von Feuchtersleben 1807-1881)
 Coined the word psychosis
 Emphasised the role of mind in producing
physical illness and effectiveness
psychological treatment
Jacques Moreau De Tours (18041884)

Recognised the importance of dreams in
understanding mental disorders
Jules Baillarger (1809-1890)

Describes mania and depression occuring
as two phases
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887)

Worked towards the establishment of over
30 States supported hospital and reformed
the asylums
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHIATRY
MODERN ERA
“The larger the Island of knowledge the longer the
shoreline of wonder”
Sockman
MODERN ERA
End of 19th century and first 20th century
Pavlov
Emi Krapelin
Sigmund Freud
MODERN ERA
A. HOSPITAL CARE
a. Social aspect
BEDLAM HOSPITAL
b. Legal aspects
c. First mental hospitals
1. DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS AND
TREATMENT :
Sigmund Freud : - Free association
 Structure of mind
 Defence mechanism
 Psychosexual development
Carl Jung:
 Arche types
 Personality types
 Word association technique.
Alfred Adler: Individual psychology
Karen Horney: Theory of neurosis, neurotic trends.
Sullivan :- Interpersonal relationship.
II. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
a. Structural school
b. Gestalt school
c. Behaviourists
d. Functional Schools
e. Psychoanalysis
III. ORGANIC OR BIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
Adolf Meyer
- Psychobiology
Morgagni – Mental illness is organic
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG TREATMENT:
Cade (1949) – Lithium
Bernthsen (1883) – synthesis chlorpromazine.
Organic therapies:
Sakel (1933) – Insulin coma therapy.
Friedman & Wilcox (1942) – ECT.
V. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES:
Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis & free association.
Maslow – Self actualization
Pietro pisani – Millieu therapy.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
•
Founder of psychoanalysis

Interpretation of dreams

Free association

Psychodynamics

Psychoanalysis

Theory of infantile sexuality

Libido theory

Structural model of mind

Pleasure and reality principles

Therapeutic use of couch

Psychopathology of everyday life; slips of tongue
MORTON PRINCE (1854 – 1929)
•
Gave account of multiple personality
HAVELOCK ELLIS (1859-1939)
•
Authored “Studies in the Psychology of Sex”
PIERRE JANET (1859-2947)
•
Pioneer of psychodynamic psychiatry
•
Stressed the concept of personality integration
•
Made extensive use of the Cathartic treatment
IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV (1849-1936)
• Conducted classical animal studies on conditioned reflexes – Origin of
learning theories
•
Proposed symptoms of schizophrenia 45
LORD JOHN MORLEY (1905)
• Secretary of state for India
• Psychiatry was recognized as a medical
specialty in India
• More ‘central’ asylums were proposed and
established
• A new ‘Lunacy act’ was contemplated which
finally came out in 1912.
ALOIS ALZHEIMER(1864-1915)
• Reported 1st case of progressive dementia,
(Alzheimer’s diseases)
EUGEN BLEULER (1857-1939)
• Coined the term ‘schizophrenia’ to replace
dementia precox
• Described the
schizophrenia
cardinal
symptoms
of
KARI JASPERS (1883-1969)
• Founder of existential psychology
• Published 1st edition of his, now classic
‘General psychopathology’
ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937)
• 1ST defector from Freudian psychoanalysis
Founder of ‘individual psychology’
CARL GUSTAV JUNG (1875-1961)
•
Founder of in analytical psychology
•
Originated the word association tests
HERMANN RORSCHACH (1884-1922)
•
Swiss psychiatrist
•
Developed ‘INKBLOT TEST’
•
Development of other projective diagnostic
test
OTTO RANK (1884-1939)
•
Developed the concept of birth trauma
•
Advocated his approach of will therapy
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC
ASSOCIATION (1902)
•
Established in 1844 as the Association
of Medical Superintendents
•
Renamed American Psychiatric
Association in 1921
ERNST KRETSCHMER (1888-1964)
•
Described 4 constitutions in relation to
character,
illness
personality
and
mental
GRINDRA SHEKHAR BOSE (1886-1959)
•
Indian Psychiatrist
•
Developed his own technique
corresponded with Freud
•
Utilized the techniques in treatment of patients
•
Developed theory of ‘opposite wishes’
•
Published 1st psychoanalytic journal in India ‘Samiksha’ in
1921
•
Opened the 1st psychiatry unit in a general hospital at RG Kar
Medical College Calcutta
of
psychoanalysis
JACOH KLAESI (1883)
•
Developed the continuous sleep treatment
later
AMERICANORTHO PSYCHIATRIC
ASSOCIATION (1924)
•
Interdisciplinary approach in prevention
and treatment of mental illness
JULIUS WAGNER VON JAUREGG (18571940)
•
Developed ‘malarial treatment’ for GPI,
for psychosis
KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952)
•
Developed ‘theory of neurosis’
•
Opposed the Freudian
castration complex
theory
of
ADOLF MEYER (1866-150)
• Famous for his ‘common sense psychiatry’
approach
• Founder of ‘Psychobiology
FRANZ ALEXANDER (1891-1964)
• Conducted the research on psychosomatic
illness
GORDON WILLARD ALLPORT (1897-1967)
• Proposed a ‘trait theory’
RESERPINE USE (1931)
• Two Indian Scientists, S. Siddiquil and Rafat
Siddiqui in 1931
MANFRED SAKEL (1900-1957)
•
Developed
psychoses
Insulin
coma
therapy
for
LADISLAS LAZIO JOSEPH VON (18961964)
•
Used cardiazol, a camphor compound
•
Developed carbon dioxide therapy
ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREAU FREIRE
EGAS MONIZ (1874-1955)
•
Performed psychosurgery
•
Developed cerebral angiography as an
investigative tool in neurology (1927)
UGO CERLETTI (1877-1963)
•
Developed Electro – shock treatment
(EST), known as ECT
•
Propounded the ‘acrogonine theory’ to
explain the mechanism of action of ECT
LUCIO BINI (1908-1964)
•
Used ECT, in the treatment of
psychoses
•
Developed the 1st ECT machine
COLONEL O BERKELEY HILL (1939)
•
British psychiatrist practicing in India
•
Changed the name of mental asylums to
‘mental hospitals’ 1920
•
Opened the 1st private nursing home in
India for mentally ill in 1937
•
Emphasized
mentally ill
humane
treatment
of
HELEN DEUTSCH (1884-1982)
•
Provided a psychoanalytical account of
psychology ‘The Psychology of Women’
•
Described the ‘as-if personality’
ANNA FREUD (1895-1982)
•
Contributed to ‘play therapy’ for children
and ‘mechanisms of ego defense’
INDIAN PSYCHIATRIC SOCEITY (1947)
•
Inaugurated on Jan 7, 1947 at Delhi by
Major RB Davis and Lt. Col. RJ Rosie.
INDIAN JOURNAL PSYCHIATRY (1949)
•
Renamed as Indian Journal of Psychiatry
in 1958
JOHN F CADE (1912-1981)
•
Used lithium for the 1st time for
manicexcitement
ERIK H ERIKSON (1902-1997)
•
Described the stages of life cycle
•
Used ‘psychohistory’
•
Described ‘identity’ Vs. ‘role confusion’
JEAN P. L. DELAY (1907)
•
Used chlorpromazine,
•
Described the condition ‘neuroleptic’ malignant syndrome’
(NMS)
MAXWELL JONES (1907)
•
Originated the concept on ‘therapeutic community’
•
Era of ‘Social psychiatry
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN (1892-1949)
•
Founder of ‘interpersonal school of psychiatry’
•
Described 6 stages in personality development
JEAN PIAGET (1897-1980)
•
Worked on the nature of children’s intellectual development.
•
Divided a child’s thought development into 4 stages
VIRGINIA E JHONSON (1925)
•
Originated dual sex therapy
BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER (1904-1990)
•
Originator of the operant conditioning model of learning theory.
MENTAL HEALTH ACT (1987)
•
Drafted in 1949 at Allahabad by 3
psychiatrists: J Roy, RB Davis and Dr. Hasib.
•
After 38 years finally made Act No. 14 in
1987.
•
The new act replaces the Indian Lunacy Act
of 1912.
•
Mental Health Act envisages a change in
nomenclature, provision for mental hospitals.
Comprehensive approach
Patient centered approach
TRENDS IN NURSING
Nurse patient relationships
Dynamic nursing approach
Working together
DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING IN INDIA:
PSYCHIATRY
AND
1987 - Lunatic asylum in Bengal.
1873 – Mental hospital at Bangalore.
1912 – India Lunacy act passed.
1918 – Mental hospital at Ranchi.
1936 – 45 PG Programme in Psychiatry.
1987 – Indian mental health Act.
NIMHANS
PSCHIATRIC
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING TODAY:
Development in profession
Development in
psychiatric nursing
Development in clinical
practice
Development in Nursing
theory
Development in women’s
movement
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING IN FUTURE:
Government support of services .
New activities within the private and public sector.
Nurse plays instrumental role.
Science will present a significant challenge.
Political issues.
CURRENT EVENTS IN PSYCHIATRIC NURSING:
 Sheltered work shops
 Half way homes, foster homes.
 Multi disciplinary approach.
 Therapeutic strategies.
 Open door policy
 Walk in clinic
 Mass media communication
 Satellite clinics
FOSTER HOME