Human Biology 11
A Block
Room 211
Mr. A. White
Alphabet
• http://www.apples4theteacher.com/elibrary
/bodybook.html
• V- Vagina
• W- Wrist
• X- X chromosome, Xifoid process
(sternum)
• Y- Y chromosome
• Z- Z Discs (muscle tissue)
Careers related to Human Biology
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Cosmetology
Massage Therapy
Physiotherapy
Counseling
Fitness Trainer
Medical Careers
Living vs. Non-Living
• List as many characteristics of living things
as you can:
• Brainstorm
• Let’s look at all your ideas and see what
ones fit the criteria!
Properties of Life
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Made of Cells
Obtain and use Energy
Grow and Develop
Reproduce
Respond to their environment
Adapt to their environment
• An object must exhibit all of the above to be
considered a “living thing”
Living vs. Non-Living
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Label the following as living or non-living
Lady bug
Can of Coke
Ant
Clouds
Bear
Rock
Goldfish
Wooden Table
Mushroom
Water
In-Class Assignment
• Compare the human body to an object
with similar or the same components.
Organization of the Human Body
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Organism- Person
Systems- Digestive System
Organs- Stomach
Tissues- Muscle Tissue
Cells- Muscle Cell
Atoms- Molecules (DNA)
Atoms
• Atoms- come from the foods you eat, the
liquids you drink, and air you breathe.
• H2O- Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Fat- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
The Cell
• The cell is the basic unit of all living things
• There are over 100 elements that make up the
body. Seven of them make up 99% (Oxygen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium,
Phosphorus, Potassium)
• Cells vary in size and shape
- Red Blood cells- round for O2
- Nerve Cells- long extensions to carry impulses
- Skin Cells- thin & flat to cover the surface of the
body
Vocabulary: The Cell
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Make 3 Big Circles:
Label #1 Vocabulary I know
Label #2 Vocabulary I think I know
Label #3 Vocabulary I don’t know
Vocabulary Cont.
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Place the following words in one of the circles:
Cytoplasm
Golgi Body
Nucleus
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Centriole
Chromatin
Plasma Membrane
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Organelle
Nuclear Membrane Cell Wall
Microfilaments
Vacuole
The Parts of the Cell
• See Word
Cell Review
• Tell me one thing you learned about the
cell!
Cell Structure
Handouts
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The magic of cells
Cell Structures and Functions
Cell Structures and Functions
Cell Structures and Functions
Cell Structures and Functions
Cell Structures and Functions
pg.11
pg.12
pg.13
pg.14
pg.15
Cell Project
• See handout
Quiz
1) What is the outside of a cell called?
2) What are lysosomes responsible for?
3) What part of the cell helps to create
energy?
4) What is the area inside the cell called?
5) How many cells does the average person
have?
Quiz (cont.)
6) List 3 characteristics of a living thing?
7) What are the smallest particles of the
human body (smaller than the cell)?
8) What is the main purpose of a muscle
cell?
9) What is the main purpose of a blood cell?
Quiz (cont)
10) Draw and label a cell with the following:
Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Nucleus,
and Cytoplasm
Crossword Puzzles
• Cell Structure Handout
• Human Body Handout
Tissues
• Tissues are groups of similar cells that
work together
-Epithelial (skin, digestive tract)
-Connective tissue bind and pack together
(blood cells and bone tissue)
What's the biggest organ in your
body?
• The Skin
• Without skin, people's muscles, bones,
and organs would be hanging out all over
the place
• Skin holds everything together as well as:
• Protects our bodies
• Helps keep our bodies at just the right
temperature
• Allows us to have the sense of touch
Skin (cont)
• The skin is made up of three layers, each
with its own important parts.
• The layer on the outside is called the
epidermis.
• The epidermis is the part of your skin you
can see.
Skin (cont)
Most of the cells in your epidermis (95%)
work to make new skin cells.
• Your epidermis is always making new skin
cells that rise to the top to replace the old
ones.
• And what about the other 5%? They make
a substance called melanin.
• Melanin gives skin its color.
Skin (cont)
• The Dermis Is Under the Epidermis
• The next layer down is the dermis.
• You can't see your dermis because it's
hidden under your epidermis.
• The dermis contains nerve endings, blood
vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands.
• It also contains collagen and elastin, which
are tough and stretchy.
Dermis
• Your dermis is also full of tiny blood vessels.
• These keep your skin cells healthy by bringing
them the oxygen and nutrients they need and by
taking away waste.
• These blood vessels are hard to see in kids, but
you might get a better look if you check out your
grandparents' skin.
• As the dermis gets older, it gets thinner and
easier to see through.
Sweat Glands
• You also have sweat glands on your
epidermis.
• Even though you can't feel it, you actually
sweat a tiny bit all the time.
• The sweat comes up through pores tiny
holes in the skin that allow it to escape.
• When the sebum meets the sweat, they
form a protective film that's a bit sticky.
Subcutaneous Fat
• The third and bottom layer of the skin is
called the subcutaneous layer.
• It is made mostly of fat and helps your
body stay warm and absorb shocks, like if
you bang into something or fall down.
• The subcutaneous layer also helps hold
your skin to all the tissues underneath it.
Subcutaneous Fat
• This layer is where you'll find the start of hair,
too.
• Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube
in the skin called a follicle
• You have hair follicles all over your body, except
on your lips, the palms of your hands, and the
soles of your feet.
• And you have more hair follicles in some places
than in others - there are more than 100,000
follicles on your head alone!
Skin
Skin Functions
• Arteries- Carry blood from the heart to the
skin
• Veins- Carry blood away from the skin to
the heart
• The Erector Muscle contracts to lift the
hair upright.
• The Nerve Cells respond to stimuli of
touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
Skin Functions (cont)
• The Sebaceous Gland opens into the hair follicle
and produces an oily substance.
• When Sweat evaporates from the skin’s surface,
the body cools down.
• The Sweat Glands take up water from the
capillaries when the body temperature is too
high and secrets it.
• O2 and Food is brought to the skin by the Blood.
• The Papilla is the very bottom portion of the hair
follicle that contains the blood supply and the
matrix.
Skin Health and Hygiene
• 1. Wash skin frequently with warm, soapy
water
• 2. Clean any wound or break in the skin
and use lotion.
• 3. Treat burns seriously
• 4. Don’t fuss with blemishes.
Acne
• Caused by bacteria which infect a blocked
hair follicle.
• Sex hormones (androgens) are the cause.
• Gentle cleansing of the skin, plus a
healthy diet and lifestyle will help.
• Severe cases should be treated by a
physician.
Boils
• Round, tender reddened areas of the skin
containing a central core of pus and
bacteria
• Some erupt, some disappear.
• Should not be sqeezed as they may infect
other areas.
Athlete’s Foot
• A fungal infection that begins in the area
between the toes.
• It causes painful itching or burning
sensations.
• To prevent it, keep feet dry.
Skin Cancer
• Symptoms include:
• Sores that do not heal
• Changes in the size and color of moles or
warts
• Unusual patches of colored skin
• Many skin cancers can be cured if treated
early.
Dandruff
• Caused by the shedding of outer layers of
the scalp.
• It may be promoted by infections, poor
diet, lack of washing, strong shampoos, or
insufficient rinsing of the hair.
Hair Care
• Only the root of the hair is living.
• Dead tissue cannot acquire nourishment
• Only the root can acquire nourishment
because blood vessels bring nutrients to it.
Hair Care
• The Ph (Acidic Level) of hair is 5-6.
• If you use shampoo that is too basic, it can
cause outer layers of hair to swell and
become softer leading to dull, lifeless hair
with little curl.
• Acidic products will harden and shrink the
cuticle producing bounce and shine, but
also brittleness and broken hair shafts
(split ends)
Good Hair Care
• Wash hair regularly and not necessarily
everyday as this removes natural oils and
can make hair dry and brittle.
• Use mild shampoos with little detergent so
not all oils are removed.
• Be skeptical about cures for hair ailments.
• Massage the scalp, this stimulates the skin
and hair roots.
Good Hair Care
• Be gentle drying your hair. Use heat
appliances sparingly
• Eat a balanced diet with lots of fruit and
vegetables.
• Brush hair regularly to distribute natural
oils.
• Limit exposure to the sun as it dries the
hair and makes it brittle.
Shampoos
• Shampoos that are more acidic than others will
result in hair that appears to be frayed and dried
as the hair is stripped of important oils.
• Regular shampoos like this can easily result in
damaged hair.
• Basic Shampoos are more likely to make hair
look (above 5.5) thicker and dull due to the fact
that they cause the cuticle of hair to swell.
Group Work
• In groups of 4-5, discuss and answer the following:
• What shampoos are most commonly used in the
group/class/your friends?
• Compare hair luster, broken ends and other
characteristics of hair and see if there are differences.
• Example: Expensive shampoo meant more luster, less
broken ends
• Compare the use of heat (hair dryers, straighteners,
rollers etc.) and see if there are any differences.
• Example: Constant heat leads to more split ends, less
split ends
Ads
• Examine ads: Look at the photos and
language used.
• Analyze information given:
• Hypothesis as to what the shampoo is
actually doing to your hair.
• Is this product claim supported by what
you know?
• Would you buy this product? Why or why
not?
Summary
• Removing natural oils can make hair dry
and brittle.
• Acidic products will harden and shrink the
cuticle producing bounce and shine
• Acidic products will also produce
brittleness and split ends
• Shampoos that are too basic can cause
hair to swell leading to lifeless hair with
little curl.
ZOOT
• Get into 3 groups, pick a captain and team
name.
• One team goes first, sending a student to
pick an envelope.
• The envelope will tell you how many points
the question is worth.
• The team will have 15 secs. and then the
team captain will answer the question.
ZOOT
• If that team answers correctly they win that
many points.
• They then get to choose to go again or let
another team go.
• Most envelopes have point values in them.
But some have ZOOT cards.
• If you pick a ZOOT card you LOSE ALL
YOUR POINTS!
• Team with the most points wins!
Bones
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There are 206 bones in the human body.
Act’s as the body’s support system.
Bone is a living tissue
The bones are supplied with blood
vessels.
Functions of the Bones
• Provide a framework for the attachment of
muscles
• Protect delicate organs
• Produce blood cells
• Store minerals (calcium)
• Shock Absorption
Categories of Bones
• Flat: Used for Protection, ie. Skull
• Long: Support and Strength ie. Arms,Legs
• Short: Flexibility, ie. Wrist and Ankles
• Irregular: Specialized Functions, ie.
Vertebrae
Types of Bone Tissue
1) Compact:
• Hard and Strong
2) Spongy:
Light weight, full of spaces.
Contains more blood vessels than compact
bone.
Tissues in Bone
• Marrow: Made of Blood Vessels, fat cells, and
blood forming tissue
• Epiphyseal Cartilage: Where new bone is
formed to increase the length of the bone
• Periosteum: Thin double membrane that
contains blood vessels, nerves, and bone
forming cells.
• Articular Cartilage: Provides shock absorption as
bones move against each other.
Bone Formation
• Ossification: Bone formation
• Forming of bone is done by cells called
osteocytes.
• Most ossification occurs during the first 20
years of life.
• As bone cells develop they are intermixed
with minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
Osteoporosis
• Disorder in which bone spaces become
larger causing the bones to weaken.
• Sometimes the bone is too weak and may
break from the pressure of standing.
• Cause of the disease is the loss of calcium
• Calcium may be lost by hormonal changes
(menopause), smoking, and lack of
excersie
Muscles
• There are 3 types of muscles:
• A) Skeletal
• B) Smooth
• C) Cardiac
Skeletal
• Attached to bone.
• All movements that are under voluntary
control are produced by this kind of
muscle.
• Skeletal muscle is the most abundant
tissue in the vertebrate body
• Skeletal muscle makes up about 36% of
the mass of a girl and 42% of the mass of
a boy.
Smooth
• Found in internal organs.
• Involuntary Muscles, we do not have
control over this type of muscle
movement.
• Examples:
• The movement of food through your
digestive tract, the opening and closing of
blood vessels and the contractions of the
uterus during birth.
Cardiac
• Muscle forming the heart
• Also Involuntary (not under conscious
control)
Muscle Action
• Muscle tissue is composed of long
cylindrical cells.
• These cells form the fibers of a muscle.
• Muscle cells cannot partially contract.
• Over 400 muscles are associated with the
bones of your body.
• Many of these muscles work in opposite
pairs. (ie. Bicep, Triceps)
Muscle Action (cont)
• One member of the pair tightens and
moves a bone in one direction.
• To return the bone to its original position,
the second muscle must contract and pull
the bone back.
• Muscle cells only contract and relax.
Muscle
Functions of Skeletal Muscle
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A) Body Movement
B) Maintenance of posture
C) Production of body heat
D) Communication
Muscle Movement
• A) Flexion and Extension:
• This pair of actions occurs about a
transverse axis through a joint.
• The movement at a joint which decreases
the angle between two adjacent body
segments is known as flexion.
• The opposite action is extension, where
the angle between body segments is
increased.
Muscle Movements
• Abduction and Adduction:
• A movement of a body part away from the
midline, either of the body as a whole or
that of the hand or foot, is termed
abduction. (to carry away)
• A movement of the body part back toward
the midline is known as adduction. (add to
body)
Muscle Movements
• Lateral/Medial Rotation:
• Rotation occurs about the vertical axis
passing through a joint and through the
length of the bone distal to it.
• Lateral rotation is the opposite action. A
point is moved laterally away from the
body midline.
Muscle Facts
• Muscle does not reproduce easily
• You have approximately the same number
of muscle cells as when you were a baby.
• Muscle increases in size.
• Muscles are always in a state of slight
contraction.
• This is called muscle tone.
Making Muscles Stronger
• Athletes exercise vigorously enough to
have their muscle burn while