Shipping
• Agenda
– Part 1. Introduction, Nomenclature, Major
shipping companies
– Part 2. Charter - Voyage, time and others
– Part 3. Deck maintenance
– Part. Engine room and maintenance
– Part 5. Communication system and others
Deck Maintenance
• Deck Side Crew Hierarchy
– Master
– Chief Officer / Chief Mate
– Second Officer / Second Mate
– Third Officer / Third Mate
– Fourth Officer / Fourth Mate
– Fifth Officer / Fifth Mate
– Cadets
– Radio Officer
– Purser
Deck Department
• The deck department is responsible for
safely receiving, discharging, and caring
for cargo during a voyage.
Vessel
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Funnel
Stern
Propeller and Rudder
Portside (left) and Starboard (right)
Anchor
Bulbous bow
Bow
Deck
Superstructure
Key Parts of Vessel
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Anchor chain
Portside (Left side when viewed from rear)
Starboard side (Right side)
Hull
Crane/Grab
Lifeboats
Gangways
Bulk Carrier
Tanker Vessel
Cross-Sectional View of vessel
Freeboard
– The freeboard on commercial vessels is measured between the
uppermost continuous deck and the waterline.
– It is the distance from the waterline to the upper deck level,
measured at the lowest point of where water can enter the
ship.
Load Line
– The purpose of a load line is to ensure that a ship has sufficient
freeboard and reserve buoyancy.
– This must not be less than the freeboard marked on the Load
Line Certificate issued to that ship.
– This symbol must also be permanently marked, so that if the
paint wears off it remains visible.
– The load line makes it easy for anyone to determine if a ship
has been overloaded.
– The exact location of the Load Line is calculated and/or verified
by a Classification Society and that society issues the relevant
certificates.
– This symbol, also called an international load line or Plimsoll
line, indicates the maximum safe draft, and therefore the
minimum freeboard for the vessel in various operating
conditions.
Load Line
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The letters on the Load line marks have the following meanings:
TF – Tropical Fresh Water
F – Fresh Water
T – Tropical Seawater
S – Summer Temperate Seawater
W – Winter Temperate Seawater
WNA – Winter North Atlantic
Fresh water is considered to have a density of 1000 kg/m³ and
sea water 1025 kg/m³. Fresh water marks make allowance for
the fact that the ship will float deeper in fresh water than salt
water. A ship loaded to her Fresh Water mark in fresh water will
float at her Summer Mark once she has passed into sea water.
Similarly if loaded to her Tropical Fresh water mark she will float
at her Tropical Mark once she passes in to sea water.
Load Line
– The Summer load line is the primary load line and it is from this mark that all
other marks are derived. The position of the summer load line is calculated from
the Load Line Rules and depends on many factors such as length of ship, type of
ship, type and number of superstructures, amount of sheer, bow height and so
on. The horizontal line through the circle of the Plimsoll mark is at the same level
as the summer load line.
– The Winter load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft below the
summer load line.
– The Tropical load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft above the
summer load line.
The Fresh Water load line is an amount equal to millimetres above the summer
load line where is the displacement in metric tonnes at the summer load draft
and T is the metric tonnes per centimetre immersion at that draft.
In any case where cannot be ascertained the fresh water load line is at the same
level as the tropical load line.
The position of the Tropical Fresh load line relative to the tropical load line is
found in the same way as the fresh water load line is to the summer load line.
The Winter North Atlantic load line is used by vessels not exceeding 100
metres in length when in certain areas of the North Atlantic Ocean during the
winter period. When assigned it is 50 millimetres below the winter mark.
Typical Load Line Certificate
Draft
• The draft (or draught) of a ship's hull is the
vertical distance between the waterline (loadline)
and the bottom of the hull, with the thickness of
the hull included.
• Draft determines the minimum depth of water a
ship or boat can safely navigate.
• The draft can also be used to determine the
weight of the cargo on board by calculating the
total displacement of water and then using
Archimedes’ principle.
Ballast Tank
• It is a compartment within a boat or ship, that holds water.
• A vessel may have a single ballast tank near its center or
multiple ballast tanks typically on either side.
• A large vessel typically will have several ballast tanks including
double bottom tanks, wing tanks as well as forepeak and aftpeak
tanks.
• Adding ballast to a vessel lowers its center of gravity, and
increases the draft of the vessel which is required for proper
propeller immersion.
Sea Watch
• At sea, the mate (chief officer) on watch has three
fundamental duties: navigate the ship, safely avoid
traffic, and respond to any emergencies that may arise.
• Mates generally stand watch with able seamen who act
as helmsman and lookout.
• The helmsman executes turns and the lookout reports
dangers such as approaching ships.
• These roles are often combined to a single
helmsman/lookout and, under some circumstances, can
eliminated completely.
• The ability to smartly handle a ship is key to safe
watchstanding.
Sea Watch
• At sea, the mate (chief officer) on watch has three
fundamental duties: navigate the ship, safely avoid
traffic, and respond to any emergencies that may arise.
• Mates generally stand watch with able seamen who act
as helmsman and lookout.
• The helmsman executes turns and the lookout reports
dangers such as approaching ships.
• These roles are often combined to a single
helmsman/lookout and, under some circumstances, can
eliminated completely.
• The ability to smartly handle a ship is key to safe
watchstanding.
– One of the cabins in Passenger Cruises
Anchor
– An anchor is an object, often made out of metal, that is used to
attach a ship to the bottom of a body of water at a specific point.
– There are two primary classes of anchors—temporary and
permanent.
– A permanent anchor is often called a mooring, and is rarely
moved; it is quite possible the vessel cannot hoist it aboard but
must hire a service to move or maintain it.
– Vessels carry one or more temporary anchors which may be of
different designs and weights.
– An anchor works by resisting the movement force of the vessel
which is attached to it.
– There are two primary ways to do this—via sheer mass, and by
"hooking" into the seabed
Deck
Tanker Oil lines with Pumps
Levels of Deck
– Boat deck: Especially on ships with sponsons, the
deck area where lifeboats or the ship's gig are stored.
– Boiler deck
– Bridge deck: (a) The deck area including the helm
and where the Officer of the Deck will be found.
– Main deck: The highest deck of the hull (also called
the upper deck, see below), usually but not always
the weather deck. Anything above the main deck is
superstructure.
– Poop deck: The deck forming the roof of a poop or
poop cabin, built on the upper deck and extending
from the aft.
– Side-deck: The upper deck of any structures
– Upper deck: The highest deck of the hull.
Steering Wheel
Steering Wheel
– The wheel of a ship is the modern method of
adjusting the angle of the rudder, in turn changing the
direction of the ship. It is also called the helm,
together with the rest of the steering mechanism
– The wheel is typically connected to a mechanical or
hydraulic system.
– In some modern ships the wheel is replaced with a
simple toggle that remotely controls an electromechanical or electro-hydraulic drive for the rudder,
with a rudder position indicator presenting feedback
to the helmsperson.
Propeller
– Basically a type of fan which transmits power by converting
rotational motion into thrust for propulsion of ship through
water.
– It is effected by rotating two or more twisted blades about a
central shaft, in a manner analogous to rotating a screw.
– The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings and produce
force through application Newton’s third law.
Rudder and Propeller
Rudder
– A rudder is a device used to steer a ship.
– A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull
or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion
to the craft.
– In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of
material attached with hinges to the craft's stern, tail
or after end.
– Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize
hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag.
– In larger vessels, cables, pushrods and hydraulics
may be used to link rudders to steering wheels. In
typical aircraft, pedals operate rudders via mechanical
linkages.