Midterm Course
Overview 2015-2016
Welcome to AP Physics
I.
II.
Graphing
a. How to graph
b. How to calculate slope
c. Identify type of graph by shape (linear, quadratic, inverse…)
d. How to graph in excel
e. Linearizing a graph
i. when to do it
ii. how to do it
iii. Making an equation using linearization
Problem solving without numbers
a. how to solve problems with only variables
b. Proportional reasoning
Fluids
Hydrostatics
I.
II.
Density
a. How to convert between volumes (liters to m^3….)
b. Memorize the density of water
c. Specific gravity
i. How to calculate it
ii. Relationship to percent submerged in water
iii. What controls whether something sinks and floats
1. If an object is floating the buoyant force is equal to the….
Hydrostatic pressure
a. What is pressure
i. How to calculate
ii. Units
b. What is hydrostatic pressure
i. another name for hydrostatic pressure
ii. Hydrostatic pressure only depends on…
iii. Absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure
1. What atmospheric pressure is at sea level on earth
2. Definition of these
3. relationship between them
III.
IV.
Pascal’s principle
a. Be able to state it in words
b. Be able to state it as an equation
c. Be able to solve hydraulic problems
Buoyant force
a. If an object is floating the buoyant force is equal to the….
b. Archimedes principle
i. Be able to state and explain in words
c. Equation for buoyant force
i. What does that density in the equation stand for?
d. Drawing a free body diagram for a floating object
i. Be able to determine whether an object will float or sink
e. Calculate the percent submerged
i. in water
ii. in other fluids
f. Apparent weight
i. what is it?
ii. How to calculate it
g. Tension problems
i. Rope helps hold up a submerged object
1. Be able to draw the free body diagram
2. Be able to create an equation from the free body diagram
ii. Rope holds down a submerged object
1. Be able to draw the free body diagram
2. Be able to create an equation from the free body diagram
Hydrodynamics
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Ideal fluids
a. Characteristics of ideal fluids
Flow Rate
a. What is flow rate
i. Units
ii. symbol
iii. Definition in words and an equation
b. Calculating flow rate using flow speed
Continuity equation
a. What law governs the continuity equation?
b. State the continuity equation
c. Solve continuity problems
i. especially with radius or diameter given instead of area
Bernoulli Principle
a. Law that governs the Bernoulli principle
b. How to solve Bernoulli principle problems *there are lots of these*
c. Torricelli
i. Memorize it
ii. What you have to state to use it
iii. When you can use it
iv. If you had to, be able to derive Torricelli
d. Be able to solve Bernoulli projectile problems
e. Be able to describe Bernoulli in words and explain phenomena in words
including but not limited to…
i. entrainment
ii. flying
Thermodynamics
Heat, Internal Thermal Energy, Gas Laws
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Temperature
a. Measuring temperature
i. Celsius
ii. Kelvin
iii. Fahrenheit
b. Temperature is an indicator of…
Internal thermal energy
a. Definition
b. Symbol
c. Units
d. What influences the internal thermal energy
e. Equations that relate internal thermal energy to temperature
Heat
a. definition
b. symbol
c. units
i. Joules
ii. calories
d. Three ways of transferring heat
i. what they are
ii. Be able to describe them in words
e. Difference between a heat conductor and insulator
f. Equation for heat transfer
g. Thermal Expansion
i. how to solve these
ii. How objects expand in 1, 2, and 3D
iii. What is a bimetal and how it works
Kinematic Molecular Theory
a. Memorize the assumptions
b. The equation
c. What vrms means- how does this relate to the speed of particles in the gas
i. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
ii. How the distribution changes with temperature
d. How vrms relates to temp
e. How to calculate the average kinetic energy of a particle using temperature
Ideal Gas Laws
a. Be able to describe these using words and equations
b. Solving ideal gas laws
i. With numbers
ii. With proportional reasoning
Thermodynamic Process
I.
II.
III.
First Law of Thermodynamics
a. In words
b. in an equation
c. What is the mechanical equivalent of heat
d. Who came up with this law
e. The difference between work on and work by
i. What happens to volume in work on and work by
f. Sign of heat
i. When is it positive and when is it negative
g. Calculating work using force and distance
PV diagram
a. On a PV diagram be able to point out…
i. Where the pressure is high, volume is high, temperature is high, internal
thermal energy is high
ii. If you move from one position to another how the pressure, volume,
temperature and internal thermal energy changes.
iii. If you move from one position to another was work positive, negative or
zero?
iv. Regardless of what path you take moving from one point on a PV diagram
to another, the change in ______________ and ________________ will be the
same.
Processes
a. For all processes remember:
i. ∆U=Q+W
b. Isobaric
i. What it means
ii. How you would set it up using experimental equipment
iii. What is looks like on a pv diagram
iv. How to tell whether the work is positive or negative
v. How to calculate work
1. Using an equation
2. Using the area
c. Isochoric
i. What it means
ii. How you would set it up using experimental equipment
iii. What is looks like on a pv diagram
iv. The work is _____________________
v. Equation associated with this type of process ∆U=
d. Isothermal
i. What it means
ii. How you would set it up using experimental equipment
iii. What is looks like on a pv diagram
iv. The work is _____________________
IV.
v. Equation associated with this type of process ∆U= and
e. Adiabatic
i. What it means
ii. How you would set it up using experimental equipment
iii. What is looks like on a pv diagram
iv. The work is _____________________
v. Equation associated with this type of process ∆U= and
Cycles
a. For all cycles ∆𝑼 = 𝟎 = 𝑸 + 𝑾
b. Calculating the work of a cycle
i. Math
ii. How to tell if it is positive or negative
1. Refrigerator cycle
2. Heat engine
a. How it works
b. What a heat reservoir is
c. What a cold reservoir is
d. Calculating efficiency
e.
3.
c. Second Law of thermodynamics
i. State and explain all parts in words
ii. Carnot engine
1. What is it
2. What does it tell us
3. Be able to draw one on a PV diagram
4. Explain how you would set one up given enough equipment
5. State the different processes involved in it
6. Calculate the efficiency using heat or temperature (equations)
d. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
i. Be able to explain in words
Electrostatics
I.
II.
III.
Types of particles
a. sign
b. relative mass
c. Elementary charge
i. what it is in words
ii. Value memorized
d. Opposites ___________, like charges__________
e. What a coulomb is and how to find
Law of conservation of particles
Conductors/Insulators
a. Definition
b. Example of each
c. How charge moves (or doesn’t move) in each
IV.
V.
d. Charge inside a conductor
1. why
2. Faraday cage
e. Charging objects
i. conduction
ii. induction
iii. What a ground is and how it works
iv. Be able to explain a wide range of phenomena using these ideas
Coulomb’s Law
a. Equation
b. What you can calculate with it
c. Why absolute value?
d. Solve proportional reasoning problems with these
e. Solve problems with a wide range of multiple particles
i. Including those with trig and superposition
Electric Field
a. Definition
i. in words
ii. in equation
iii. How it relates to force
b. Test charge
i. what it is used for
c. Problems
i. Solving for the electric field in a place with multiple charges
1. Including problems involving superposition and trig
ii. Finding places where E=0
d. Be able to draw and interpret electic field diagrams
i. what does the arrow mean?
ii. Where would a positive or negative charge move in a given field
iii. where is the field the strongest?
Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential
I.
II.
Electric Potential Energy
a. Unit
b. Symbol
c. How to calculate it
d. Scalar in nature
i. No absolute value
ii. How to add and subtract electric potential energies
e. Solving problems
i. Proportional reasoning problems
ii. How moving from one position to another changes potential energy
iii. Moving from one position to another finding ∆U, ∆K, work, and velocity
iv.
Electric potential
a. Describe it (in words)
b. Unit
c. Symbol
d. How to calculate it
e. Scalar in nature
i. No absolute value
ii. How to add and subtract electric potential energies
f. Solving problems
i. How V relates to U
ii. How to calculate where V=0
iii. Moving from one position to another finding ∆U, ∆K, work, and velocity
iv. Calculating work from V
g. Visualizing Potential
i. What is an isoline?
ii. What is an equipotential line?
iii. Looking at a diagram of isolines, be able to…
1. Find where potential is low and high
2. How a positive or negative charge would move on that diagram
3. How to use an isoline diagram to draw an electric field diagram
h. Capacitors
i. How to make one
ii. What happens between the plates in terms of:
1. E
2. F
3. V
4. What happens to each of the above when you move from one
position to another
iii. How would a positive/negative charge move between the plates.
iv. Be able to draw electric field lines and isolines between the plates
v. Problems such as
1. Finding potential at a position between the plates
2. Find E between the plates
3. Finding F on a particle between the plates
4. If a particle was released from a position somewhere between the
plates…
a. What would its acceleration be?
b. How fast would it hit the plate?
c. What plate would it hit?
5. If a particle is shot between the plates?
a. Calculating where it would go
i. projectile problems
b. What happens if it makes it through without hitting the
plates? What does it do then?