Objectives
1. To identify the ways of preventing
diseases.
2. To investigate symptoms, prevention and
treatment of common animal diseases.
3. To learn to diagnose common animal
diseases.
2
Table of Contents
Terminology
Disease Treatment & Prevention Methods
Nutritional Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
3
4
Diseases
• Prevent or impair an animal’s daily
functioning and can be harmful to
development
• Can be caused by the following:
– nutrient deficiencies
– pathogens
5
Nutrient Deficiencies
• Result from under
consumption of key
nutrients
• Can affect the
internal processes of
animals
• Lower an animal’s
immune system and
increase chances of
illness
6
Process of Immunity in
Animals
• Passive immunity
– antibodies come from outside the body
– not permanent
• Active immunity
– body produces own antibodies
– permanent
• Protects animals from
– bacteria, viruses and parasites
7
Nutritional Requirements
•
•
•
Depend on an animal’s age and function
Allow animals to receive a well-balanced
diet
Include:
–
–
–
–
–
vitamins
fats
carbohydrates
protein
minerals
8
Pathogens
• Are any organism causing a disease
• Can be microscopic or macroscopic
Microscopic: an organism too small to be seen by the
unaided eye, but large enough to be studied under a
microscope. Example: bacteria, viruses
Macroscopic: an organism large enough to be perceived
or examined by the unaided eye such as a worm or tick
9
Pathogens
• Are classified as follows:
– viruses
– bacteria
– parasites
– fungi
– protozoa
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
10
Pathogens
11
Viruses
• Cannot reproduce without a host
• Consist of DNA and RNA
• Can take over the functions of the host
cell
12
Bacteria
•
•
•
•
Are single celled organisms
May produce toxins harmful to the body
Multiply rapidly without a host
Can be identified by shape
13
Bacteria Shapes
• Include:
– cocci: spherical-shaped
– bacilli: rod-shaped
– spirilli: spiral-shaped
14
Parasites
• Can be external or internal
• Effect host animals through contact or
ingestion
• Have various life cycles
• Are living organisms
15
Internal Parasite Life Cycle
16
External Parasite Life Cycle
17
Fungi
• Studies are known as mycology
• Live in air, soil, plants and water
• Produce transmittable spores which can
cause fungal diseases
Mycology: the study of the characteristics of fungi
18
Protozoa
• Greek for first animal
• Is a single-celled organism
• Breath, move and reproduce similar to
multi-cellular animals
• Can be classified into many different
types
19
20
Parasitic Treatments
•
•
•
•
Usually involve a type of Anthelmintics
Vary depending on the parasite and host
Can cause parasite resistance
May require a veterinarian's prescription
and extended withdrawal time
Anthelmintics: an agent which destroys or causes the
expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms
21
Vital Signs
• Help in early detection of health problems
• Vary with activity and environmental
conditions
• Include:
– temperature
– pulse rate
– respiration rate
22
Vital Signs
Species
Temperature,
°F
Pulse Rate,
heart beats/min
Respiration Rate,
breaths/min
Cattle
100.4-102.8
60-70
10-30
Sheep
100.9-103.8
70-80
12-20
Goats
101.7-105.3
70-80
12-20
Swine
102.0-103.6
60-80
8-13
Horses
99-100.8
32-44
8-16
23
Prevention
• Starts with proper management
• Reduces chance of disease
• Results in a healthy, productive herd
24
Proper Management
• Allows producers to prevent causes,
prevent symptoms and treat diseases
• Involves the following techniques:
– providing shelter
– cleaning and sanitizing facilities and
equipment
– rationing adequate diets
– monitoring herd health daily
– isolating new animals before introduction to
the herd
25
26
Milk Fever
• Is a metabolic disorder
• Is also known as
hypocalcemia
• Affects cattle, sheep
and goats
• Occurs when the
animal has low blood
calcium levels during
lactation
27
Milk Fever
• Symptoms include:
– muscle tremors
– wobbly
– downer cow
• inability to stand
– low body temperature
– unconscious/coma
28
Milk Fever
• Treatments include:
– injecting a solution of calcium borogluconate
subcutaneously or intravenously
– providing a combined mineral solution
Subcutaneously: located or placed just beneath the skin
Intravenously: entering by way of vein
29
Milk Fever
• Prevention options include:
– providing vitamin D, five to seven days
before parturition
– keeping animals on a low calcium diet while
not lactating
– providing high doses of calcium one day
before and one day after calving
• alfalfa hay is high in calcium
30
White Muscle Disease
• Is generalized as nutritional muscular
dystrophy
• Affects young, rapidly growing lambs/kids
(from dams with selenium deficient diets)
• Affects calves and foals
• Is the result of a selenium and/or vitamin
E deficiency
31
White Muscle Disease
• Affects two different muscle
groups, cardiac and
skeletal
• Cardiac symptoms include:
– sudden death
– respiratory distress
• Skeletal symptoms include:
– muscular weakness
– inability to stand
– muscle tremors
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
32
White Muscle Disease
• Treatments include:
– injections of selenium
– oral drenches of selenium/vitamin E
• Can be prevented by:
– supplementing the diet of susceptible
animals with selenium and vitamin E
Warning: too much selenium can cause toxicity in animals
33
Bloat
• Can occur in all ruminants
• Refers to rapid fermentation, producing
excess gas or foam in the rumen
• Is caused by consuming highly
concentrated rations and lush legume
pastures
Fermentation: breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes
34
Bloat
• Symptoms include:
–
–
–
–
abdominal distention on left side
loss of appetite
respiratory distress
difficulty walking or moving
35
Bloat
• Treatments include:
– keeping animal on feet and moving
– drenching with mineral oil or poloxalene
– putting stomach tube down throat to relieve
pressure from gas
• Can be prevented by:
– feeding dry roughage with a mix of grasses
– keeping animals from eating an excess of
lush green grass, especially alfalfa
• Is difficult to prevent
36
Colic
• Is the general term referring to abdominal
pain
• Mainly impacts horses because they are
unable to vomit
• Is caused by a wide range of conditions
affecting the digestive tract, including:
– sudden changes in feed
– a predominantly concentrate diet
– cribbing
– lack of water
– presence of bloodworms
37
Colic
• Symptoms include:
– distended abdomen
– rolling and kicking
– excruciating pain
– sweating
– constipation
• Can result in a twisted
intestine
Source: Tiffanie Brooks, D.V.M. Texas Tech
University
38
Colic
•
Treatments include:
–
–
•
walking the horse
taking to veterinarian—animal might need
sedatives, laxatives, pain medicine or
surgery
Can be prevented by:
–
–
–
–
–
feeding small rations
feeding good quality roughages
providing clean water
monitoring eating habits
controlling internal parasites
39
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Commonly affects sheep and goats
• Is caused by toxins produced by naturally
occuring intestinal bacteria
– Clostridium perfringens types C & D
• Occurs usually when an animal
consumes excessive amounts of high
energy feeds or milk
• Produces a quickly absorbed toxin
• Can cause acute death
40
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Symptoms include:
– sudden death
– diarrhea
– neurologic signs
•
•
•
•
circling
head pressing
incoordination
convulsions
41
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• If caught early, can be treated by:
– administering antitoxins
– administering oral antibiotics
– feeding hay
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
42
Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)
• Can be prevented by:
– slowly introducing concentrates
– careful regulation of energy intake
– administering a vaccination against
Clostridium perfringens types C & D to
pregnant and young animals at
approximately four weeks of age
Vaccination: injection of a killed microbe in order to
stimulate the immune system against the microbe,
thereby preventing disease
43
Lactic Acidosis
• Also known as carbohydrate
engorgement
• Affects cattle
• Is caused by a sudden shift from a
forage-based to a high concentrate diet
• Results from low rumen pH due to an
increase of propionic acid production
Propionic Acid: an acid produced by bacteria in the rumen
with a very low pH
44
Lactic Acidosis
• Symptoms include:
– abdominal distension or bloat
– dehydration
– diarrhea
– sore hooves
– liver abscesses
– decreased milk
production
45
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
Lactic Acidosis
• Includes the following treatments:
– gradually adding more roughages to the
diet
– adding feed
additives to help
raise the rumen pH
– giving oral antacids
– giving oral fluids
46
Lactic Acidosis
• Can be prevented by:
– maintaining a roughage diet of 10 percent or
more
– utilizing ionophores as feed additives
Ionophores: a group of organic compounds, facilitate the
transport of ions across the cell membrane
47
48
Johne’s Disease
• Is an incurable wasting disease of adult
cattle
• Is caused by organisms in the intestinal
cells and lymph nodes
– organisms are passed out in feces and
easily survive in manure
• Causes progressive thickening of the
intestinal walls
• Affects young animals and may not show
symptoms until adulthood
49
Johne’s Disease
• Can be determined with tests performed
by a veterinarian
• Symptoms may not be present
• Symptoms can include:
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
– chronic diarrhea
– weight loss
– lowered milk
production
50
Johne’s Disease
• Has no effective treatment
• Can be prevented by checking health
history of animals before purchase
51
Blackleg
• Is caused by a spore forming bacterium
attacking skeletal muscles
• Spores can live in soil for years
• Can cause death without any symptoms
52
Blackleg
• Symptoms include:
– lameness
– swelling over neck, shoulder and thighs
•
will make a crackling sound when rubbed
– wounds and bruises occurring in young
calves from four months to two years old
– death occurs in one or two days
53
Blackleg
• Treatment:
– massive doses of antibiotics may save
animals if detected early, not always
effective
• Can be prevented by:
– administering a vaccination at three to
four months of age
54
Foot Rot
• Is a contagious disease of sheep, goats
and cattle
• Is caused by an interaction of two
anaerobic bacteria
– Fusobacterium necrophorum
– Bacteroides nodosus
Anaerobic: organisms living without oxygen
55
Foot Rot
• Bacteria must penetrate the interdigital
epidermis
• Causes severe lameness
• Contributing factors include:
– mud
– manure
– stones
56
Foot Rot
• Symptoms include:
– moist and reddened hooves
– inflamed interdigital space and coronary
band
– foul odor
– lameness
57
Foot Rot
• Treatments include:
– foot trimming
– antibiotics
– zinc sulfate or copper sulfate footbaths
– zinc sulfate as a dry chemical
58
Foot Rot
• Can be prevented by:
– avoid using facilities
used by infected
animals in the last two
weeks prior to foot
trimming
– trimming and treating
the feet of all new
animals
59
60
Bluetongue
• Is a viral disease mainly affecting sheep
and goats but can affect cattle
• Can be transmitted by:
–
–
–
–
insects
in utero
infected needles
semen
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
61
Bluetongue
– abortion
– weak, “dummy lamb”
births
– fever
– excessive salivation
– nasal discharge
– inflamed mouths
– swelling of muzzle and
ears
– blue tongue
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
• Symptoms include:
62
Bluetongue
– controlling vectors
– using insecticides
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
• Does not have a
known cure
• Can be prevented by
the following:
63
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Is a viral disease affecting cattle of all
ages
• Spreads by contact
• Is a transplacental pathogen
Transplacental: relating to or involving passage
through or across the placenta
64
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Transmitted by blood feeding flies and
contact with fomites
• Can appear in the following forms:
– mild
– acute
– chronic
Fomite: any inanimate object or substance capable
of carrying infectious organisms
Examples: soil, holding pens, chutes, feeding
troughs
65
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Symptoms of an acute infection:
– lethargy
– poor appetite
– diarrhea
– fever
– nasal discharge
– oral erosions
– abortions
Source: www.aphis.usda.gov
66
Bovine Virus Diarrhea
• Has no cure
• Treatments are given to control
symptoms
• Prevention methods include:
– vaccinating animals with a modified live
virus
67
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU
Veterinary Extension
• Is a severe, highly
contagious viral disease
affecting cloven hoofed
animals
• Leaves recovered
animals debilitated
• Virus survives in lymph
nodes and bone marrow
at neutral pH
68
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Can be spread by physical contact with
the virus by susceptible animals
• Virus includes more than 60 subtypes
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
69
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
– blisters
– erosions in the mouth,
on teats and hooves
– excessive salivation
– fever
– lameness
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
• Symptoms include:
70
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
• Treatment:
– vaccines must be matched to the specific
type and subtype of the virus
• Prevention:
– observe excessive salivation, or lameness
– report any signs of disease to your
veterinarian
– do not bring prohibited animal products or
other at-risk materials from other countries
into the United States
71
Porcine Circovirus
• Is an emerging problem
in the United States
• Has two strains including:
– PCVD1
– PCVD2
• Is a member of the virus family
Circoviridae
• Type II is the strain which affects pigs
72
Porcine Circovirus
•
Symptoms include:
–
–
–
–
–
•
poor growth
increased mortality
weight loss
enlarged lymph
nodes
jaundice
Can be present with
no symptoms
73
Porcine Circovirus
• Includes the following treatment:
– vaccines administered to piglets three to five
weeks of age in two doses
• Can be controlled by:
– sanitizing facilities
– quarantine new and sick animals from the
herd
– lowering stress of animals
– increasing immune system through proper
nutrition
74
Avian Influenza
• Affects turkeys and chickens
• Is transmitted through inhalation of feces
from an infected bird
• Ranges from a mild to a highly fatal
disease depending on the strain
75
Avian Influenza
•
Symptoms include:
–
–
–
•
coughing
sneezing
weight loss
Treatment:
–
antibiotics for infected birds
76
Avian Influenza
•
Can be prevented by:
–
–
–
decreasing contact with feces of wild birds
avoiding live markets
using good sanitation practices
77
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Is the most common
skin disease
affecting sheep and
goats
• Is a viral infection
• Can produce painful
human infections
• Affects young
animals more
frequently
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary
Extension
78
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Symptoms include:
– loss of appetite
– vesicles appear on lips, gums and tongue,
causing redness or swelling
– vesicles break and form sores
79
Sore Mouth (Orf)
• Is a self-limiting infection
• Treatments include:
– applying antibiotic ointment to the sores
– tube feeding young individuals if not nursing
• Can be prevented by:
– good sanitation
– vaccination
Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
80
81
Ringworm
•
•
•
•
•
Known as Club Lamb Fungus
Affects all animals
Is highly contagious
Can be transmitted to humans
Is a fungus which invades the skin and
hair (wool)
82
Ringworm
• Symptoms include:
– lesions appearing on the head, neck and
back
– hair loss around infected area
Source: Dr. C.V. Kimberling, CSU
Veterinary Extension
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
83
Ringworm
•
Treatment:
– applying anti-fungal ointments to lesions
•
Can be prevented by:
– proper sanitation of brushes, clippers and
bedding
– minimizing contact with infected animals
84
Facial Eczema
• Is a type of sunburn
• Affects grazing animals
• Is caused by a poisonous substance
"sporidesmin” produced by fungus on
pasture plants
• Causes liver damage
85
Facial Eczema
• Symptoms include:
– sunburn
– puffy eyes
– puffy face
– rapid weight loss
– jaundice
86
Facial Eczema
• Includes the following treatments:
– sheltering animals from direct sunlight
– removing animal from infected field
– contacting a veterinary practitioner
87
Facial Eczema
• Prevention methods include:
– keeping track of fungi counts in pastures
– minimizing close grazing of pasture
– shifting livestock to the pastures with low
fungi counts
88
89
Mange
• Affects all animals
• Is caused by an external parasite
• Can be identified in various types,
including:
– sarcoptic mange
– psoroptic mange
– chorioptic mange
– demodectic mange
– psorergatic mange
• Is most commonly identified as Chorioptic
Mange in the United States
90
Mange
• Symptoms include:
– lesions
– itchiness
– crusts and scabs
– hair loss
– ulcerations on the
legs
Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
– weight loss
– decreased milk production
– increased susceptibility to other diseases
91
Mange
• Treatments include:
– spraying the animal with a medicated
solution at high pressure
– using a lime-sulfur dip weekly in cattle
• Can be prevented by:
– avoiding close confinement
– keeping animals outdoors as much as
possible
– quarantining new animals
92
Coccidiosis
• Is caused by a number of protozoan from
the family Coccidia
• Is caused by protozoan rupturing the
intestinal cell lining
• Can be found in all animals, mostly in
poultry and cattle
Protozoan: predominately single cell organism
housing a membrane bound nucleus and
belonging to the protista kingdom
93
Coccidiosis
• Symptoms include:
– diarrhea (bloody at times)
– straining
– loss of appetite
– fever
94
Coccidiosis
• Includes the following treatment:
– sulfonamides is the drug mostly used
• Can be prevented by:
– good sanitation
– placing sulfa guanidine or nitrofurazone in
feed or water
– using a feed with correct minerals and
antibiotics
95
Ostertagious
• Is the principal worm parasite of beef and
dairy cattle
• Attacks the lining of
the abomasum
• Causes irritation and
interferes with the
digestive function
96
Ostertagious
• Symptoms include:
– decreased weight gain
– decreased milk production
– Ioss of blood protein
– diarrhea
97
Ostertagious
• Includes the following treatments:
– administered at three-week intervals
• Thiabendazole
• Ivermectin
• Can be prevented by:
– administering one or more anthelmintic
treatments during a production cycle
– providing higher levels of protein in the diet
– late turnout onto pasture in the spring
98
Haemonchus Contortus
• Is better known as the "barber pole" or
wire worm
• Is the single most deadly stomach worm
• Affects sheep in warm, moist climates
• Pierces the lining of
the abomasum,
causing protein loss
99
Haemonchus Contortus
• Symptoms include:
– anemia
– pale mucous membranes
– swelling under the jaw
100
Haemonchus Contortus
• Treatment:
– deworming using:
• Levamisole
• Ivermectin
• Thiabendazole
• Can be prevented by:
– deworming at birth
– carefully monitoring herds
101
Ascaris
• Is a common parasite affecting swine of
two to three months of age
• Is generally known as roundworms
• Resides in the stomach, intestinal tract
and even the lungs of swine
• Can be transmitted to humans through
ingestion
102
Ascaris
• Symptoms include:
– weight loss
– slow weight gain
– abdominal pain
– coughing or trouble
breathing
– pneumonia
103
Ascaris
• Includes the following treatments:
– deworming animals using medicines such as:
• Fenbendazole
• Doramectin
• Levamisole
• Can be prevented by:
–
–
–
–
thorough cleaning and sanitation
control of pests and rodents
minimizing traffic
good nutrition
104
105
Assessment
1. Which of the following CANNOT can cause disease?
A. Fungi
B. Viruses
C. Vitamins
D. Parasites
2. Nutrient deficiencies are caused by a lack of all but which of
the following?
A. Liquids
B. Vitamins
C. Minerals
D. Protein
106
Assessment
3. A cocci bacterium is shaped like which of the following?
A. Rod
B. Spiral
C. Spherical
D. Circular
4. Which of the following is the study of fungi?
A. Organism
B. Mycology
C. Polypore
D. Mushroom
107
Assessment
5. Which of the following is a metabolic disorder occurring when
an animal has a low blood calcium level?
A. White muscle disease
B. Milk fever
C. Colic
D. Bloat
6. Which of the following digestive tract disease mainly affects
horses?
A. Colic
B. Bloat
C. Johne’s disease
D. Acidosis
108
Assessment
7. Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?
A. Blood sugar level
B. Temperature
C. Pulse rate
D. Respiration rate
8. Which of the following is a nutritional disease relating to the
process of fermentation?
A. Entertoxemia
B. Colic
C. Milk fever
D. Bloat
109
Assessment
9. White muscle disease affects cardiac as well as which of the
following muscles?
A. Vascular
B. Skeletal
C. Muscular
D. Vervous
10. Which disease is caused by a spore forming bacterium?
A. Blackleg
B. Lactic acidosis
C. Foot-and-mouth disease
D. Bovine virus diarrhea
110
Assessment
11. Foot rot is caused by which of the following?
A. Anaerobic bacteria
B. Proper management
C. Soil fungus
D. Poor digestive health
12. Which of the following is a disease which can only be
transmitted through insects?
A. Blackleg
B. Ringworm
C. Bluetongue
D. Foot rot
111
Assessment
13. Which viral disease has no known cure?
A. Ringworm
B. Bovine virus diarrhea
C. Avian influenza
D. Foot rot
14. Foot-and-mouth disease has more than how many
subtypes?
A. 20
B. 30
C. 50
D. 60
112
Assessment
15. Avian influenza can be prevented by avoiding which of the
following?
A. Live markets
B. Antibiotics
C. Pesticides
D. Vitamins
16. Which viral disease can also infect humans?
A. Sore mouth
B. Bovine virus diarrhea
C. Acidosis
D. Avian influenza
113
Assessment
17. Which of the following is a common symptom among viral
diseases?
A. Fever
B. Frequent urination
C. Hyperactivity
D. Vomiting
18. Club lamb fungus is another name for which of the
following?
A. Facial eczema
B. Mange
C. Ringworm
D. Sore mouth
114
Assessment
19. The main symptom of facial eczema is which of the
following?
A. Weight gain
B. Lesions
C. Diarrhea
D. Sunburn
20. The most common form of mange in the Untied States is
which of the following?
A. Psoroptic mange
B. Chorioptic mange
C. Demodectic mange
D. Sarcoptic mange
115
Assessment
21. The principle worm parasite in beef interferes with what
functions?
A. Respiratory
B. Cardiac
C. Muscular
D. Digestive
22. Which of the following is NOT the most deadly stomach
worm affecting sheep?
A. Haemonchus contortus
B. Barber pole worm
C. Wire worm
D. Ring worm
116
Assessment
23. Ascaris is a common parasite found in which species?
A. Horses
B. Sheep
C. Chickens
D. Swine
24. Which of the following is NOT a common prevention
method for parasitic diseases?
A. Deworming at birth
B. Good sanitation
C. Contacting a veterinarian
D. Isolating infected animals
117
Assessment
25. Which of the following is commonly known as roundworms?
A. Ringworm
B. Ascaris
C. Barber pole
D. Blackleg
118
Resources
• Animal Disease Information. (2010). Retrieved from
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• Pond, Wilson G. Pond, Kevin R.(2000). Introduction to Animal
Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• National Animal Disease Center.(2009). Retrieved from
http://ars.usda.gov/
• United States Animal Health Report. (2008). Retrieved from
http://www.aphis.usda.gov
• Weaver, David Johne's Disease or Paratuberculosis. (2010).
Retrieved from the http://extension.missouri.edu
• Photos Courtesy of:
– Dr. AP Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension
– Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension
– Tiffanie Brooks, D. V. M. Texas Tech University
119
Acknowledgements
Collaborator:
Tiffanie Brooks, D.V.M.
Production Coordinator:
Amber Krause
Project Coordinator:
Meghan Williams
Graphic Designer:
Melody Rowell
Production Manager:
Maggie Bigham
V.P. of Brand Management
Clayton Franklin
Executive Producers:
Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D.
© MMXIV
CEV Multimedia, Ltd.
120