Mulit-species Observations from the first 3 HIPPO Campaigns
Britton Stephens (NCAR EOL) and HIPPO Science Team
• PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA
• Global and seasonal survey of CO2, O2, CH4, CO,
N2O, H2, SF6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O3, H2O, CO2
isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons
• NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V
• 5 campaigns over 4 years
• Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km and to
15 km twice per flight
• hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)
Canterbury, New Zealand
Pago Pago, American Samoa
Brooks Range, Alaska
HIPPO_2 Nov 2009
HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010
(same track NB, SB)
HIPPO_4 Jun 2011
(NB track via E. Pacific)
HIPPO_5 Sep 2011
(NB track NB, SB)
~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at
HIPPO's conclusion.
Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes
plotted versus annual-mean northernhemisphere vertical CO2 gradient
Model
Model Name
1
CSU
2
GCTM
3
UCB
4
UCI
5
JMA
6
MATCH.CCM3
7
MATCH.NCEP
8
MATCH.MACCM2
9
NIES
A
NIRE
B
TM2
C
TM3
Continental-scale carbon flux
uncertainties are still very
large, owing to biases in
atmospheric CO2 transport
[Stephens et al., 2007]
April 2010 (HIPPO3) CO2 Gradients
HIPPO Science Team:
Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R.
Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H.
Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang
National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens,
S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A.
Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton , R. Lueb
NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao,
F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller,
C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton,
L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray
UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent
Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao
U. Miami: E. A. Atlas
TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al.
JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen
Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K.
Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara
Mikaloff-Fletcher;
HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation
Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS
CO2, CH4, CO, N2O (1 Hz)
NCAR AO2
O2:N2 , CO2 (1 Hz)
Harvard OMS CO2
CO2 (1 Hz)
NOAA CSD O3
O3 (1 Hz)
NOAA GMD O3
O3 (1 Hz)
NCAR RAF CO
CO (1 Hz)
NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER
GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s)
CO, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF6, CH3Br,
CH3Cl, H2, H2O
Whole air sampling: NWAS
O2:N2, CO2, CH4, CO, N2O , other GHGs, CO2
(NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA isotopes, Ar/N2, COS, halocarbons, solvent
(NCAR/Scripps)
gases, marine emission species, many more
Princeton/SWS VCSEL
H2O (1 Hz)
NOAA SP2
Black Carbon (1 Hz)
MTP, wing stores, etc
T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud water
Species measured by PANTHER and UCATS
Fred Moore, Eric Hintsa, Dale Hurst, Jim Elkins
PANTHER (6-Channel GC):
ECD channels: N2O, SF6, CCl2F2 (CFC-12),) CCl3F (CFC-11), and CBrClF2 (halon-1211)
injected every 70 seconds, and H2, CH4, CO, CCl4, CH3CCl3 (methyl chloroform) and
PAN (peroxyl acetyl nitrate) injected every 140 seconds. The width of a sample load on
an ECD channel is only 3 seconds, allowing this data set to correlate well with other
fast measurements.
MSD channels: The methyl halides CH3I, CH3Br, CH3Cl, the sulfur compounds COS,
CS2, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CHClF2 (HCFC-22), C2H3Cl2F (HCFC-141b),
C2H3ClF2 (HCFC-142b), and the hydrofluorocarbon C2H2F4 (HFC-134a) are injected
every 180 seconds with 150 seconds sample load width. This data set correlates with
a time average of other fast measurements.
UCATS:
2-Channel GC: every 70 s (N2O, SF6) or every 140 s (H2, CH4, CO)
TDL: 10-second average H2O
Photometer: 1-Hz O3
Complete List of Chemical Species Monitored by the Whole Air Sampler (WAS)
Elliot Atlas, Ben Miller, Steve Montzka
•Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl3F)
•CFC-12 (CCl2F2)
•CFC-13(CClF3)
•CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2)
•CFC-114 (CClF2CClF2)
•CFC-115 (CF2ClCF3)
•Organic Nitrates Methyl nitrate(CH3ONO2)
•Ethyl nitrate(C2H5ONO2)
•Propyl nitrates(C3H7ONO2)
•Butyl nitrates (C4H9ONO2)
•Pentyl nitrates (C5H11ONO2)
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Ethane (C2H6)
•Ethyne (C2H2)
•Propane(C3H8)
•Isobutane(C4H10)
•n-Butane (C4H10)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons/Hydrofluorocarbons HCFC-22 •Isopentane (C5H12)
(CHF2Cl)
•n-Pentane (C5H12)
•HCFC-141b (CH3CFCl2)
•Isoprene (C5H10)
•HCFC-142b (CH3CF2Cl)
•Benzene (C6H6)
•HFC-134a (C2H2F4)
•Toluene (C7H8)
•HFC-124 (C2HClF4)
•C2-Benzenes (C8H10)
•HFC-123 (C2HCl2F3)
•a-Pinene (C10H20)/other terpenes
•HFC-125 (C2HF5)
•HFC-143a (C2H3F3)
Other Methane (CH4)
•HFC-152a (C2H4F2) (1,1-difluoroethane)
•Carbon Monoxide (CO)
•HFC-23 (CHF3)
•Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
•HFC-227ea(C3HF7)(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane)
•Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)
•HFC-365mfc (C4H5F5) (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane)
•Dimethyl Sulfide (C2H6S)
•Carbon disulphide (CS2)
Solvents Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
•Methyl-t-butyl ether
•Methyl Chloroform(CH3CCl3)
•Methyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate
•Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4)
•Acetonitrile
•Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2)
•1,2 Dichlorobenzene
•Chloroform (CHCl3)
•Trichloroethylene(C2HCl3)
Perfluorocarbons Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
•1,2-Dichloroethane (C2H4Cl2)
•PFC-116 (C2F6)
•PFC-218 (C3F8)
Methyl Halides and related Methyl Bromide(CH3Br)
•PFC-318 (C4F8)(perfluorocyclobutane)
•Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl)
•Methyl Iodide (CH3I)
Others CO2
•Methylene Bromide(CH2Br2)
•H2
•CHxBryClz
•13CO2
•Bromoform (CHBr3)
•18OCO
Halons CFC-12b1 (Halon 1211,CF2ClBr)
•CFC-13b1 (Halon 1301, CF3Br)
•CFC-114b2 (Halon 2402, C2F4Br2)
HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009
HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009
HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009
HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009
Arctic Pollution Layers - HIPPO 2 November, 2009
N2O
CO
CH4
NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2)
System components:
HIPPO Profile at 80 N
January 12, 2009
HIPPO Profile at 65 S
Southern Ocean
O2 outgassing
January 20, 2009
Gravitational fractionation of Ar/N2 in lower stratosphere
Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data
• Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM
• GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) Harvard
• MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air chemistry model
• TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned
Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1:
CO2
GEOS_C
ACTM
MACC
TM3
1
1
0
1
SF6
1
1
0
0
C2H6
1
0
1
0
CO
1
0
1, Fcst
0
N2O
CH4
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
O3
0
0
1
0
PAN
NOx
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
HCHO BlkC O2
0
0
1
0
*
1
offset 31
ppb
HIPPO Obs
CH4 ACTM
sources
and
vertical
and
horizontal
transport
sources
and
vertical
and
horizontal
transport
Jan 2009 Observed
ACTM (GEIA)
HIPPO _1
Jan 2009
HIPPO _2
Nov 2009
Central Pacific
model
obs
HIPPO_1 Eastern Pacific
HIPPO_3
Apr 2010
note scale change for GEMS
Profiles over Ocean
Arctic Boundary Layer
Plume at
23N, 10km
Plume RF04, 8km
NH Tropical Troposphere
Preliminary APO model comparisons for
HIPPO1
January Mean APO from
Climatological fluxes in TM3
HIPPO1 APO Observations
per meg
Atmospheric Potential
Oxygen:
APO = O2 + 1.1*CO2
Fluxes:
Mean ocean O2: Gruber et al., 2001
Seasonal ocean O2 and N2: Garcia and Keeling, 2001
Mean ocean N2: Gloor et al., 2001
Seasonal + mean ocean CO2: Takahashi et al., 2009
Fossil-fuel CO2 and O2: CDIAC
Summary and conclusions
• HIPPO provides a new type of data for CO2 and GHG studies: global,
extremely fine grained, many tracers.
• Major transport processes are clearly delineated, some not captured well by
models—the warm conveyor belt (intense, persistent, ensemble of small
scale processes), Arctic Cold Dome, and Antarctic marine PBL are
examples.
• Multiple tracers shine a light into the "Modelers' Closet"—quantitatively
confront global models with fine scale data (reaction vs. transport time
scales).
• Source/sink regions are revealed and impacts quantified—N2O in the tropics
and Antarctic, marine reactive species.
• The data will be completely public as soon as possible, to encourage their
use.
CFC-11
Whole-Air Sampling NWAS
/ AWAS (E. Atlas, S.
Montzka)
Mid-Pacific Sample coverage
Halon-1211
Methyl chloroform
12500
12500
10000
10000
GGALTavg
GGALTavg
Ethyne
7500
7500
5000
5000
2500
2500
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
-50
-25
0
GGLATavg
100
200
300
400
500
10000
GGALTavg
GGALTavg
10000
7500
7500
5000
5000
2500
2500
25
50
75
-50
-25
0
GGLATavg
50
75 100 125 150 175 200
Benzene_md
75
CH3CCl3_md2
12500
25
50
Dichloromethane
12500
0
75
8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00
Benzene
-25
50
GGLATavg
ethyne_md
-50
25
25
GGLATavg
10
15
20
25
30
35
CH2Cl2_md
40
45
Carbonyl Sulfide
12500
12500
10000
10000
GGALTavg
GGALTavg
Dimethyl Sulfide
7500
7500
5000
5000
2500
2500
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
-50
-25
0
GGLATavg
50
100
150
200
250
450
475
10000
10000
GGALTavg
GGALTavg
12500
7500
5000
2500
2500
0
25
50
75
-50
-25
0
GGLATavg
38
525
50
75
550
7500
5000
25
500
Carbon Disulfide
12500
13
75
OCS_md
Methyl Nitrate
-25
50
GGLATavg
DMS_md
-50
25
50
MeONO2_md
25
GGLATavg
63
75
2.5
5.0
7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
cs2_md
HIPPO _1
Jan 2009
HIPPO _2
Nov 2009
HIPPO_3
April 2010
HIPPO _1

Jan 2009
Southbound 

Northbound
HIPPO _2
Nov 2009
HIPPO_3
April 2010
Tropospheric ozone in HIPPO 1, 2 and 3 N/S