WHAT IS NATIONALISM?
Pride in your country
 People built nation-states; Loyal to the people
w/common bond

Those w/single “nationality” should unite

Independence displays a nation’s identity

Negative: Nationalist movements capable of
breaking up huge empires! (i.e. AustroHungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires)

Positive: Nationalism can also build nations
UNIFICATION
OF ITALY
ITALY
Italy formed from crumbling empire of
Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and
South: Spain)
 3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities
unite Italy

 Guiseppe Mazzini
 Count Camillo di Cavour
 Guiseppe Garibaldi
THE BOYS
Giuseppe Mazzini
Count Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs.
old & younger)

Believed nation-states were best hope
for Europe

But rebellions failed &
he was exiled
COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR

1848, people look to Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership

King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister

Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while
achieving unification of Italy

Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power!

Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly
helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy
GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to
capture Sicily

He and his followers always wore bright red shirts 
“RED SHIRTS”

People voted to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
& let King Emmanuel continue ruling

1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy

1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States

Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome 
Vatican City
ITALY’S UNIFICATION

Despite unification, major problems

People in N & S had different ways of life &
different dialects

Peasants revolt in South

Strikes/riots in North

Big economic problems  Italy a poor country
REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN

MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION
FOR UNIFICATION

CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY

GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO
NORTHERN ITALY

Papal states (including Rome) became last to
join Italy
GERMANY
AND
PRUSSIA
MAIN EMPIRES

Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have
unity in 1800s

39 German states = German
Confederation

2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian &
Prussian Empires dominate
PRUSSIA

Mostly German population

Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears
apart Austria-Hungary

PRUSSIA’S ARMY MOST POWERFUL IN
CENTRAL EUROPE

Prussia creates liberal constitution by
Wilhelm IV
NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA

1861, Wilhelm I took throne & wanted
army to double his power, but parliament
refused to give him money

Saw it as challenge of his
authority, so assigns
OTTO VON BISMARCK
as prime minister (tough guy)
OTTO VON BISMARCK

Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality,”
aka, tough power

Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king
& got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament
& w/o legal budget

Famous “blood and iron” speech
WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO?

1864, created empire by forming alliance
w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land,
& increased nationalism

Provoked war between Austria & Prussia 
Seven Weeks War

Prussia won Venetia & German territories
from Austria

For 1st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom
joined
BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY
GOSSIPING

1867, some German states remained
independent, but problem  majority of S.
Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant
Prussia

Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so
sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the
French  led to Franco-Prussian War
(CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)
WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE
NOW?

Jan. 18, 1871: King Wilhelm I of Prussia
crowned Kaiser (emperor), with German
empire known as Second Reich

1815: Congress of Vienna established 5
Great Powers: Britain, France, Austria,
Prussia, & Russia

By 1871 Britain & Germany most powerful