A Total Ship-Crew Model
to
Achieve Human Systems Integration
I/ITSEC
December 7, 2004
Dr. Loretta DiDonato
CDR Joseph B. Famme USN (ret.)
LCDR Alan Nordholm USN
Senior Chief Alan Lemon
Abstract
Requirements for new ships in an era of increasing threats,
escalating personnel costs and fiscal constraints have
escalated the priority of Human Systems Integration (HSI). The
challenge is to create and use metrics for ship and human
engineered systems that optimize human performance within
ships that are designed with complex automated propulsion,
auxiliary and weapon systems. Total Ship Systems
Engineering (TSSE) includes techniques for manning
analysis to characterize and validate the crew duty
requirements in an associated sailor profile data base that
describes the composite knowledge-task-time demand for each
crew position across all mission profiles in the context of
advanced automation technologies and survivable hull forms. A
technology considered but not currently implemented in the
manning analysis process is a Total Ship-Crew Model (TS-CM)
that adds the attribute of dynamic time to the analysis of
coupled ship systems-crew performance. This paper will
address the use of a TS-CM analysis tool to validate ship
systems processes and reduced crew manning while capturing
the ship-crew model for future use in support of HSI objectives
o v e r
t h e
s h i p
l i f e c y c l e .
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Human Systems Integration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04
Human Engineering
Manpower
Personnel
Training
Safety & Health
Maintainability
Habitability
Personnel Survivability
3
Three Domains
I
Human
Performance
Analysis
II
Ship
Performance
Analysis
III
Total Ship-Crew Model
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Two Approaches to HSI Manning Analysis
Crew Size
400
350
325
CG / DDG
Baseline
CG SmartShip
DDG SmartShip?
300
245
250
200
FF / FFG
175
150
Extension
114
SA’AR-5 /
LCS
100
DDX
Objective
75
50
0
Zero Base
Decrement
0
Initial
30
Rev n
Rev n …
Design Iterations
Final
Ref: J. Famme, ASNE Intelligent Ship Symposium, 1994
Also see J. Famme INNC 1997, South Hampton, UK
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04
@ www.ITEinc.US, TAB Technical Papers
5
Domain I
Human Performance Analysis
Creating the Crew Performance Model
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sailor System
Navy Skills Data Base
MANPRINT
DoD Architecture Framework
SME Interviews
DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies
Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives
– Human Attribute Modeling
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04
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Sailor System
• The DD(X) Design Agent “Sailor System Specification”
(S3) ensure systems designed to implement the
capabilities of the sailors who will ultimately maintain and
operate the ship
• Interoperability of all ship systems integration and
engineering design elements
• Verify HSI concepts and validate operability through
human performance modeling and testing
• Sailor System Specification provides traceability among
segment, element, component, and Computer Software
Configuration Item (CSCI)
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Navy Skills Data Base
• Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program began with the
Navy leasing several ships for trials and crew experience
• Outcome of trials is realization of the complex crosstasks/skills requirements
• Navy rate structure by itself has been found to be too
limited
– Reflected in current CSOSS, EOSS and EOCC Procedures
• Navy Collecting Sailor “Skills” Data Base for basis of
assignment
• See SkillsNet website for information about the Fivevector plan for advancement (Navy Times, 2003).
– http://www.skillsnet.org/navy%20sailors.htm
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MANPRINT
• MANPRINT is concerned with the identification and
integration of all relevant information in each of eight
human performance domains (slide 3)
• Manpower Personnel Integration (MANPRINT) as
applied through the systems engineering process.
• Goal: System design process to meet acquisition system
performance goals
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Department of Defense Architecture Framework
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research,
Development, and Acquisition (ASN-RDA) Chief
Engineer’s Office has developed human-centered
architecture
• Total systems engineering approach
• As one of the costliest system elements over the ship life
cycle, the role of the warfighter directly impacts system
cost-effectiveness.
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Subject Matter Expert (SME) Interviews
• Tool for HSI driven ship manning analysis is the interview
of SME’s (crew members) of current ships concerning
their performed tasks and skills including an estimate of
the time required to perform each task.
• DDG51 Crew Interviews used, in part, for DDX
• Comments
– DDG51: a sailor represents ~1/325th of the crew tasks with little
automation support. For the DD(X) a sailor represents ~1/114th
– DDG = low automation
– DDX = approaches “autonomic” automation
– Does not address human factors that are not necessarily intuitive
such as situational factors of perception, comprehension, and
projection
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DDG-51 Class Reduced Manning Studies
• SME interview technique discussed above, with added
sophistication and comprehensive analysis
• DDG51 class manning reduction
• Revealed that the process to evaluate Return on
Investment (ROI) and the TOC impact for manning
reduction initiatives is difficult.
• Case of USS COLE, it was not sheer numbers that
saved the ship, but the actions of a handful of very
experienced people
• Comments
– “Navy ships need to be prototyped now to ensure preparedness
for the introduction of a new generation of warfighting ships”
– DDG51: a real-time survivability model has never been created
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Advanced Human Modeling Initiatives
• Office of Naval Research (ONR) cognitive science
research is a scientific revolution in understanding the
human operator
• Research is yielding computational theories of human
cognition and perceptual/motor activity, provides precise
quantitative predictions variables such as times required
to learn and complete tasks
• TS-CM paper does not include the modeling potential of
emerging ONR human attributes pending access to
more complete research results
– Human Attribute Modeling as nodes in an “autonomic” control
systems
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Domain II
Ship Performance Analysis
Creating the Ship Performance Model
• Ship Performance Modeling
• Enabling Technology
– CAD
– PBD
• CAD – PBD Integration
• Element of Dynamic Time
• Creating the Ship Performance Model
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Ship
Performance
Modeling
Enabling
Technology:
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Electronic
Data
Integration
Electronic
Data
Integration
Dynamic Time
Physics Based Design (PBD)
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Ship Firemain
Process Detail
A user may drill into any configured ship
process system to the smallest
level of detail for process engineering
Design and Training.
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Ship Electric Plant
Process Detail
and then, navigate within the ancillary
process connections of the
multi-discipline SIMSMART™
environment.
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Ship Compartments / Tanks
Ballast & Drain
Process Details
Ship compartments may be modeled for
flooding and progressive flooding, fire and
smoke spread
The SIMSMART™ flooding model may be
linked to dynamic ship stability calculations
for draft, GM, etc...
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Ship
Model
TheTotal
TS-CM
Ship
Performance
Model
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Domain III
Ship-Crew Performance Model
Creating the Ship-Crew Performance Model
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prototyping Benefits
TS-CM Objective
Building the TS-CM
Elements of the TS-CM
Sources of Crew Skill based Task Models
Event Time
Scenarios
Collecting & Evaluating Data
Optimizing / Trade-off Analysis
Expected Results
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Crew Tasks from EOCC Procedures
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Crew Tasks Inserted into the TS-CM
Tasks
Tasks
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Merging Ship & Crew Task Models into the
Scenario
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PMS430 – BFTT - Total Ship Training & Operational Decision Aids Architecture
TS-CM: Executing the Scenario
BOPC
Debrief
Products
Scenario Generation
& Control
Performance
Monitoring,
Training &
Assessment
DATA
COLLECTION LAN
STOW LAN
USN & Coalition Combat Systems Training
TPTS
IT21 LAN /
SWAN
IT21 SWAN & 2-Way Wireless LAN
Platform Simulation
Two-way
Central Control Station (CCS), Damage Control Central (DCC),
Machinery Spaces, Repair Stations 2, 3, 5, 8, …
PERCIEVED
TRUTH
MCS
GROUND TRUTH
Trainer
Wearable
Computers
DCAMS
Trainee
Training
Flags
Trainer
Perceived
Truth
Ground
Truth
Trainee
Perceived
Truth
Ship Interior Communications
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TPTS Instructor
Station (1)
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TPTS Operator Station (1)
CG47 ECSE Upgrade
Courtesy Litton Integrated Systems
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TPTS
Instructor
Station (2)
Operator
Scenario & Instructor Control
“Flooding”
“fire”, “smoke” &
Equipment
Damage & Repair
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TPTS Operator Station (3)
Instructor
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Collecting Ship-Crew Task Performance Data
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Histograms:
Time-based Analysis of Systems and Crew
Performance
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Histogram Analysis
Event A
100
Temp (F*)
C W Tem perature
Auto
Response
Fails
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Tim e
C W Pressure
Crew Decision =
R5 Response
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Pressure
Up / Temp
Down
6.0
Pressure
19
4.0
2.0
0.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
R5 on
Scene
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Tim e
26
27
28
29
30
System
Restored
SPS Radar Status
1.5
Op Status
13
R5/8 CSOSS /
EOCC Actions /
Restore Control
1
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Tim e
Key Technology: Natural vs. Signal Coupled Model
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TS-CM: Expected Results
 Systems Design
 The prototype systems design should be readily adjustable for
designers by observance of model dynamics. The feedback will be
rapid and insightful.
 Crew Manning
 The prototype crew manning should be rapidly modifiable for
intended customers and designers by observation of the operating
models to provide rapid and insightful feedback.
 Validated Model Capture
 TS-CM prototype models will be electronically captured at every
phase of design and as a validated design that can be used for all of
the benefits of rapid prototyping and support of HSI objectives over
the ship’s life cycle, such as embedded training, as described in this
paper.
 Today, none of these models (computations / metrics) are captured or
delivered to the Navy except in a few specialized reports
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04
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Conclusions
•
This paper has described the use of dynamic modeling as a new
tool for manning analysis for ships now in design. The new ships
must meet all Navy HSI requirements while achieving revolutionary
crew reduction supported by autonomic-based control systems yet
to be implemented. Existing ships can also use the TS-CM process
to improve manning and automation analysis. TS-CM provides a
prototyping and analysis environment to meet this requirement that
balances the use of traditional human engineering performance
factors such as skill based tasks analysis combined with a real-time
dynamic total ship model created through the use of physics based
design tools. The TS-CM environment is based on qualitative
systems and crew performance in a quantitative, dynamic realtime model of ship systems and crew performance tasks. The
TS-CM can be used during every phase of a ship’s design to verify
that HSI compliant reduced manning levels are quantified, validated
and captured for re-use over the ship’s lifecycle. Because the
validated TS-CM model can be based on the system performance
models that were used to verify the ship’s design, the TS-CM will be
able to be reused for all of the future HSI functions of Embedded
Training, Condition Assessment, Performance Monitoring,
Readiness Assessment, Decision Aids, and Future Modernization.
I/ITSEC Paper 1564 12/7/04
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