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• Near Field Communication
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Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication
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Near Field Communication (NFC) is used
mostly in paying for purchases made in
physical stores or transportation services. A
consumer using a special mobile phone
equipped with a smartcard waves his/her
phone near a reader module. Most
transactions do not require authentication,
but some require authentication using PIN,
before transaction is completed. The
payment could be deducted from a pre-paid
account or charged to a mobile or bank
account directly.
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Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication
1
Mobile payment method via NFC faces
significant challenges for wide and fast
adoption, due to lack of supporting
infrastructure, complex ecosystem of
stakeholders, and standards. Some
phone manufacturers and banks,
however, are enthusiastic. Ericsson and
Aconite are examples of businesses that
make it possible for banks to create
consumer mobile payment applications
that take advantage of NFC technology.
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Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication
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NFC vendors in Japan are closely related
to mass-transit networks, like the Mobile
Suica used on the JR East rail network.
Osaifu-Keitai system, used for Mobile
Suica and many others including Edy
and nanaco, has become the de facto
standard method for mobile payments in
Japan. Its core technology, Mobile FeliCa
IC, is partially owned by Sony, NTT
DoCoMo and JR East. Mobile FeliCa
utilize Sony's FeliCa technology, which
itself is the de facto standard for
contactless smart cards in the country.
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Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication
1
Other NFC vendors mostly in Europe use
contactless payment over mobile phones
to pay for on- and off-street parking in
specially demarcated areas
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Mobile payment - Contactless Near Field Communication
Other vendors use a combination of
both NFC and a barcode on the mobile
device for mobile payment, for
example, Cimbal or DigiMo, making
this technique attractive at the point of
sale because many mobile devices in
the market do not yet support NFC.
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Near field communication
Near field
communication
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Near field communication
1
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of
standards for smartphones and similar
devices to establish radio communication
with each other by touching them together or
bringing them into close proximity, usually
no more than a few inches. Present and
anticipated applications include contactless
transactions, data exchange, and simplified
setup of more complex communications such
as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible
between an NFC device and an unpowered
NFC chip, called a "tag".
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Near field communication
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NFC standards cover communications
protocols and data exchange formats,
and are based on existing radiofrequency identification (RFID)
standards including ISO/IEC 14443
and FeliCa
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Near field communication - Uses
NFC builds upon RFID systems by
allowing two-way communication between
endpoints, where earlier systems such as
contactless smart cards were one-way
only
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Near field communication - Commerce
1
NFC devices can be used in contactless
payment systems, similar to those
currently used in credit cards and
electronic ticket smartcards, and allow
mobile payment to replace or supplement
these systems
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Near field communication - Commerce
NFC stickers based payments in
Australia’s Bankmecu and card issuer
Cuscal have completed an NFC payment
sticker trial, enabling consumers to make
contactless payments at Visa payWave
terminals using a smart sticker stuck to
their phone. Bankmecu now plans to
further test the service before launching it
to its wider cardholder base in the next few
months. Read More
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Near field communication - Commerce
1
India is implementing NFC based transactions in
Box Offices for ticketing purposes.
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Near field communication - Commerce
1
A partnership of Google and Equity Bank
in Kenya has introduced NFC payment
systems for public transport in the Capital
city Nairobi under the branding "Beba Pay"
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Near field communication - Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections
1
NFC offers a low-speed connection with
extremely simple setup, and can be used
to bootstrap more capable wireless
connections
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Near field communication - Social networking
1
NFC can be used in social networking
situations, such as sharing contacts,
photos, videos or files, and entering
multiplayer mobile games. In the field
of social networking NFC is very useful
to exchange contacts and other files.
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Near field communication - Identity and access tokens
The NFC Forum promotes the
potential for NFC-enabled devices to
act as electronic identity documents
and keycards. As NFC has a short
range and supports encryption, it may
be more suitable than earlier, less
private RFID systems.
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Near field communication - Smartphone automation and NFC tags
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Smartphones equipped with NFC can
be paired with NFC Tags or stickers
which can be programmed by NFC
apps to automate tasks
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Near field communication - History
NFC traces its roots back to radiofrequency identification, or RFID. RFID
allows a reader to send radio waves to a
passive electronic tag for identification,
authentication and tracking.
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Near field communication - History
2002 Sony and Philips agreed on
establishing a new technology
specification and created a technical
outline on March 25, 2002.
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Near field communication - History
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2004 Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near
Field Communication (NFC) Forum
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Near field communication - History
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2009 In January, NFC Forum released
Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer
contact, URL, initiate Bluetooth, etc.
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Near field communication - History
1
2010 Samsung Nexus S: First
Android NFC phone shown
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Near field communication - History
2010 The city of Nice in Southern
France launches the "Nice City of
contactless mobile" project,
providing inhabitants with new NFC
generation mobile phones and bank
cards, and a real "bouquet of
services" for their daily lives covering
transportation, tourism and student's
services
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Near field communication - History
1
2011 Tapit Media launches in Sydney Australia as
the first specialized NFC marketing company
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Near field communication - History
2011 Google I/O "How to NFC"
demonstrates NFC to initiate a game
and to share a contact, URL, app,
video, etc.
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Near field communication - History
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2011 NFC support becomes part of the
Symbian mobile Operating System with
the release of Symbian Anna version.
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Near field communication - History
2011 Research In Motion is the first
company for its devices to be certified by
MasterCard Worldwide, the functionality of
PayPass
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Near field communication - History
2012 March. EAT., a well-known UK
restaurant chain, and Everything Everywhere
(Orange Mobile Network Operator), partner
on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled
smartposter campaign, led by René Batsford,
head of ICT for EAT., also known for
deploying the UK's first nationwide
contactless payment solution in 2008. A
specially created mobile phone app is
triggered when the NFC enabled mobile
phone comes into contact with the
smartposter.
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Near field communication - History
2012 Sony introduces the "Smart
Tags", which use NFC technology to
change modes and profiles on a Sony
smartphone at close range, included
in the package of (and "perfectly
paired" with) the Sony Xperia P
Smartphone released the same year.
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Near field communication - History
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2012 Samsung introduces TecTile; a set of
MIFARE NFC stickers and a companion
application for Android to read and write
the TecTile stickers, and design macros
that can be triggered by them.
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Near field communication - History
2013 Samsung and Visa announce major
partnership to develop mobile payments. Read
article
1
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Near field communication - History
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2013 IBM Scientists from Zurich, in an
effort to curb fraud and security breaches
have come up with a new mobile
authentication security technology based
on Near-Field Communication
(NFC).IBM’s new technology works on
similar principles to that of a dual-factor
authentication security measure. Read
article
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
1
NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies,
typically requiring a distance of 10 cm or less
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
1
NFC tags contain data and are
typically read-only, but may be
rewriteable
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
1
As with proximity card technology, nearfield communication uses magnetic
induction between two loop antennas
located within each other's near field,
effectively forming an air-core
transformer. It operates within the globally
available and unlicensed radio frequency
ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF
energy is concentrated in the allowed ±7
kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral
envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when
using ASK modulation.
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
1
Theoretical working distance with
compact standard antennas: up to 20
cm (practical working distance of
about 4 cm)
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
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Supported data rates: 106, 212 or 424
kbit/s (the bit rate 848 kbit/s is not
compliant with the standard ISO/IEC
18092)
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
Passive communication mode: The
initiator device provides a carrier field and
the target device answers by modulating
the existing field. In this mode, the target
device may draw its operating power from
the initiator-provided electromagnetic field,
thus making the target device a
transponder.
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
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Active communication mode: Both initiator
and target device communicate by
alternately generating their own fields. A
device deactivates its RF field while it is
waiting for data. In this mode, both devices
typically have power supplies.
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
1
NFC employs two different codings to
transfer data. If an active device
transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified
Miller coding with 100% modulation is
used. In all other cases Manchester
coding is used with a modulation ratio
of 10%.
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Near field communication - Essential specifications
NFC devices are able to receive and
transmit data at the same time. Thus, they
can check for potential collisions, if the
received signal frequency does not match
with the transmitted signal's frequency.
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Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth
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Standardisation body
ISO/IECBluetooth SIG
Bluetooth SIG
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Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth
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Power consumption < 15mA (read)varies with
class < 15 mA (read and transmit)
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Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth
NFC and Bluetooth are both shortrange communication technologies that
are integrated into mobile phones. As
described in technical detail above,
NFC operates at slower speeds than
Bluetooth, but consumes far less
power and doesn't require pairing.
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Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth
NFC sets up more quickly than
standard Bluetooth, but has a lower
transfer rate than Bluetooth low
energy
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Near field communication - Comparison with Bluetooth
In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is
compatible with existing passive RFID
(13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3)
infrastructures. NFC requires
comparatively low power, similar to the
Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol.
When NFC works with an unpowered
device (e.g., on a phone that may be
turned off, a contactless smart
Creditcard, a smart poster), however,
the NFC power consumption is greater
than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy,
since illuminating the passive tag needs
extra power.
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Near field communication - Standards
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NFC is an open platform technology standardized in
ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092
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Near field communication - Standards
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Near Field Communication
Interface and Protocol-1
(NFCIP-1)
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Near field communication - Standards
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NFC incorporates a variety of existing
standards including ISO/IEC 14443 both
Type A and Type B, and FeliCa. NFC
enabled phones work basically, at least,
with existing readers. Especially in "card
emulation mode" a NFC device should
transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID
number to an existing reader.
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Near field communication - Standards
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In addition, the NFC Forum has defined a
common data format called NFC Data
Exchange Format (NDEF), which can
store and transport various kinds of items,
ranging from any MIME-typed object to
ultra-short RTD-documents, such as
URLs.
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Near field communication - Standards
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The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF
Exchange Protocol to the spec that allows
sending and receiving messages between
two NFC-enabled devices.
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Near field communication - GSMA
The GSM Association (GSMA) is the
global trade association representing
nearly 800 mobile phone operators and
more than 200 product and service
companies across 219 countries. Many of
its members have led NFC trials around
the World and are now preparing services
for commercial launch.
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Near field communication - GSMA
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Standard setting: GSMA is developing
certification and testing standards to
ensure the global interoperability of NFC
services.
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Near field communication - GSMA
The Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative seeks to
define a common global approach to using
Near Field Communications (NFC)
technology to link mobile devices with
payment and contactless systems.
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Near field communication - GSMA
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On November 17, 2010, after two years of
discussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile
launched a joint venture intended to
develop a single platform on which
technology based on the Near Field
Communication (NFC) specifications can
be used by their customers to make
mobile payments
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Near field communication - StoLPaN
StoLPaN ('Store Logistics and Payment
with NFC') is a pan-European consortium
supported by the European Commission's
Information Society Technologies program.
StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped
potential for the new kind of local wireless
interface, NFC and mobile communication.
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Near field communication - NFC Forum
The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry
association formed on March 18, 2004, by
NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to
advance the use of NFC short-range wireless
interaction in consumer electronics, mobile
devices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes
implementation and standardization of NFC
technology to ensure interoperability between
devices and services. As of June 2013, the
NFC Forum had over 190 member
companies.
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Near field communication - Alternative form factors
To realize the benefits of NFC in
cellphones not yet equipped with built in
NFC chips a new line of complementary
devices were created
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Near field communication - Other standardization bodies
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Other standardization bodies that
are involved in NFC include:
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Near field communication - Other standardization bodies
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GlobalPlatform to specify a multi-application
architecture of the secure element.
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Near field communication - Community and open source projects
A growing number of online
communities and open source
projects contribute to the growth of
NFC. Projects range from full NFC
stacks to NFC message composition
and platform-specific tools.
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Near field communication - Security aspects
1
Although the communication range of NFC
is limited to a few centimeters, NFC alone
does not ensure secure communications
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Near field communication - Eavesdropping
The RF signal for the
wireless data transfer can
be picked up with antennas
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Near field communication - Data modification
It is easy to destroy data by using a
jammer. There is no way currently to
prevent such an attack. However, if NFC
devices check the RF field while they are
sending, it is possible to detect attacks.
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Near field communication - Data modification
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It is much more difficult to modify data in such
a way that it appears to be valid to users
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Near field communication - Relay attack
1
Because NFC devices usually include
ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, the relay
attacks described are also feasible on
NFC
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Near field communication - Lost property
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Losing the NFC RFID card or the mobile
phone will open access to any finder and
act as a single-factor authenticating entity.
Mobile phones protected by a PIN code
acts as a single authenticating factor. A
way to defeat the lost-property threat
requires an extended security concept that
includes more than one physically
independent authentication factor.
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Near field communication - Walk-off
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Lawfully opened access to a secure
NFC function or data is protected by
time-out closing after a period of
inactivity
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Near field communication - NFC-enabled handsets
In 2011, handset vendors
released more than 40 NFCenabled handsets
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Near field communication - Deployment
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List of applications of near field
communication
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Near field communication - Deployment
As of April 2011, several hundred NFC
trials have been conducted. Some firms
have moved to full-scale service
deployments, spanning either a single
country or multiple countries. Multi-country
deployments include Orange's rollout of
NFC technology to banks, retailers,
transport, and service providers in multiple
European countries, and Airtel Africa and
Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15
1
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Mobile Payments - Contactless Near Field Communication
1
NFC vendors in Japan are closely related
to mass-transit networks, like the Mobile
Suica used on the East Japan Railway
Company|JR East rail network
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Mobile Payments - Contactless Near Field Communication
1
Other NFC vendors mostly in Europe
use contactless payment over mobile
phones to pay for on- and off-street
parking in specially demarcated
areas
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List of applications of near field communication
, several hundred trials of near field
communication have been conducted.
Some firms have moved to full-scale
service deployments, spanning either a
single country or multiple countries.
1
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List of applications of near field communication
Multi-country deployments include
Orange S.A.|Orange's roll-out of NFC
technology to banks, retailers,
transport, and service providers in
multiple European countries,. and Airtel
Africa and Oberthur Technologies
deploying to 15 countries throughout
Africa..
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List of applications of near field communication - Kenya
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* Public transport: The Nairobi based Citi
Hoppa bus company has partnered with
Beba. to offer NFC enabled proximity
cards for fare payments. Citi Hoppa staff
use the Huawei Sonic NFC enabled phone
to process these transactions.
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List of applications of near field communication - Austria
* Public transport: Mobilkom
Austria (A1), ÖBB, Vienna Lines.
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List of applications of near field communication - Belgium
* Paper vouchers study: IBBT,
Clear2Pay/Integri, Keyware, Accor
Services.
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List of applications of near field communication - Czech Republic
* Mobile payments: Telefónica O2
Czech Republic, Komerční banka,
Citibank Europe, Globus, Visa Europe,
Baumax, Cinema City, Ikea.
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List of applications of near field communication - Czech Republic
* NFC social board game: NFCengine
launched in 2011 NFC based social board
game, with several virtual, entertaining
and marketing layers.
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List of applications of near field communication - France
* National NFC infrastructure: Paris,
Bordeaux, Caen, Lille, Marseille, Rennes,
Strasbourg, Toulouse, Nice, French
Government.
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List of applications of near field communication - France
* Nice, Ville NFC: AFSCM (Orange,
Bouygues Telecom, SFR, NRJ Mobile),
Gemalto, Oberthur Technologies, multibank (BNP Paribas, Groupe Crédit MutuelCIC, Crédit Agricole, Société Générale)
with MasterCard, Visa Europe, Airtag, Toro
(NFC startup company)|Toro,
ConnectThings, Veolia Transport, Adelya
and more (to be completed)
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List of applications of near field communication - France
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* Public transport: Veolia Transport
in Nice.
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List of applications of near field communication - Germany
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* Public transport (selected regions):
VRR, RMV and Deutsche Bahn
(combines the companies' previous
HandyTicket and Touch Travel
programs).
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List of applications of near field communication - Germany
* Mobile payment:
Deutsche Telekom,
Vodafone Germany,
Telefónica 02
Germany.
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List of applications of near field communication - Germany
* Health insurance
card: All public health
insurance providers
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List of applications of near field communication - Hungary
* Event ticketing: Sziget
Festival, Vodafone Hungary.
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List of applications of near field communication - The Netherlands
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* Employee payments:
Rabobank, Multicard.
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List of applications of near field communication - Romania
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* Public transport: Metrorex, RATT.
and RATB.
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List of applications of near field communication - Russia
* Public transport:
Yekaterinburg Metro and
MegaFon.
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List of applications of near field communication - Russia
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* Public transport: Moscow Metro and MTS (network
provider)|Mobile TeleSystems.
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List of applications of near field communication - Spain
* Public transport: Bankinter,
Ericsson, Empresa Municipal de
Transportes (Madrid);. Vodafone,
Entidad Publica del Transporte
(Murcia).
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List of applications of near field communication - Spain
* Event product payments: Mobile
World Congress, GSMA, Telefónica,
Visa, Samsung, Giesecke Devrient,
Ingenico, ITN International, La Caixa.
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List of applications of near field communication - Spain
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* Employee payment, building access:
Telefónica Espana, La Caixa, BBVA,
Bankinter, Visa, Samsung, Oberthur,
Autogrill, Giesecke Devrient.
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List of applications of near field communication - Sweden
* Airline Smart Pass: SAS
Scandinavian Airlines introduces an
NFC-based Smart Pass for frequent
flyers, and the aviation industry's
adoption of NFC is now truly
underway.
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List of applications of near field communication - Sweden
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* Transportation: Pay as you go in Southern Sweden
with NFC enabled Jojo cards.
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List of applications of near field communication - Turkey
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* Yapı ve Kredi Bankası and Turkcell, NFC
is used on mobile payment all over Turkey
with Yapı ve Kredi Bankası credit cards via
mobile phones using Turkcell sim cards..
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List of applications of near field communication - Turkey
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* Mobile payments: Yapi Kredi, Turkcell, Wireless
Dynamics;. Avea, Garanti Bank, Gemalto.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Turkey
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* Device testing: Visa
Europe, Akbank.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - United Kingdom
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* Transport study:
Department for
Transport, Consult
Hyperion.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Canada
* Mobile wallet: Tim Hortons TimmyME
BlackBerry 10
Application;[http://www.nfcworld.com/2013
/12/13/327339/tim-hortons-launches-nfcpayments-service-using-host-cardemulation/] Zoompass, offered by Bell
Mobility, Rogers Communications|Rogers
and Telus (Enstream).
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - United States
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* Device trial: Bank of America, Device
Fidelity;. U.S. Bancorp|US Bank, Device
Fidelity, FIS, Montise.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - United States
* Mobile payments: ATT, Verizon
Communications|Verizon, T-Mobile
US|T-Mobile;. Adirondack Trust
Company|Adirondack Trust;.
Community State Bank;. Bankers
Bank of the West;. PayPal;. Bank of
America; US Bank;. Wells Fargo;.
Blackboard;. Google Wallet.
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - United States
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* Community Marketing and Business
Rating: Google Places: Portland, OR;
Austin, TX; Las Vegas, NV; Madison,
WI; Charlotte, NC..
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - United States
* Public transit: Visa, New York City
Transit, NJ Transit, The Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey, Chicago
Transit Authority, LA Metro (Los Angeles,
CA).
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - China
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* Mobile payments: China Unicom,
Bank of Communications, China
UnionPay.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - China
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* Mobile transport ticketing:
China Unicom.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Hong Kong (China)
* Contactless
Payment/Public
Transit: Octopus
card
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - India
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* Tata Docomo, MegaSoft XIUS
(Hyderabad).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - India
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* PayMate have partnered Nokia to deploy
NFC payment solution for mass market in
India through Nokia NFC enabled
handsets..
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - India
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* jusTap! has tied up with CineMAX to
implement NFC campaign using nfc
enabled smart posters at the movie
theaters in Mumbai .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - India
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*jusTap! partners with Game4u to launch
the first of its kind retail in‐store
experience using NFC across India ..
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Japan
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* Consumer services:
Softbank Mobile,
Credit Saison, Orient
Corporation.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Japan
* Consumer services: KDDI, Toyota,
Orient Corporation, Credit Saison, Aiwa
Card Services, MasterCard, Nomura
Research Institute, All Nippon Airways,
Japan Airlines, Toho Cinemas, Dai
Nippon Printing, NTT Data, T-Engine,
IBM, Japan Remote Control Co.,
Hitachi, Gemalto.
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Philippines
* Consumer and
commercial services :
Jollibee Happyplus
Card
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Singapore
* Mobile
payments:MasterCard,
DBS Bank, StarHub, EZLink, Gemalto.
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https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Australia
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* Mobile payments: Visa
and ANZ Banking Group.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Australia
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* Mobile payments: PayPass and Facebook and
Commonwealth Bank Australia by Commbank
Kaching
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - New Zealand
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* Full real time Multi-Currency NFC system
linked to New Zealand, Tonga, Australia,
Fiji and Samoa, including BPay: (KlickEx,
Digicel and
Verifone)[http://markets.on.nytimes.com/re
search/stocks/news/press_release.asp?do
cTag=201205140800PR_NEWS_USPRX_
___HK05569feedID=600press_symbol=16
94716]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
List of applications of near field communication - Brazil
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* Mobile payments: Oi
Paggo, Paggo from Oi,
Germalto's Upteq NFlex.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-near-field-communication-toolkit.html
Cheil Worldwide - UNICEF HK (Near field communication|NFC Charity Stickers Campaign)
Cheil combined near field
communication (NCF) technology
with traditional stickers to create NFC
Charity Stickers direct the individual
to a webpage to make their donation
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