DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION
PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
DEFINITION
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL). (Catford, 1965)
Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text.
(Newmark, 1988: 5)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the
source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning
using lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural
context. (Larson, 1984: 3)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
ORIGINAL TEXT
(source language)
REVISING
ANALYZING
FINALIZING
DRAFTING
TRANSLATION TEXT
(target language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING
Understanding
what it is about
(by reading)
Learning
the readership
(age, education, gender)
Learning
the stylistic scale
(degree of language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Stylistic Scale
(Degree of Formality)
Official
Formal
Neutral
Informal
Colloquialism
Slang
Taboo
(Newmark, 1988)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Official
The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited
in this establishment
Formal
You are requested not to consume food in this establishment
Neutral
Eating is not allowed here
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Informal
Please don’t eat here
Colloquialism
You can’t feed your face here
Slang
Lay off the nosh
Taboo
Lay off the fucking nosh
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION
Degree of Formality
source language
target language
(original text)
(translation text)
Official
Official
Formal
Formal
Neutral
Neutral
Informal
Informal
Colloquialism
Colloquialism
Slang
Slang
Taboo
Taboo
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
THE APPROACHES TO ANALYZING
(how do we start translating)
(Newmark, 1988: 21)
You start translating sentence by sentence, for say the first paragraph or
chapter, to get the feel and the tone of the text, and then you
deliberately sit back, review the position, and read the rest of the SL
text. (when you trust your intuition)
You read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention, register,
tone, mark the difficult words and passages and start translating only
when you have taken your bearings. (when you trust your power of analysis)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS
Time Management
ANALYZING
DRAFTING
REVISING
FINALIZING
10 PERCENT
40 PERCENTS
40 PERCENTS
10 PERCENT
Understanding
& identifying
general reproduction
accuracy
naturalness
METAPHOR and SIMILE
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
METAPHOR and SIMILE
DEFINITION
A figure of speech used to replace normal or literal language in order help
others understand or enjoy the message.
--- The substitution of one idea or object with another ---
METAPHOR and SIMILE
KINDS OF METAPHOR
Dead Metaphor
Living Metaphor
METAPHOR and SIMILE
Dead Metaphor
A metaphor which has lost its poetic meaning and not considered as
figurative language any longer due to its frequent use
examples:
economic wheel – giant step - etc
Living Metaphor
Considered as figurative language and still contains poetic meaning
ex:
An angry sky - You are a rose among thorns - etc.
METAPHOR and SIMILE
STRATEGIES TO TRANSLATE METAPHOR
1.
Translation of metaphor by reproducing the same image
2.
Translation of metaphor by replacing the image in SL
with a standard image in TL
3.
Translation of metaphor or simile by sense
4.
Translation of metaphor by metaphor or simile plus
sense
5.
Translation of metaphor by simile
METAPHOR and SIMILE
1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY REPRODUCING THE
SAME IMAGE
laut cinta
langkah raksasa
sea of love
giant step
roda perekonomian
economic wheel
sinar harapan
ray of hope
METAPHOR and SIMILE
economic growth
pertumbuhan ekonomi
stony silence
angry sky
kebisuan yang membatu
langit yang marah
Omar Mochtar is the lion of the desert
Omar Mochtar adalah singa padang pasir
King Richard, the lion heart
Raja Richard, si hati singa
METAPHOR and SIMILE
Tubuh manusia adalah laboratorium hidup
Human body is a living laboratory
Jakarta adalah jantung Indonesia.
Jakarta is the heart of Indonesia
Experience is the best teacher.
Pengalaman adalah guru terbaik
Jerusalem is the city of God.
Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan
METAPHOR and SIMILE
2. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR
BY REPLACING THE IMAGE IN SL WITH THE STANDARD
IMAGE IN TL
Your car has wings
Lari mobilmu seperti setan
Mobilmu kencang bagaikan terbang
METAPHOR and SIMILE
3. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR OR SIMILE BY
SENSE
Jerussalem is the city of God
Yerusalem adalah tempat Tuhan menurunkan sebagian wahyu
dan nabiNya.
Time has wings.
Waktu berlalu begitu cepat
METAPHOR and SIMILE
Bagai pungguk merindukan bulan.
Dreaming the impossible thing.
Dia ular berbisa.
He’s very dangerous.
The best advice is found on the pillow.
Setelah tidur nyenyak semalaman, mungkin kita akan
mendapatkan jawaban dari persoalan kita
METAPHOR and SIMILE
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Tulisan dan kata-kata memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar dari
pada senjata dan perang
Stolen fruit is the sweetest.
Sesuatu yang dilarang itu sangat menggoda
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
Makanan yang sehat menjauhkan kita dari penyakit.
METAPHOR and SIMILE
4. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR by METAPHOR OR SIMILE
PLUS SENSE
Jerussalem is the city of God
Yerusalem adalah kota Tuhan, karena di tempat inilah Tuhan
menurunkan sebagian wahyu dan nabi-Nya. Yerusalem
dianggap sebagai tempat yang sangat suci oleh umat Yahudi,
Kristen, dan Islam.
METAPHOR and SIMILE
Time has wings.
Waktu bagai memiliki sayap, berlalu begitu cepat.
Dia ular berbisa.
He’s a snake. He’s very dangerous
METAPHOR and SIMILE
5. TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR BY SIMILE
Time has wings
Waktu bagaikan memiliki sayap
METAPHOR and SIMILE
SIMILE
Tempat ini seperti kuburan.
This place is just like a graveyard
Engkau laksana bintang.
You are like a star
Mohammad Ali, dance like a butterfly, sting like a bee.
Mohammad Ali, menari bagai kupu-kupu, menyengat bagai lebah
METAPHOR and SIMILE
THE DIFFERENCE BEETWEN METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Metaphor is an equation while Simile is an approximation
Metaphor
A wire is a road for electrons
Simile
A good book is like a good meal
Cloud is like cotton candy
SHIFT
TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT
(TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
“Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change
in the grammar from SL to TL”
(Newmark, 1988: 85)
“Modulasi melibatkan pergeseran makna karena terjadi
perubahan perpektif dan sudut pandang”
(Machali, 2000: 69)
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 1
(transposition)
A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)
bunga-bunga : flowers
banyak rumah
tiga mobil
sepasang celana
: many houses
: three cars
: a pair of trousers
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 2-A
A structural change that involves word-position in phrase
1-2-3
3-2-1
rumah - bercat merah - yang besar
big - red - house
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
long - dark - hair
rambut - hitam pekat - yang panjang
splendid ancient electric train
kereta api listrik kuno yang sangat bagus
(Machali, 2000)
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
phrase with adverb
1–2–3
3–1-2
highly - recommended - system
sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
Shift 2-B
A structural change that involves word-position in sentence
Isu tentang HAM sudah kami bahas semenjak lima tahun yang lalu.
We have been discussing the issue of human rights since five years ago
Buku ini harus kamu baca
You must read the book
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
Shift 3
a change in part of speech
noun + noun
noun + noun
adverb + verb
verb + noun
adj
verb
+ noun
+ adj
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
mesin pembunuh
killing machine
bahan kimia
chemical material
partai politik
political party
...is categorically prohibited.
…dikategorikan terlarang.
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
in sentence
…… for the pursuit of happiness.
…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 4
from explicit into implicit
(implicit into explicit)
Pria yang berdiri di sana itu adalah paman saya
The man (who is) standing there is my uncle.
implicit
The man standing there is my uncle
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 5
from clause into particular type of phrase
(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)
bayi yang menangis
binatang yang berpikir
crying baby
thinking animal
burung yang berkicau
singing bird
Jendral yang senantiasa tersenyum
Smiling General
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 6
from word into phrase or clause
(clause into word)
cozy
suasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab
incommunicado
kondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar
interchangeability
kondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 7
(modulation)
specific meaning
general meaning
padi : rice
gabah: rice
beras : rice
nasi
: rice
kakak : brother, sister
adik: : brother, sister
SHIFT OR TRANSPOSITIONNAD MODULATION
paklek
: paman : uncle
pakde
: paman : uncle
assassinate : membunuh
murder
: membunuh
kill
: membunuh
anggur
: grape
anggur
: wine
mendengar : listen
mendengar : hear
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)
SHIFT 8
(modulation)
coining a new term for a series of word
train
: berlatih
training
: pelatihan
trainer
: pelatih
trainee
: peserta pelatihan
KINDS OF TRANSLATION
&
KINDS OF TEXT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION
1.
Literal translation
2.
Communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic translation
3.
Free translation
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Literal Translation
Aku
I
ingin
berdansa
denganmu
want
to dance
with you
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Suaramu
begitu indah
Your voice
is so beautiful
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar
There are a number of boys waiting outside
Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu ada
He doesn’t believe that ghosts exist
Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenang
Suharto has peacefully passed away
Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh
United we stand, divided we fall.
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Saya tidak tahu bagaimana dengan orang lain, tapi ketika
saya masih muda dan berumur 20-an, saya takut pada
pernikahan.
I don’t know with other people, but when I was young and about
20’s, I was afraid of marriage.
Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan
kemerderkaan Indonesia.
We the people of Indonesia herewith to proclaim the
independence of Indonesia
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Pemindahan penduduk asli Amerika dari bagian timur Sungai
Mussissipi pertama kali diusulkan Presiden Thomas
Jefferson.
The relocation of the American natives from eastern Mississipi
River was firstly proposed by President Thomas Jefferson.
Burung laut Artik pernah lama berada di urutan teratas
sebagai burung dengan jarak migrasi terpanjang.
Artic seagulls (sea-birds) have long been on the top rank as the
bird with the longest distance of migration.
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Communicative/ Dynamic/ Idiomatic
(Communicative : Newmark) (Dynamic : Nida) (Idiomatic : Larsen)
Omong-omong
By the way
Tidak bisa!
Nggak mungkinlah!
No way!
Yang benar saja
Give me a break
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Sangat baik!
Never better!
Ini hal yang sangat gampang.
It’s a piece of cage.
Awas kaca!
Glass. Don’t touch!
Fragile!
Ayo, ambil keputusan bung!
Tetapkan pilihanmu!
Make up your mind man!
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Aquos, unmistakably Japanese
Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna
Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut
I don’t think I have to mention my name right know.
My name is not important right now.
Pamannya adalah warga banteng
His uncle is the member of PDIP
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH
COMMUNICATIVE-DYNAMIC-IDIOMATIC
• When do we use literal translation?
• When do we use communicative or dynamic
translation?
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
When literal translation is strongly suggested.
You are what you read.
Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca.
(literal)
Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu
sebenarnya.
(communicative)
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
When communicative & dynamic translation
is strongly suggested and highly recommended
It’s a piece of cage
Ini sepotong kue
Ini hal yang sangat gampang
Awas kaca!
Beware of glass!
Glass. Don’t touch!
Dia masih kosong
She’s still empty
She has no boyfriend
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
Aquos, unmistakably Japanese
Aquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah.
Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna
Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut
For this time my name is not necessary to mention
I don’t think I have to mention my name right know
My name is not important right now.
Pamanya adalah anggota banteng
His uncle is the member of buffalo
His uncle is the member of PDIP
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
“It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A
translator may express some parts of his translation (words,
phrases, clauses, sentences) in very natural forms (idiomatic,
dynamic, communicative), and then in other parts fall back into a
literal form”
(Larsen, 1984: 17)
(Italic letter is addition)
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
A paragraph
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
(Sentence 1)
translated by literal translation
(sentence 3)
translated
by literal
(Sentence 2)
translated by communicative/ dyn/ idio
(Sentence 4)
translated by literal
(Sentence 5)
Translated by communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
KINDS OF TEXT
(BASED ON THE FUCNTION)
EXPRESSIVE TEXT
INFORMATIVE TEXT
VOCATIVE TEXT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT
EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION
Emphasizing : author centered, personal use, self-oriented,
creative, subjective, etc
Used in
: poetry, speech, novel, drama, popular
writing, etc.
Translation
: mostly dynamic & communicative translation
INFORMATIVE FUNCTION
Emphasizing : the content the text, extra-linguistic
information, etc
Used in
: news, reports, agreement, academic
writing, science and technology, etc
Translation
: literal & dynamic/ communicative
VOCATIVE FUNCTION
Emphasizing : the readership, persuade readers to act as
expected by the author/ writer, etc
Used in
: advertising, propaganda, campaign,
announcement, instruction, regulation, etc.
Translation : mostly literal
COLLOCATION
COLLOCATION
DEFINITION
Semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically from the
propositional meaning of a word
(Baker, 1992: 47)
Habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items
(Newmark, 1988)
Kolokasi merupakan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dimana makna
masing-masing kata pembentuknya pada dasarnya dipertahankan
(Simatupang, 1999: 57)
COLLOCATION
COMMON COLLOCATION
• verb plus noun
• noun plus adjective
• noun plus noun
• verb plus adverb
COLLOCATION
Example:
verb and noun
The verb “pay” collocates with noun:
“attention” in “to pay attention”
“respect”
in “to pay respect”
“visit”
in “to pay a visit”
COLLOCATION
The verb “deliver” collocates with noun:
• speech
in “to deliver a speech”
• news
in “to deliver news”
• blow
in “to deliver a blow”
• verdict
in “to deliver a verdict”
• baby
in “to deliver a baby”
COLLOCATION
When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between
all or several of their various forms, combined in any
grammatically acceptable order.
(Baker, 1992: 47)
“achieve” and “aim”
achieving aims
aims having been achieved
achievable aims
the achievement of an aim
COLLOCATION
COLLOCATION AND TRANSLATION
Where there is an accepted collocation in the source
language, the translator must find and use its
equivalent in the target language if it exists.
COLLOCATION
verb and noun
SOURCE TEXT
TRANSLATION
BASED ON
LITERAL MEANING
TRANSLATION
BASED ON
COLLOCATION
- melakukan perjalanan
- do a trip
- make a trip
- membantu kelahiran
- assist a baby-birth
- deliver a baby
- melakukan kunjungan
- do a visit
- pay a visit
- menghasilkan uang
- generate money
- make (earn) money
- menciptakan perdamaian
- create peace
- make peace
- memandu orketra
- guide an orchestra
- conduct an orchestra
- minum obat
- drink medicine
- take medicine
- makan waktu
- eat time
- take time
- melakukan usaha
- do a effort
- make an effort
COLLOCATION
verb plus noun
- mengalami kecelakaan
- experience an accident
- have an accident
- mengejar bus
- pursue a bus
- catch a bus
- memberikan putusan
- give a verdict
- deliver a verdict
- mencurahkan perhatian
- give attention
- pay attention
- menyampaikan pidato
- present a speech
- deliver a speech
- etc
- etc
- etc
COLLOCATION
NOUN PLUS NOUN
• pencipta perdamaian
peace-creator
peace-maker
• pecahnya perang
the break of war
the outbreak of war
• meletusnya perang
the eruption of war
the outbreak of war
• dampak rumahkaca
greenhouse impact
greenhouse-effect
• penyakit mental
mental disease
mental illness
• etc
etc
etc
COLLOCATION
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
tinggi
tall man
high mountain
COLLOCATION
lebat
dense forest ---------- heavy/ hard rain
tebal
thick wood ---------- dense fog
cepat
quick response --- fast car --- rapid progress
COLLOCATION
rusak
broken chair
damaged item
jauh
far sight
long distance
kuat
strong motivation
powerful engine
COLLOCATION
VERB AND ADVERB
sangat
highly recommend - strongly suggest
etc
CONNOTATION
AMBIGUITY - NEOLOGISM
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
WHAT IS CONNOTATION
“An aura of ideas and feelings suggested by lexical words”.
(Newmark, 1988)
Connotation is what you think of when you hear a word.
It is the images, feelings, and thoughts that accompany
words.
(answer.yahoo.com)
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
KINDS CONNOTATION
Positive Connotation
Neutral Connotation
Negative Connotation
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
Negative
connotation
Positive
connotation
Synonymy
Neutral connotation
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
Single meaning
with different
connotation
POSITIVE
NEUTRAL
NEGATIVE
Slim/ Slender
Thin
Skinny
Afro-America
Black
Negro
Wafat/ Gugur
Meninggal
Mampus
Jenazah
Mayat
Bangkai
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION
flower
beauty
rose
beauty
lily
beauty
rainbow
beauty
moon
beauty
horse
strength
buffalo
strength
lion
bravery
tiger
bravery
eagle
bravery
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION
snake
unseen danger
wolf
slyness
chicken
coward
worm
weakness
donkey
stupidity
panda
cute
sofa
comfort
candle
enlightening
castle
wealthy
fly
happiness
fly
speed
etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
cultural connotation and association
Indonesian
tikus
: corruptor
banteng
: political party
beringin
: political party
ayam
: pseudonymous prostitute
etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
Connotation and Translation
original text
(source language)
translation text
(target language)
Positive
Positive
Neutral
Neutral
Negative
Negative
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
TRANSLATING WITH EQUIVALENT CONNOTATION
ramping/ langsing
: slim
kurus
: thin
kurus kering
: skinny
kerempeng
: skinny
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
AMBIGUITY
Anak dokter yang cantik itu.
The chicken is ready to eat.
Flying planes can be dangerous.
Hunting lions can be dangerous.
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
NEOLOGISM
Neologism is newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that
acquire a new sense.
(Newmark, 1988: 140)
A neologism is a word, term, or phrase that has been recently created (or
"coined"), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing
concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary.
Neologisms are especially useful in identifying invention, new
phenomena, or old ideas that have taken on a new cultural context.
(wikipedia.org)
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
Neologism
e-mail
eco-friendly
supernova
global-warming
greenhouse-effect
black hole
Agrowisata
jagawana
etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon
NEOLOGISM AND TRANSLATION
(how to translate neologism)
Loan word (transference)
e-mail
supernova
biogas
email
supernova
biogas
naturalization
biotechnology
television
bioteknologi
televisi
word by word
global-warming
greenhouse-effect
black hole
pemanasan global
dampak rumah kaca
lubang hitam