H. Biology
Animals study guide I
____________________________
Unit 10
The
Name
truth about an animal is far more
exciting and
Animals
altogether more beautiful than all
the myths woven
Chapters 25 & 26
about it.
- Konrad Lorenz
Chapter 25 Introduction to Animals (pages 728 – 249)
Section 1. What is an Animal? (pages 730 – 735)
Obj. 1. List the characteristics that all animals share.
Obj. 2. Differentiate between the invertebrates and chordates.
Obj. 3. List and discuss the essential functions that animals perform
in order to survive.
1. What characteristics do all animals share? (page 730)
2. A classmate is looking at a unicellular organism under a
microscope. She asks you if it is an animal. What would you say
and why?
3. What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?
4. What are four characteristics of chordates? (p. 731)
5. Why would you be unlikely to find a notochord in an adult
chordate?
6. How do vertebrates differ from chordates?
7. Describe the essential functions performed by all animals.
(pages 732 – 734)
8. Why must waste products produced by metabolic processes by
eliminated?
9. Which body system delivers waste products to the respiratory and
excretory system?
Section 2. Animal body plans and evolution (pages 737 – 744)
Obj. 1. Discuss trends in animal evolution
Obj. 2. Explain the difference among the animal phyla
1. List 8 features of animal body plans.
2. Differentiate between radial and bilateral symmetry. Give an
example of each.
3. Define endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
4. Differentiate between acoelom, pseudocoelom and coelom. Give an
example animal in each area. (p. 738)
5. Define and differentiate between zygote, blastula, protostomes
and deuterostomes.
6. How is the embryology of echinoderms similar to that of
vertebrates? What does this imply about their evolutionary
relationship? (p. 739)
7. What is meant by cephalization? Why is this an evolutionary
advantage for animals? (p. 740)
8. What two features define animal phyla?
9. Why would some phyla body plans, over time, become extinct?
10.
Why is a body plan considered an evolutionary experiment?
Chapter 26 Animal Evolution and Diversity (pages 750 – 779)
Section 1. Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity (pages 752 – 756)
Obj. 1. Explain what the fossil evidence indicates about the timing
of the evolution of the first animals.
Obj.2. Interpret the cladogram of invertebrates
1. What was the Cambrian explosion?
2. When does the fossil evidence indicate that the first animals
evolved? (page 752)
3. What two characteristics of early animals explain the scarcity
of animal fossils older than the Cambrian Period?
4. What is a cladogram? (page 754)
5. What does the cladogram of invertebrates show?
6. Looking at the cladogram on page 754, what features would the
echinoderms and the arthropods have in common? What features
would be different?
7. Why is multicellularity, not the same as tissues?
Section 2. Chordate Evolution and Diverstiy (pages 757 – 764)
Obj. 1. Describe the most ancient chordates.
Obj. 2. Interpret the cladogram of chordates.
1. Name the group of animals whose ancestors were related to the
earliest chordates? Why was Pikaia considered to be an early
chordate?
2. List the 6 groups of chordates. How are the nonvertebrate
chordates different from the vertebrates? (page 758)
3. Looking at the cladogram on page 758, which group of animals was
the first to have a true bony skeleton?
4. What adaptations launched the adaptive radiation of the
cartilaginous fishes? (p. 759)
5. Look at figure 26-9. How is the body shape of Tiktaalik
different from that of most tetrapods today?
6. How do the bony fishes differ from the cartilaginous fishes?
7. How are the limb bones of Proterogyrinus different from those of
Ichthystega?
8. Why are amphibians considered creatures that lead a double life?
9. What are the three surviving orders of amphibians today?
10.
What adaptations did Reptiles have that allowed them to be
better adapted for life on the land?
11.
Why do people feel that birds evolved from dinosaurs? (p.
763)
12.
When did the first mammals appear? Why did their evolution
increase dramatically after the Cretaceous period?
13.
List the three major groups of mammals and give an example
of each.
Section 3. Primate Evolution. (pages 765 – 772)
Obj. 1. Identify the characteristics that all primates share.
Obj. 2. Describe the major evolutionary groups of primates.
Obj. 3. Describe the adaptations that enabled lager hominine species
to walk upright.
Obj. 4. Describe the current scientific thinking about the genus Homo.
1. What are the characteristics of primates and how is each
characteristic beneficial?
2. At what point do the two major groups of primates split, and
why? (p. 767)
3. What early hominine bones changed shape over time, allowing
later hominines to walk upright?
4. How was bipedal locomotion important to hominine evolution?
5. Which two species are considered humans? What happened to the
Neanderthals?
H. Biology
Animals Study guide part II
_____________________________
Unit 10
-Some people
Name
talk to animals. Not many
listen though.
Animals
Chapters 27 – 29
That’s the problem.
- A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-
Pooh
Chapter
Section
Obj. 1.
Obj. 2.
Obj. 3.
27 – Animal Systems I (pages 780 – 805)
1. Feeding and Digestion. (pages 782 – 786)
Describe the different ways animals get food.
Explain how digestion occurs in different animals.
Describe how mouthparts are adapted for an animal’s diet.
1. Define and give an example of the following ways animals obtain
food.
a. Filter feeders
b. Detritivores
c. Carnivores
d. Herbivores
e. Nutritional symbiants
i. Parasitic
ii. Mutulastic
2. What is intracellular digestion? Give an example of an animal
that uses that strategy.
3. What is extracellular digestion?
a. Define gastrovascular cavity and digestive tract.
4. Describe the adaptations of the mouthparts and digestive systems
of leaf-eaters and meat-eaters.
5. How are ruminants different from omnivores and carnivores? What
is meant by “chewing the cud”?
Section 2. Respiration (pages 787 – 790)
Obj. 1. Describe the characteristics of respiratory structures that
all animals share.
Obj. 2. Explain how aquatic animals breathe.
Obj. 3. Identify the respiratory structures that enable land animals
to breathe.
1. In what ways are all respiratory structure of all animals
similar?
2. Why is it important that respiratory surfaces are moist and
selectively permeable?
3. Which groups of aquatic animals breathe with gills? With lungs?
4. What structures are inside the gill filaments that connect the
gills with the rest of the body?
5. Why do some animals actively pump water over their gills?
6. Differentiate between a spider’s respiratory system and a
grasshoppers.
7. How does the evolution of alveoli greatly increase the
efficiency of the mammalian lung?
8. How is bird respiration different from mammals and reptiles?
Section 3. Circulation. (pages 791 – 793)
Obj. 1. Compare open and closed circulatory systems.
Obj. 2. Compare patterns of circulation in vertebrates.
1. What is an open circulatory system? What animals use this
strategy?
2. What is a closed circulatory system? What animals use this
strategy?
3. How does having a closed circulatory system benefit a large,
active animal?
4. Differentiate between single and double loop circulatory systems.
What is the advantage of the double loop system?
5. Trace the path of a drop of blood through a double loop system.
Section
Obj. 1.
wastes.
Obj. 2.
Obj. 3.
4. Excretion. (pages 794 – 798)
Describ3e the methods animals use to manage nitrogenous
Explain how aquatic animals eliminate wastes.
Explain how land animals eliminate wastes.
1. What dangerous waste product is produced during protein
metabolism?
2. How do insects change and eliminate ammonia?
3. How do reptiles and birds change and eliminate ammonia?
4. How do mammals and some amphibians eliminate ammonia?
5. How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis while processing
nitrogenous wastes?
6. In general, how do aquatic animals address the ammonia problem?
7. How do the differing water balance needs of freshwater animals
and saltwataer animals explain the difference in their excretion
of nitrogenous wastes?
8. In what form do the following animals excrete nitrogenous waste?
a. Annelids and mollusks
b. b. insects and arachnids
c. mammlas and land amphibians
d. reptiles and birds.
9. Explain how differing water balance needs relate to an animal’s
conversion of ammonia to urea or uric acid?
10.
What is the purpose of salt glands? Crocodiles have this
gland but alligators do not. How would this affect where these
populations would be found in Florida?
Chapter 28 Animal Systems II (pages 806 – 837)
Section 1. Response (pages 808 – 813)
Obj. 1. Describe how animals respond to stimuli.
Obj. 2. Summarize the trends in the evolution of nervous systems in
animls.
Obj. 3. Describe some of the different sensory systems in animals.
1. What are neurons?
2. What is a stimulus? How do sensory neurons help animals respond
to stimuli?
3. What is role of interneurons? (p. 809)
4. How do sensory neurons, muscles, interneurons and motor neurons
work together to generate a response to a stimulus?
5. What are two general ways in which nervous systems differ among
animal groups?
6. Describe the degree of cephalization shown by cnidarians,
flatworms, octopi and vertebrates. (p. 811)
7. Contrast the nervous system of a cnidarian with that of a
vertebrate.
8. What indicates that a bird is probably more capable of learning
than a Reptile. (page 811)
Section 2. Movement and support. (pages 814 – 818)
Obj. 1. Describe the three types of skeletons in animals.
Obj. 2. Explain how muscles produce movement in animls.
1. Summarize the characteristics of the three types of skeletons.
2. What are two advantages of an exoskeleton?
3. Give two examples of endoskeletons not made of bone.
4. What is the function of joints and ligaments?
5. How do muscles help animals to move? What is the function of
tendons? (page 816)
6. What is the difference in how muscles are attached in
exoskeletons and endoskeletons?
7. Why are the largest land animals vertebrates?
Section 3. Reproduction. (pages 819 – 826).
Obj. 1. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction
Obj. 2. Contrast internal and external fertilization.
Obj. 3. Describe the different patterns of embryo development in
animals.
Obj. 4. Explain how terrestrial vertebrates are adapted to
reproduction on land.
1. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction. Which will generate
more genetic diversity?
2. How do internal and external fertilization differ?
3. Name some invertebrates that reproduce by internal fertilization
and some that reproduce by external fertilization.
4. Describe the three types of embryo development, oviparous,
ovoviviparous, viviparous. (page 822)
5. What is the placenta?
6. Describe incomplete and complete metamorphosis and give an
example for each.
7. What is the difference between a nymph and pupa?
8. What is an amniotic egg? How does this egg allow reptiles, birds
and the monotreme mammals to reproduce on land?
9. What is the difference between marsupials and placentals?
10.
Why do prople think maternal care is an important mammalian
characteristic?
11.
How do the offspring of animals that provide little
parental care survive?
Section 4. Homeostasis. (pages 827 – 830)
Obj. 1. Explain how homeostasis is maintained in animals.
Obj. 2. Describe the importance of body temperature control in
animals.
1. Why must all body systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
2. How do the immune system and the endocrine system maintain
homeostasis?
3. What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?
4. How can being an ectotherm be an advantage for an animal?
5. Why do people feel that evolution towards endothermy has
happened twice?
Chapter 29 Animal Behavior (pages 838 – 857)
Section 1. Elements of behavior (pages 840 – 845)
OBJ. 1. Identify the significance of behavior in the evolution of a
species.
Obj. 2. Explain what an innate behavior is.
Obj. 3. Describe the major types of learning.
Obj. 4. Explain what types of behaviors are usually considered
complex.
1. What is behavior?
2. How does animal behavior evolve?
3. What is innate behavior? Give three examples.
4. What is learning?
5. Briefly describe the 4 major types of learning. (habituation,
classical conditioning, operant conditioning and insight
learning)
6. Give an example of how humans learn through classical
conditioning.
7. How do many complex behaviors arise (page 844)
8. What is imprinting? How can imprinting be harmful to a species?
Section 2. Animals in their environments (pages 847 – 851)
Obj. 1. Explain how environmental changes affect animal behavior.
Obj. 2. Explain how social behaviors increase the evolutionary
fitness of a species.
Obj. 3. Summarize the ways that animals communicate.
1. How do animals respond to environmental changes? Give an example
of animals that migrate and have a circadian rhythm.
2. Describe the three types of social behaviors, courtship,
territoriality and aggression and animal societies.
3. Describe how animals communicate with each other visually,
chemically, acoustically and using language.
A clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος, klados, "branch") or monophylum (see monophyletic) is a
group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" on the "tree of life".[1]
The ancestor may be an individual, a population or even a species (extinct or extant). Many
familiar groups, rodents and insects for example, are clades; others, like lizards and monkeys, are
not (lizards excludes snakes, monkeys excludes apes and humans).
Cladogram (family tree) of a biological group. The red and blue boxes at right and left represent
clades (i.e., complete branches). The green box in the middle is not a clade, but rather represents
an evolutionary grade, an incomplete group, because the blue clade at left is descended from it, but
is excluded