1
Η έννοια της σύγκρισης
πανεπιστημίων
 Άρχισε κατά τον Μεσαίωνα
 Ο ανταγωνισμός για φοιτητές και χρηματοδότηση
έφερε τη σύγκριση
 Αλλά δεν υπήρχε κατάταξη όπως τη ξέρουμε σήμερα
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University of Modena, Modena, Ιταλία, 1175
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Αγγλία, γύρω στο
1208
Salamanca University, Salamanca, Ισπανία, 1218
University of Padua, Padua, Ιταλία, 1222
University of Naples, Naples, Ιταλία, 1224
University of Siena, Siena, Ιταλία, 1240
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Πορτογαλία, 1290 στη
Λισαβόνα
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Μαδρίτη, 1293
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•University of Rome La Sapienza, Ρώμη, Ιταλία, 1303
•University of Pisa, Pisa, Ιταλία, 1343
•University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, 1348
•University of Pavia, Pavia, Ιταλία, 1361
•Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland, 1364
•University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 1365
•University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 1367
•Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Γερμανία, 1386
•University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Ιταλία, 1391
•University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Γερμανία, 1409
•St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Σκωτία, 1412
•University of Rostock, Rostock, Γερμανία, 1419
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Παλαιότερα πανεπιστήμια ανά περιοχή
•Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, in Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic το παλαιότερο στην
Αμερική, 1538
•University of Leiden, το παλαιότερο στην Ολανδία, 1575
•University of Santo Tomas, στις Φιλιππίνες, 1611
•Harvard University στις Η.Π.Α., 1636
•Ivan Franko National University of L'viv στην Ουκρανία,
1661
•Université Laval στον Καναδά 1663
•University of Oslo στη Νορβηγία 1811
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•Serampore College το παλαιότερο στην Ασια
για θεολογικές σπουδές, 1818
•University of Sydney το παλαιότερο στην
Αυστραλία, 1850
•University of Calcutta στη Νότια Ασία, 1857
•University of Otago το παλαιότερο στη Νέα
Ζηλανδία 1863
•University of Tokyo το παλαιότερο στην
Ιαπωνία 1877
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1088 University of Bologna
1096 University of Oxford
1150 University of Paris
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Το Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, το
οποίο συνήθως αναφέρεται απλά ως Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών,
αποτελεί λειτουργεί αδιαλείπτως από την ίδρυσή του στις 3
Μαΐου 1837. Σήμερα είναι το δεύτερο
μεγαλύτερο Πανεπιστήμιο της Ελλάδας σε αριθμό φοιτητών
(μετά το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης), με
περισσότερους από 50.000 προπτυχιακούς φοιτητές. Το 2009
κατατάχθηκε στην 177η θέση των 200 καλύτερων
πανεπιστημίων στο κόσμο (2008: 200η), σύμφωνα με τον
δείκτη του περιοδικού Times Higher Education, ενώ ο δείκτης
Academic Ranking of World Universities το κατατάσσει στις
θέσεις 200-300 για το 2008
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Κατάταξη πανεπιστημίων
Σχετικά νέα (ξεκίνησε το 2002)
 Times Higher Education-QS Ranking
 Academic Ranking of World Universities
 Webometrics Ranking
 Professional Ranking of World Universities
 Newsweek Ranking
 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World
Universities
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Ευρώπη
Germany (B&C, C), Italy (C), Netherlands (A), Portugal (C),
Spain (B, C, IC), Sweden (C), Switzerland (B&C), United
Kingdom (A, B, IC)
Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan (A, B), Poland (C), Slovakia (B), Romania (B&C)
Ασία
Russia (B), Ukraine (B&C)
Asia and Pacific Australia (B), China (B, C, IB), Hong Kong (C), India (C&D),
Japan (B, C), Korea (A), Malaysia (A), Pakistan (A), New Zealand
(A), Thailand (A). Taiwan (IA, B)
Λατινική Αμερική
Argentina (D), Brazil (A), Chile (C, D), Mexico (B), Peru (B)
Αφρική
Nigeria (A), Tunisia (A)
Βόρειος Αμερική
Canada (B, C, B&C), United States (C, IC)
Key: A= government agency; B= independent organization/university
C=newspaper/magazine/media; D= accrediting agency; I = international ranking
Source: Updated version of table 2 in J. Salmi and A. Saroyan (2007)
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Times Higher Education-QS World
Ranking of Universities
 Times Higher Education (THE) σε
συνεργασία με την Quacquarelli
Symonds δημοσιοποιεί από το 2002, τη
λίστα των καλύτερων 500
πανεπιστημίων στον κόσμο.
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Δείκτες για το THE-QS World Ranking of Universities
Δείκτης
Εξήγηση
Βαρύτητα
Πανεπιστημιακοί
Από απόψεις πανεπιστημιακών (6.354
απόψεις για το έτος 2008).
40%
Εργαζόμενοι
Απόψεις εργαζομένων στα πανεπιστήμια
(2.339 γνώμες για το 2008).
10%
Λόγος φοιτητών προς
Score based on student faculty ratio
μέλη ΔΕΠ
20%
Ξένα μέλη ΔΕΠ
Το ποσοστό των ξένων καθηγητών
20%
Ξένοι φοιτητές
Το ποσοστό των ξένων φοιτητών
5%
Ετεροαναφορές για
κάθε μέλος ΔΕΠ
Συνολικά για όλα τα μέλη ΔΕΠ του
πανεπιστημίου
5%
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Academic Ranking of World
Universities
 Began June 2003
 Compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s Institute of
Higher Education
Indicators
 Alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals
 Highly Cited Researchers in twenty-one broad subject
categories
 Articles published in Nature and Science, articles indexed
in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) and Social
Science Citation Index (SSCI)
 Academic performance with respect to the size of an
institution
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Selection of Universities
 Any university that has any Nobel Laureates, Fields
Medals, Highly Cited Researchers, or papers published
in Nature or Science.
 Major universities of every country with significant
amount of papers indexed by Thomson.
 Number of universities scanned: >2000
 Number of universities actually ranked: >1000
 Number of ranked universities on our web: 500
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Ranking Criteria and Weights
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Definition of Indicator: Alumni
 The total number of the alumni of an institution
winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals.
 Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor,
Master’s or doctoral degrees from the institution.
 Different weights are set according to the periods of
obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni of
1991-2000, 90% for alumni of 1981-1990, 80% for
alumni of 1971-1980, and so on.
 If a person obtains more than one degrees from an
institution, the institution is considered once only.
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Definition of Indicator: Award

The total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel
prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields
Medal in Mathematics.

Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of
winning the prize.

Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the
prizes. The weight is 100% for winners since 2001, 90% for
winners in 1991-2000, 80% for winners in 1981-1990, 70% for
winners in 1971-1980, and so on.

If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each
institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions.

For Nobel prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person,
weights are set for winners according to their proportion of prize.
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Definition of Indicator: HiCi
 The number of highly cited researchers in 21 broad
subject categories in life sciences, medicine, physical
sciences, engineering and social sciences.
 The definition of categories and detailed procedures
can be found at the website of Institute of Scientific
Information.
 The total number of HiCi is about 5000, about 4000
of which is university staff.
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Definition of Indicator: N&S
 The annual average number of articles published in
Nature and Science in the past five years.
 To distinguish the order of author affiliation, a
weight of 100% is assigned for corresponding author,
50% for first author (second author if the first
author is the same as corresponding author), 25%
for the next author, and 10% for other authors.
 Only publications of article type are considered.
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Definition of Indicator: PUB
 Total number of articles indexed in Science Citation
Index-expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation
Index (SSCI) in the past year.
 A weight of 2 is assigned to articles indexed in SSCI
to compensate the bias against humanities and social
sciences.
 Only publications of article type are considered.
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Definition of Indicator: PCP
 The sub-total scores of the above five indicators
divided by the number of full-time equivalent
academic staff.
 If the number of academic staff for institutions of a
country cannot be obtained, the total scores of the
above five indicators is used.
 For ranking 2005, the number of full-time equivalent
academic staff is obtained for institutions in USA,
China, Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and
Belgium etc.
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Main Sources of Data
 Nobel laureates:
http://www.nobel.se
 Fields Medals:
http://www.mathunion.org/medals/
 Highly-cited researchers:
http://www.isihighlycited.com
 Articles published in Nature and Science:
http://www.isiknowledge.com
 Articles indexed in SCIE and SSCI:
http://www.isiknowledge.com
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Results of ARWU
 http://www.arwu.org/
 Top 500 universities in the world
 Top 100 universities in North and Latin America
 Top 100 universities in Asia/Oceania
 Top 100 universities in Europe
 Statistics of top universities by region and country
 Percentage distribution of top universities by country
as compared with the share of global population and
GDP
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Webometrics Ranking
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Importance of Web Presence
The new Academic global market
• Increased mobility of professors and alumni
• International competition for human resources and funding
• Getting prestige and visibility in the digital world
Web is the best showcase for Universities
• All missions covered: teaching+research+transfer
• Intangibles and the web contents
• Freedom of teaching
• Self-organisation and maturity
• Access to resources
Scholarly (formal and informal) communication
• Universal target groups
• Colleagues all over the world
• Prospective students worldwide
• Economic interested stakeholders
• General (huge) audiences
• Richer and diversified contents at cheaper costs
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Webometrics Ranking Model
PAGES
DOCUMENTS
VISIBILITY
MOTIVATIONS
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USAGE
RESEARCH
TEACHING
PAPERS
TRANSFER
IMPACT
ACTIVITY
OKEBUKOLA-NUC RANKING WORKSHOP
MISSIONS
Metrics of the Web
Contents size
• Correlated with the knowledge production capabilities of the
institution
number of potential authors (faculty members, staff, alumni)
available (access to) resources
internal and external policies
Quality resources
• Difficult criteria
authoritativeness of the scholars (university)
peer review 2.0
formats (file types), language (lingua franca)
Visibility
• Hypertext links networks
• New motivations, many linkers (siters)
• Open versus Closed (international) impact
Popularity
• Users, visits, behavior, evolution, referrers
• Methodological problems (global comparison no feasible)
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Methodology
Normalization
log (na+1)
Na= ----------------------------log (max(ni)+1)
N: search engine (Google, Yahoo, Live, Exalead)
a: web domain
Median method (Size)
Sa= ½ * ((Ga + Ya + La +Ea) – max (Ga,Ya,La,Ea) - min (Ga,Ya,La,Ea))
Rich files
Ra= PDFa + DOCa + PPTa + Psa
Ranking
Sa -> Ra(S)
Ra -> Ra(R)
Sca -> Ra(Sc)
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Va -> Ra(V)
1:1
WR= (50%*V) + (20%*S+15%*R+15%*Sc)
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Expected Results
North America
• MIT (1st region & world), Stanford University (2nd), Harvard University (3rd)
• University of Toronto (25th world)
Europe
• Cambridge (1st region), Oxford (2nd), ETH Zurich (3rd)
Asia
• Tokyo (61th world), National Taiwan (73th) and Beijing (133th) universities
Oceania
• Australian National University (47th)
Latin America
• Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (59th world)
• Universidade de Sao Paulo (114th world)
Africa
• University of Cape Town (349th world)
WR (January 2008)
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Unexpected Results
Up
• Pennsylvania State University (4th world)
• CiteSeer, index of computer and information science papers
• University of Wisconsin, Madison (7th world)
• Internet Scout Project
• Linkoping University (14th Europe, 79th world)
• Lysator, the Academic Computer Society
• Universitat Trier (50th Europe, 171th world)
• DBLP, Computer Science Bibliography
Down
• Cornell University (10th world)
• Arxiv (www.arxiv.org, not under cornell.edu)
• California Institute of Technology (31th world)
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory (jpl.nasa.gov, not under caltech.edu)
• Princeton University (36th world)
• Yale University (41st world)
• Johns Hopkins University (42nd world)
• School of Medicine (hopkinsmedicine.org, not under jhu.edu)
WR (January 2008)
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (I)
(2007)
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (II)
(2007)
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (III)
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(2007)34
UNIVERSITIES BY COUNTRY
Top 200 universities in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007)
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ACADEMIC DIGITAL DIVIDE
WR (January 2008)
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Regional distribution
Number of universities by region in the Webometrics Ranking (July 2007)
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Professional Ranking of World
Universities
 Started in 2007 by École nationale supérieure des
mines de Paris
 based on a single indicator- the number of alumni
holding a post of chief executive officer or
equivalent in one of the 500 leading international
companies as reported in Fortune Global 500.
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Newsweek Ranking
 Started August 2006 by Newsweek, the American
weekly newsmagazine
 Called the “Top 100 Global Universities”
 combined selected indicators from two rankings
(Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai
Jiao Tong University and The Times Higher
Education), with the additional criterion of library
holdings (number of volumes).
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Performance Ranking of Scientific
Papers for World Universities
 Began in 2007
 Produced by the Higher Education Evaluation and
Accreditation Council of Taiwan
 Employs bibliometric methods to analyse and rank the
scientific papers of the top 500 universities in the
world.
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Non-Global (Regional and
National) Ranking
 Canada
 India
 Ireland
 UK
 US
 ….
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World Rankings
Webometrics Rank
First published in 2004. From 2006, two editions (January and July)
Higher education Institutions (mostly universities): +15,000 (Jan’08)
R&D related institutions (mostly research centers): +4,800 (Jan’08)
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Ranking for Whom?
 Ranking is for all stakeholders in university
education
 include university administrators notably the ViceChancellor and his/her management, staff, students,
parents, the proprietor, employers of labour, the
media, the civil society especially what is popularly
called the “common man”, the international
community and funding agencies.
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What Purpose Does Ranking
Serve?-1
 It provides information on relative standing of courses
or programmes in a university relative to similar
programmes in other universities
 It provides information on overall standing of one
university relative to others
 Guidance for potential students on which institutions
to go for particular course
 University administrators are able to detect
weaknesses in their programme delivery that needs to
corrected
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What Purpose Does Ranking
Serve?- 2
 Publicity for institutions that are well ranked. For instance,
the Vice-Chancellor can make a boast that his/her
university is among the top 10 in a programme. The Head
of Department can flaunt the information that his/her
medical programme is the best in the country
 Fuel for the advocacy machinery of student and staff
unions for improved funding for the system
 Excuse for employers to deny employment to graduates
 Supporting evidence for critics that graduates are halfbaked if universities earn low ranking on league tables
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What Purpose Does Ranking
Serve?- 3
 Indication of the quality of delivery in the university
system
 Stimulus for university administrators to buckle up to
avoid the ridicule of being low down in the league
table
 Salmi and Saroyan (2007) report that in some
countries authorities restrict scholarships for studies
abroad to students admitted to highly ranked
institutions; donor agencies and foundations also look
at international rankings to inform their decision
making
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What Purpose Does Ranking
Serve?- 4
 League tables play an important role in deciding
international collaborations. The VC of Ilorin has
indicated desire to revive international linkages. It is
not in doubt that he will steer Senate in the direction
of collaborating with globally well-ranked universities.
 It encourages institutions to re-examine their mission
statements
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University Ranking: The Nigerian
Experience
2001
2002
2003
2004
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University Ranking: The Nigerian
Experience- Indicators (1)
 Percentage of academic programmes of the university
with full accreditation status:
 Compliance with carrying capacity (measured by the
degree of deviation from carrying capacity)
 Proportion of the academic staff of the university at
professorial level
 Foreign content (staff): proportion of the academic
staff of the university who are non-Nigerians
 Foreign content (students): proportion of the students
of the university who are non-Nigerians
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University Ranking: The Nigerian
Experience- Indicators (2)
 Proportion of staff of the university with outstanding
academic achievements
 Research output
 Student completion rate
 Ph.D. graduate output for the year
 Stability of university calendar
 Student-to-PC Ratio
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Up, Up, UNILORIN…
 1st in Arts
 2nd in PhD Graduate Output
 3rd in Law
 3rd in Health Sciences;
 3rd in Science;
 5th in Education
 6th in Engineering/Technology
 6th in Research;
 6th in Quality of Academic Staff
 8th in Agriculture.
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Revised NUC Ranking Scheme for National,
Regional and Global Application
Common
1. Academic Peer Review
2. Employer Review
3. Faculty /Student Ratio
4. Citations per Faculty
5. Retention: six-year graduation rate and first-year student retention rate
6. Graduation rate performance: difference between expected and actual graduation rate
7. Proportion of international staff
8. Proportion of international students
9. Web impact factor
10. Alumni holding a post of chief executive officer or equivalent in one of the 500 leading
international companies
Unique
1. Percentage of academic programmes of the university with full accreditation status
2. Proportion of academic staff of the university at full professorial level
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What the Critics say about
Ranking
“I imagine that all university heads broadly share my own
view of these [league] tables. They are terrific and
unquestioned when you score well and better than last
time. They are fatally flawed and fundamentally unfair
when you move in the opposite direction.”
…Howard Davies, Director, London School of Economics
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Controversy of Ranking
• Any ranking is controversial and no ranking is
absolutely objective.
• University rankings become popular in many
countries. Whether we agree or not, ranking
systems clearly are here to stay.
• The key issue then becomes how to improve
ranking systems for the benefits of higher
education (IREG).
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How Nigerian Universities can
Attain Respectable Ranking on
Global League Tables
(Project 2-2020)
 Recommendations on Webometric Ranking
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Seven Imperatives for the Nigerian
University System
 Maintenance of a stable academic calendar
 Stimulating a vibrant research culture
 Improvement of facilities for teaching and research
 Compliance with carrying capacity standards and
avoidance of over-enrolment
 Extermination of cultism
 Encouraging universities to focus on programmes
where they have strength and not duplicate courses
offered elsewhere
 Strong international linkage with foreign universities
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Cost of Elevating Nigerian
Universities to Top Positions in
Global Ranking
Webometrics Ranking
Mean
10-year
Annual
Aggregate
N0.35 billion N3.5 billion
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THE and ARWU
Mean
10-year
Annual
Aggregate
N5.3 billion N53 billion
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TOTAL
Mean
10-year
Annual
Aggregate
N5.65
N56.5
billion
billion
57
Concluding Remarks
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Thank you
and God
bless
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OKEBUKOLA-NUC
RANKING WORKSHOP