End of WW I
Yugoslavia
Serbs
Macedonians
Montenegrins
Croats
Slovenes
Bosnian
Muslims
WW II: Serbs and Croats fight on opposite sides
1945 - Josip Broz (Tito) takes the office of Prime Minister
Jews
Croats
Serb Chetniks
T
I
WE CANTALL
BE BROs
O !!
Gypsies
Serbs
Communists
Need for unity: Open animosity against any group
prohibited
1980 - Tito dies
1986 - Unification movement is shattered
Slovenes and Croats reply with own brand of nationalism
1987 - Slobodan Milosevic comes into power.
Forms alliances with Serbs nationalists: ‘Greater Serbia’
First target: Kosovo and Vojvodina: (FIRST POSSIBLE
INTERVENTION POINT)
600,000 Serbs living in Croatia promised armed support by
Milosevic
Hostilities from Croatian Govt. (HDA Party) too
Serb paramilitaries and JNA forces attack Krajina region
CSCE and EC try to broker ceasefire agreements, send EU
monitors on ground to oversee negotiations.
July and September - France, Germany, Netherlands and
Italy propose to send armed forces to impose peace. England
says nay
PM Major: ‘Western intervention would extend the fighting
perhaps to Bosnia, Macedonia, or elsewhere.’
Alternative action available?
Recognize secessionist states as sovereign ones -> Arm states against Serb
nationalists, back by air strikes, BUT
Would have required physical troops if strikes unsuccessful
Would have set a precedent for secessionist movements (Soviet Union, India,
Romania and China fearful)
What actually happened
25. Sept -
: Mandatory Arms Embargo. No
effect on Serb attack but spells doom for Bosnian
defenders.
2. Jan - Bosnian president requests 2,000-3,000
peacekeepers
Jan –Slovenian and Croatian independence recognized by
the EU
Ethnic Cleansing Begins
29. Feb - Bosnia declares independence, but gets boycotted by
the Serbs
6. Apr - Bosnia’s independence is recognized by the European
Union
-Serbia sieges Sarajevo and takes in control of Bosnia,
ethnic cleansing starts
International Community still
hesitant on direct force intervention…
Early Apr - Request is repeated by Bosnian foreign minister,
Silajdzic.
7.Apr –
is passed and European Community
is persuaded to put in effort to bring ceasefire and opportunity
for political negotiation.
: Decides to authorize the earliest possible full
deployment of the United Nations Protection Force; Calls upon all parties and
others concerned not to resort to violence, particularly in any area where the
Force is to be based or deployed
Late Apr- Security Council ceases any
interference outside Bosnia that blocks
the delivery of humanitarian aid
immediately.
UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) in Sarajevo provide
humanitarian aid and support
27. May - EC ambassadors impose small sanction against
Serbia and Montenegro, freeze all export-credit guarantees
and take their hands off the scientific and technical
corporation. No regulation on trading of oil.
July - Security Council permits
“to ensure the
security and functioning of Sarajevo airport and the delivery
of humanitarian assistance”
End of July - At this point:
 More than 1 million Bosnians homeless.
 500,000 have fled
 Many Muslim women and girls have been raped
3. Aug- Bosnia released from arms embargo by Security
Council (under
of the UN Charter) to “achieve the
right to individual and collective self-defence”
13. Aug- Security Council passes
, which
authorizes “all measures necessary (including force) to ensure
the delivery of humanitarian aid”
Aug- Security Council authorizes
and
increases number of troops to 6,000.
- US and UK hesitate to send their ground troops, but
UK eventually decides to send 1,800 at disposal of the UN
- Media tensions rise
- UNHCR members each pledge US $152 million for
refugee support
7. Jan – Bosnian Serb village of
Kravica
attacked by ARBiH.
Led to reprisals from Bosnian Serbs
April – Serbs attack Srebrenica
Constant shelling by Bosnian Serbs
Leading to:
Increasing number of refugees
Devastating living condition
16. Apr –
: Under Chapter VII of UN
Charter, declares Srebrenica as a safe area, to be free from any
armed attack. Resolution extends UNPROFOR’s role to
protecting the safe area, increases number of personnel
: Adds Sarajevo, Tuzla, Žepa,
Goražde, Bihać to list of safe areas .
Intensity of intervention
Why the ‘Safe Area’ policy?
US and other Non-Aligned group of Security Council
‘SAFE AREA’ POLICY
European Countries
Ineffectiveness of Safe Area Policy
Bosnian Muslims had to get disarmed too.
, Paragraph 1
“Demands that all parties and others concerned treat
Srebrenica and its surroundings as a safe area which should
be free from any armed attack or any other hostile act”
Bosnian Serbs did not respect the resolution
No enforcement action in case the resolution was not
implemented
4. Jun -
: Extends
UNPROFOR’s role of deferring attack against safe
areas
Results of Safe Area Policy
Situation in Srebrenica got worse
Bosnian Serbs’ reprisals
Late May – After brief ceasefire, Serbs’ attack on Civilians
intensifies
9. Feb- Under the request of UN, NATO launched air strike
against artillery and mortar positions around Sarajevo
23. Feb- The end of Croat-Bosniak war with Washington
agreement
10-11. Apr- UNPROFOR’s air strike to protect Gorazde (one
of the safe areas)
14. Apr- Serbs take UN personnel as hostage
12-13. Nov- US lifts arms embargo against Bosnia
July- Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) occupied Srebrenica,
another UN safe area 7,414 Muslim men murdered; the worst
war crime of the whole war
Early Aug- “Operation Storm” by Croat-Bosniak army takes
over Krajina region in Croatia
30. Aug- 14. Sep - Operation Deliberate Force (massive air
strike led by NATO to undermine the capability of VRS) begins
:
Launched about 300 air crafts
Serb responded with arm campaign
to take Bosnia under their control
Committed in bringing Serbia to
Dayton Peace Conference
12. Oct - 60-day ceasefire comes into effect
1. Nov -Peace talks begin in Dayton, Ohio
14. Dec - Peace agreement signed in Paris
-Minimum Criteria
①Supreme Humanitarian Emergency
②Last Resort/Necessity
③Proportionality
④Positive Humanitarian
Outcome
Short term
Long term
Long term
-Optional Criteria
⑤Humanitarian Motive
⑥Humanitarian Justification
⑦Legality
⑧Selectivity
 1991 – Serbs attack Krajina region (Croatia) ->
International Community hesitant to intervene -> Arms
Embargo
 1992 – Start of ethnic cleansing & hesitancy of
International Community
 1993 – The Setback of “Safe-Area” Policy
 1994 & 1995 - NATO air raid, end of the war
 Estimated number of 100,000 people were killed (80%
Bosniak)
 Many migrants (about half million people) are not back in
Bosnia yet because of financial reason
 After the war, EU and NATO provided peacekeeping force for
Bosnia’s stablity
 In early 2007, International Crisis Group warned that ethnic
nationalism remains strong still
War crime and trials…:
-Milosevic’s legal procedure started from 2002
-Milosevic argued that he did not directly commited
some of the crimes, such as ordering killing and raping
-He died during the legal procedure
-Two Bosnian Serb officials were sentenced 22 years in
jail
Bosnia’s government today
-New government was formed in 2011. (Total of 10
ministers- 4 Bosniaks, 3 Serbs, 3 Croats)
-Multi ethnic party, Social Democratic Party (SDP)
has the largest support (25%)
http://isme.tamu.edu/JSCOPE00/Barnes00.html#_ftnref3
http://theredhunter.com/just_war_theory/
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930222a.htm
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930331a.htm
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930416a.htm
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnias-safeareas-west-sets-the-stage-for-a-human-tragedy-the-creation-ofun-safe-refugee-zones-proceeds-apace-in-these-diseaseriddencamps-thousands-of-orphaned-muslim-children-with-no-hopefor-the-future-will-turn-to-crime-or-terrorism-1490291.html
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930604a.htm
Saving Strangers, Nicholas J. Wheeler, Oxford university press, p.
251-253
http://www.history.com/topics/bosnian-genocide
http://isme.tamu.edu/JSCOPE00/Barnes00.html#_ftnref3
http://theredhunter.com/just_war_theory/
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930222a.htm
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930331a.htm
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930416a.htm
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bosnias-safeareas-west-sets-the-stage-for-a-human-tragedy-the-creation-ofun-safe-refugee-zones-proceeds-apace-in-these-diseaseriddencamps-thousands-of-orphaned-muslim-children-with-no-hopefor-the-future-will-turn-to-crime-or-terrorism-1490291.html
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930604a.htm
Saving Strangers, Nicholas J. Wheeler, Oxford university press, p.
251-253
 http://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/23/normative-power-still-matters-adopting-the-
srebrenica-resolution/
 http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/balkaft.htm
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17211415
 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/201332717273192473.html
 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-100354/Milosevic-blasts-war-crimes-
trial.html
 http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/03/11/milosevic.trial/
 http://www.history.com/topics/bosnian-genocide
 http://www.europeanforum.net/country/bosnia_herzegovina
 http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/conflicts/profile/bosnia
 http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/04/04/timeline-conflict-bosnia-
hercegovina