Warm-Up
Suzy wanted to make sweet tea. She
decided to test 5 different pitchers of tea
with different amounts of sugar to see
exactly how much sugar she should add to
make the tea perfectly sweet.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependant variable?
• What would be the control?
• What would be the controlled variables?
Biochemistry
What is an atom?
Usually, #
protons and
electrons are
equal.
What is the
atomic
number?
# of protons
What is the
atomic mass?
# of protons +
neutrons
Hydrogen
Protons 1
Electrons 1
Carbon
Protons 6
Electrons 6
Neutrons 6
Phosphorous
Protons 15
Electrons 15
Neutrons 15
Now you try:
1. Oxygen
2. Nitrogen
Oxygen
Protons 8
Electrons 8
Neutrons 8
Nitrogen
Protons 7
Electrons 7
Neutrons 7
How do atoms interact
with each other?
through their electrons
Which electrons do you think
atoms use to do their interacting?
the electrons in the outermost shell
aka
VALENCE ELECTRONS
What do we call these interactions?
bonds
There are 2 types of bonds
• IONIC – 1 atom gives away valence
electrons to another
• COVALENT – both atoms share valence
electrons
IONIC BOND
Na
Cl
Exchange of electrons
IONIC BOND
Na
Cl
COVALENT BOND
O
O
Sharing of electrons
COVALENT BOND
O
O
Let’s look at some
other covalent bonds
Water H20
H
O H
Ammonia
NH3
H N H
H
Carbon Dioxide CO2
O C O
Molecule vs Compound
• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together
chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two
different elements.
• All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.
• Molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular oxygen (O2) and molecular nitrogen
(N2) are not compounds because each is composed of a single element.
• Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are compounds
because each is made from more than one element. The smallest bit of
each of these substances would be referred to as a molecule. For
example, a single molecule of molecular hydrogen is made from two
atoms of hydrogen while a single molecule of water is made from two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
These molecules are all found in
the human body.
Water makes up a large portion of our
body.
Ammonia is found in urine as a waste
product of breaking down proteins.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product that
we exhale.
Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
What is the purpose of eating food?
• to extract the organic compounds we
need to carry out chemical reactions
(breaking down of proteins,
carbohydrates) in our body
What did you
have for
breakfast?
Carbohydrates
•
•
•
•
Most abundant of the biomolecules
Storage and transport of energy
Sugar and starch
Structural component (cellulose in
plants)
C,H,O
hexagon
shape
Carbohydrates
Proteins
• Large compounds made of amino acids
joined by peptide bonds in a chain
• Structural components of animal cells
• includes enzymes that catalyze (speed
up) reactions
• Needed for metabolism & building
muscle
C,H,O,N
Y shaped
zig-zag
Proteins
Lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes, & cholesterol
• Energy storage
• Structural component of cell membrane
• insulation
Types of Fats
• Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature
has C=C double bonds
plants (olive oil)
• Saturated: solid at room temperature
no C=C double bonds
saturated (full) with hydrogen
animals (lard)
Lipids
C,H,O
long chain
Nucleic Acids
•
•
•
•
made of nucleotides
make up and store genetic material
DNA
RNA code for protein
C,H,O,N,P
Answer the following
1. If you wanted quick energy, which
biomolecule would you ingest?
2. If you wanted to build muscle, which
biomolecule would you ingest?
After we eat these
biomolecules, how are they
used in our bodies?
Biomolecules in our cells!
So what makes up these
biomolecules?
Macromolecules
• big molecules that
are made up of
smaller molecules
• A smaller unit of molecules or
monomer combines with other
monomers to make a large
molecule or polymer.
• Mono means single
• Poly means many
ex: glucose (monomer) combine
to form starch (polymer)
glucose
ex: amino acids (monomer) combine
to form protein (polymer)
ex: nucleotides (monomer) combine
to form nucleic acids (polymer)
ex: fatty acid (monomer)and glycerol
combine to form triglyceride (polymer)
Types of Fats
• Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature
has C=C double bonds
plants (olive oil)
• Saturated: solid at room temperature
no C=C double bonds
saturated (full) with hydrogen
animals (lard)
Which are saturated or unsaturated?
What are trans fats?
Unsaturated fats that have hydrogen
added to make them more desirable,
but are really bad for you. Trans fats
raise your LDL (bad cholesterol).
You will be able to answer:
1. What is happening during a condensation
reaction?
2. What is happening during a hydrolysis
reaction?
Dehydration Synthesis
and Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis reaction
Dehydration synthesis reaction
What is happening during
dehydration synthesis?
• Monomers combine to form polymers
• Water (H2O) molecules formed
H2O
Hydrolysis reaction
What’s happening during a
hydrolysis reaction
• polymers break up into monomers
• Water (H2O) is used
• Hydro refers to water… lysis means to
break apart
H2O
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/
chapter25/animation__enzyme_action_an
d_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.html