Spanish American War & WWI
I.
II.
Intro
Spanish-American War
• Why & Results
III. WWI (1914/17-18)
A. Battle-front
1. Background…why?
2. Origins-Wilson
3. US & War
B. Home-front
A. Big Government
B. Society & Economy
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•
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Key Terms
Yellow Press
The Maine
Francis Ferdinand
Lusitania
Zimmerman
Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Anti-German
Hysteria
Spanish-American War
(1898)
• US vs. Spain
• Controversy over Cuba;
Cuba was a Spanish
colony.
• US President:
William McKinley
(1897-1901)
Journalism
Yellow Press
• Journalists who stretched the
facts to sell papers
• Joseph Pulitzer & William
Randolph Hearst were key
publishers
Compare to National Inquirer
Comic Character:
The Yellow Kid
The Maine
(2/98)
• USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor
The Maine
(February, 1898)
• 226 Americans killed
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
“Remember the Maine, to hell with
Spain…”
USS Maine: Anchor & Mast
(Arlington National Cemetery)
Dewey’s Route To The Philippines
• May 1, 1898 Admiral
Dewey steamed into
Manila Bay
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Results: “A Splendid Little War”
• A new hero emerged:
Theodore Roosevelt
• Only lasted 6 weeks
• US won; about 379
died in combat
• US acquired an
overseas empire
Theodore Roosevelt’s
Rough Riders
Results: The Cost
• Over 5,000 died from disease or other problems
• Did the empire violate American principles…?
WWI Alliances & Major Powers
(1914/17-18)
•
•
•
•
Allies
Great Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey
Spark
• Assassinated in
Sarajevo by
Serbians; June,
1914
Francis Ferdinand & wife; heir to
throne in Austria-Hungary
WWI Alliances & Major Powers
(1914/17-18)
•
•
•
•
Allies
Great Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey
US President
Woodrow Wilson
(1913-1921)
• Goal: Wanted US to
remain neutral
What Events Led US To Fight?
1. German Submarine warfare
2. Zimmerman Telegram
Road To War: Lusitania
• New York
newspapers carried
warnings like this
from the German
embassy.
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Road To War: Lusitania
Lusitania
(British passenger liner)
• Americans were warned
not to go on ship.
• Torpedoed in 1915
1,200 died (128
Americans).
• Germany pledged to
stop sub-warfare.
Zimmerman Telegram
(1917)
Message from German Foreign Minister to
Mexican Government:
1. Mexico should attack US.
2. Germany would help Mexico defeat US.
3. Mexico would recapture land previously
lost to US.
Germany’s Gamble In 1917
(If they acted quickly, they could end the war)
• US declared war (1917): The gamble failed!
WWI Alliances & Major Powers
(1914/17-18)
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•
•
•
Allies
Great Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
• United States
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey
US Contributions To War Effort
1. Supplies & US troops
provided emotional lift.
2. A cease-fire, ending the
fighting, went into effect
November 11, 1918.
Wounded Marine Near
Toulon, France in 1918
Selective Service Act (Draft)
(1917)
1. All males 18-45 became
eligible.
2. Lottery system was
developed.
3. 1 in 5 draftees were born
outside US.
Sheet Music For
A New Song
Recruiting Posters
How To Pay For WWI
William McAdo
•
•
•
Secretary of Treasury
Income tax rates were
raised
They borrowed
Liberty
Bonds
Posters Encouraged
People to Buy War Bonds
Actor Douglas Fairbanks at a
War Bond Rally
Economy
• Economic Boom!
• Manufacturing increased
33%
• Real wages increased 20%
Mining Industry “Boomed;” Poster
Printed In Several Languages
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Michigan’s Economy & WWI
Soldiers resting during basic
training at Camp Custer, MI
• State of MI subsidized
farmers (25%
production increase)
• Automobile production
increased fourfold
• Camp Custer (Battle
Creek)
– $10 million in
revenue
US Farmers Prospered
1913
Corn
Cotton
1918
$.70/bushel $1.52/bushel
$.12/lb.
$.29/lb.
Race Relations
• “Great Migration”
• About 500,000 blacks moved North for jobs
Race Relations
Race Riots
• East St. Louis, Illinois
• At least 39 blacks died
African-American Family
Just Arrived in Chicago
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Women Roles
Women’s Roles
• 11,000 served in Navy
overseas
• 1 million worked in
industry
This Advertisement Encouraged
Women to Enter the Workforce
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Women’s Roles
• Women often earned
higher wages during
the war
Women Workers on the
Union Pacific Railroad
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Patriotism & Volunteerism
Food Administration
• Slogans were common:
– “Meatless Mondays” &
“Wheatless
Wednesdays”
– “Serve beans, by all
means”
Food Administration Poster
Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Anti-German Hysteria
(Patriotism Turned Ugly)
1. Americans began to fear all things German
(food).
2. Personal attacks against Americans of German
ancestry
3. In Michigan:
a) City of Berlin changed to Marne
b) German language was abandoned in public
schools
4. Prohibition of alcohol
Spanish American War & WWI
I.
II.
Intro
Spanish-American War
• Why & Results
III. WWI (1914/17-18)
A. Battle-front
1. Background…why?
2. Origins-Wilson
3. US & War
B. Home-front
A. Big Government
B. Society & Economy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Key Terms
Yellow Press
The Maine
Francis Ferdinand
Lusitania
Zimmerman
Telegram
Selective Service Act
William McAdo
Anti-German
Hysteria