VISUALIZING
Prepared By: Dawn More,
Algonquin College
Chapter 9:
Lifestyle
Development I
Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation
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Lecture Overview
• Studying Development
• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
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S t u d y i n g
D e v e l o p m e n t
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Summarize the three most important
issues or questions in developmental
psychology.
2. Define maturation and critical periods.
3. Contrast the cross-sectional research
method with the longitudinal research
method.
4. Explain the advantages and limitations
of crosssectional and longitudinal
research.
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Studying Development:
Key Theoretical Debates
• Developmental Psychology: studies agerelated changes in behaviour and mental
processes from conception to death
– Nature vs. Nurture: heredity vs. environment
– Continuity vs. Stages: continuous and gradual
vs. periods of abrupt change followed by
periods of little change
– Stability vs. Change: characteristics maintained
vs. characteristics vary over time
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Studying Development:
Key Theoretical Debates
(Continued)
• What position on these debates is most
correct?
• The interactionist perspective, which
recently evolved into the biopsychosocial
model.
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Pause and Reflect:
Critical Thinking
Behaviourist John Watson said:
“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll
guarantee to take anyone at random and train them
to become any type of specialist I might select—
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even
beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race
of his ancestors.”
(Boakes, 1984, pp. 226)
Do you agree? Why or why not?
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Studying Development:
Research Methods
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Studying Development:
Research Methods
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Studying Development:
Cultural Guidelines for
Developmental Research
• Culture may be the most important
determinant.
• Development cannot be studied outside its
sociocultural context.
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Describe the three key areas of debate in
developmental psychology.
2. What are the key differences between
cross-sectional and longitudinal research?
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P h y s i c a l
D e v e l o p m e n t
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the three phases of prenatal
physical development.
2. Identify some important teratogens and
their effects on prenatal development.
3. Summarize physical development during
early childhood.
4. Describe the physical changes that
occur during adolescence and
adulthood.
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Physical Development:
Three Stages of Prenatal
Development
• Germinal Period:
conception to uterine
implantation
• Embryonic Period:
uterine implantation
through the eighth week
• Fetal Period: eighth
week until birth
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Physical Development:
Hazards to Prenatal
Development
• Teratogens: environmental agents that
cause damage during prenatal
development by crossing the placental
barrier
– Categories of teratogens include:
• Legal and illegal drugs
• Diseases and malnutrition
• Exposure to x-rays and stress exposure
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Physical Development:
Hazards to Prenatal
Development
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Physical Development:
Early Childhood
• Three key areas of early childhood
development: brain, motor,
sensory/perceptual development
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Physical Development:
Lifespan Changes in Body
Proportions
Figure 9.8
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Physical Development:
Brain Development
As a child grows, neurons grow in size and the
number of dendrites and axons increase.
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P h y s i c a l
D e v e l o p m e n t :
E a r l y
C h i l d h o o d
Milestones in motor
development
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Physical Development:
Sensory and Perceptual
Development
• Smell, taste, touch, and hearing are well
developed at birth.
• Vision is developed poorly at birth.
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Physical Development:
Adolescence and Puberty
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Physical Development:
Adulthood
• Middle age:
– Female Menopause
– Male Climacteric
• Late adulthood:
– Primary aging: gradual,
inevitable changes versus age
changes due to disease,
disuse, or neglect
– Secondary aging: changes
resulting from disease,
disuse, or neglect
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. ____ are environmental agents that may
lead to birth defects.
2. The senses of _____, ______, _____, and
_____ are all well developed at birth.
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C o g n i t i v e
D e v e l o p m e n t
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the role of schemas,
assimilation, and accommodation
in cognitive development.
2. Describe the major characteristics
of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive
development.
3. Discuss two critiques of Piaget’s
theory.
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Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget believed infants begin at a
cognitively “primitive” level and progress in
distinct stages.
• Piaget’s schemas are the most basic unit of
intellect, which act as patterns that
organize interactions with the environment.
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Cognitive Development
• Schemas grow and change due to:
– Assimilation: absorbing new information into
existing schemas
– Accommodation: adjusting old schemas or
developing new ones to better fit with new
information
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Cognitive Development:
Piaget’s Four Stages
•
•
•
•
Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years
Preoperational: 2 to 7 years
Concrete Operational: 7 to 11 years
Formal Operational: 11 years and up
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P i a g e t ’ s
F o u r S t a g e s
o f C o g n i t i v e
D e v e l o p m e n t
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Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. _____ act as patterns that organize
interactions with the environment.
2. Assimilation occurs when _____, whereas
accommodation involves _____.
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Multimedia
Web Links
Nature, Nurture and Early Brain Development
For some time, we have known that development
results from the dynamic interplay of nature and
nurture. From birth on, we grow and learn because
our biology is programmed to do so and because our
social and physical environment provides
stimulation.
Set In Your Ways
Contrary to popular belief, your personality may not
be set in stone by the time you’re thirty. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, a survey by
psychologists shows some traits may keep changing
in later years.
Nova Online
Morphing Embryos
Psychological Science
The Department of Psychological Science offers a
wide range of courses, educational resources,
student activities and continuing education
opportunities. Our courses emphasize the scientific
study of behavior and mental processes and are
designed to help students understand more about
themselves and others. Additionally, our diverse
faculty provide students with a variety of approaches
and experiences, which will help them flourish in a
global society.
The Visible Embryo
The Visible Embryo is a visual guide through fetal
development from fertilization through pregnancy to
birth. As the most profound physiologic changes
occur in the "first trimester" of pregnancy, these
Carnegie stages are given prominence on the birth
spiral.
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Multimedia
Web Links
Sick Kids - Motherisk
Frequently Asked Questions
Teratogens
Teratogens are substances found in the environment
that can cause a birth defect. There are many
different teratogens, and some are listed in the
directory below, for which we have provided a brief
overview.
The Growth Cone
Probably one of the most amazing things about the
way the nervous system develops is how the growing
axons find their target cells, even though these cells
are often located millimetres or even centimetres
away (a vast distance on this scale). The source of
this ability is the growth cone, a structure at the tip
of each elongating axon.
Brain Connections
Scientists have discovered that not only does your
brain go through growth spurts; it also goes though
periods of pruning. This ScienCentral News video has
more.
Learning from Babies
Scientific researchers who use human subjects in
their work rely on their ability to speak or write to
find out what they want to know. But as this
Sciencentral News video reports, researchers who
learn from babies don't have that luxury.
Interactive Body
Welcome to Teen Species
Younger Brains
Neuroscientists may have found why the brain slows
down in old age. As this ScienCentral News video
reports, researchers were able to temporarily reverse
aging in the brains of monkeys.
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Multimedia
Web Links
The Longevity Game
How long can you expect to live? We developed the
Longevity Game to give you a peek into your future
by identifying the factors that can lead to a healthier,
more productive life.
Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development
How does human knowledge develop? Swiss
psychologist Jean Piaget devoted his entire life to this
question. His studies, spread out over nearly 60
years, laid the foundations for the vast research field
of genetic epistemology, which attempts to
understand how our modes of thinking evolve over
the course of our lives.
Piaget’s Stages
Piaget was among other things, a psychologist who
was interested in cognitive development. After
observation of many children, he posited that
children progress through 4 stages and that they all
do so in the same order. These four stages are
described below.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Videos
Fetal Alcohol Hope (1:46)
Despite warnings, some women still drink alcohol
while pregnant, and each year thousands of babies
are born brain damaged.
Child’s Play (1:50)
Are the kids getting on your nerves? Maybe you
shouldn’t come down too hard on their playing
around.
Learning to Walk (1:27)
Learning to walk also means learning about the
world. But kids with Down syndrome get a late start
on walking, and on some of that learning. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, one researcher is
looking at ways to change that.
Hearing Screening (1:41)
As many as one in one thousand babies born
completely deaf every year. Another two or three per
thousand have some hearing loss. As this
ScienCentral News video reports, one researcher is
calling for hearing screenings for newborns because
the earlier hearing loss is discovered, the better.
Learning from Babies (1:42)
Scientific researchers who use human subjects in
their work rely on their ability to speak or write to
find out what they want to know. But as this
Sciencentral News video reports, researchers who
learn from babies don’t have that luxury.
Teen Brains on Alcohol (1:43)
A highly anticipated report from the National
Academy of Sciences on underage drinking is due out
soon, and groups on all sides of the issue are ready
to debate its contents. While the report itself is still
secret, much of the science is not. This ScienCentral
report focuses on one issue sure to be examined—
the impact of alcohol on young drinkers' brains.
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Multimedia
Videos
Brain Pills (1:46)
You may have used over-the-counter pills like
ibuprofen for pain. Now neuroscientists have found
that some of these common painkillers may be more
useful than you think.
Older Women and Exercise (1:19)
We know that exercise can help us feel young and
stay healthy. But neuroscientists say it can help us
stay mentally young as well.
Lifespan Genes (1:36)
We all know that diet and exercise can help us live
longer and healthier. For many of us that’s easier said
than done. Will there ever be a drug that can help us
stay young longer? This ScienCentral News video
reports that there is hope, and some scientists say
the key to a long life may be a single gene.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
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Multimedia
Animations
Piaget and Cognitive Development
If you handed a baby a musical instrument, what
would he do with it? How about a 4-year old? How
about a teenager?
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Copyright
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