Edited 3/09/03
Soc. 100 C9 Racial & Ethnic Stratification
1
Soc. 100 C9 Race
Race, Ethnic, Gender and, Age Stratification
0. Introduction *
•Experiences "Eye of the Storm" Bogardus
•Recurrent Themes
1. Social definitions of race:Some Basics concepts *
Minorities* and Subsocietys*
2. Patterns of intergroup relations
3. Race and Ethnic History in America-changing patterns *
4. Explaining Racial Inequility: Theories of racial inequality
5. Racial inequality and Political action
6. Current Race and Ethnic inequality in US
2
0. Introduction
Experiences
1. Movie "A Class Divided"; thought questions *
2. Social Distance Survey in workbook
"Bogardus Social Distance Scale"
3. Is there a difference between race, ethnicity and gender
3
Group Discussion: "Eye of The Storm" and "A Class Divided"1
(1) What is (are) the source(s) of racism according to
this movie?
(2) What are the behavioral effects of racism?
(3) What are the psychological effects of racism?
(4) Is language related to racism, if so how?
(5) Is it possible to change racism? (If yes how?)
(6) How does racism limit behavior
(7) How is social structure related to racism?
(8) What is institutional racism?
Discuss these in your group, write up an answer for 1-6 and turn in.
4
Group Discussion: "Eye of The Storm" and "A Class Divided" 2
(9) How does racism compare to sexism.
(10) How is perception related to racism.
(11) How are perceptions and expectations related to
racism?
(12) Should/could all schools (K-12 ) perform the
color exercise?
Why or why not?
(13) Would the experiment work with college students
and other adults?
5
US Ethnicity 1990 Census
Other
4%
Asian & PI
3%
N American
1%
Latino
8%
Af rican American
11%
White
73%
6
Chart 3: Pie ChartChart
forCSUB
Ethnic
Distribution
CSUBofStudents
Fall 97
Ethnic
4: Pie Chart
for EthnicDistribution
Distribution
CSUBF96
Students 1997
Am Indian
Other
2% 2%
Other Latino
4%
Af rican Am.
6%
Asian
7%
White
56%
Mex Am.
23%
7
Thanks to Dr. Terry Dunn of the CSUB planning office
CSUB Ethnicity W 99
Cumulative
Ethnicity
Freq %
• American Indian
74 1.3
• Asian,PI,Filipino
303 5.4
• African American 350 6.3
728
• Mexican American
1294 23.2
• Other Latino
211 3.8
• White
2772 49.7
• Non-Resident Alien
120 2.1
• Unknown
458 8.2
Freq
75
378
%
1.3
6.8
13.0
2022
2233
5005
5125
5583
Click here for current CSUB numbers
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36.2
40.0
89.6
91.8
100.0
Recent Racism and recurrent themes
1. Ghettos and "white" flight
Jewish ghettos in Europe
ethnic enclaves in US
2. Why the differences
"Nature (push) vs. Pull (pull) explanations"
e.g. IQ
WWI Jews made lowest on Army Alpha
1920's Polish had average IQ 83
Today
Jews and Poles have above 100 IQ
Black youngsters have low IQs
Racism (popular use) equivalent to the biological species differences
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1. Social definitions of race:
Some Basics concepts
Germany & Arian race (genetic?), Hutu & Tutsi (height), Irish (religion?)
race; people who are seen and see themselves as different
because of characteristics assumed biological, inherited
racism; a belief, a world view (religious?) that another group
is inferior to ones own group
ethnic group *; people who are seen and see themselves as
different because of their cultural heritage-a subsociety
minority *; (social) people singled out for perceived biological
or cultural differences for unequal differential treatment
---discrimination, race, ethnicity, religion, gender
majority; (social) people who have and control access
to social rewards and benefits and exclude outsiders
Race(ism) ["biological"], Ethnicity [cultural], Minority [power]
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Minority Group Characteristics 1
A people who are identified (physical or cultural) for unequal treatment
1. disadvantaged: excluded from society (vote, jobs, education
2. Low esteem: perception of majority thus they are held in
suspicion, contempt, hatred....
3. Involuntary: it is an ascribed status
4. self conscious: they see themselves as a people apart
(subsociety) and frequently have self perception
of low esteem
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1. Wirth, Lewis 1945 cited in GL text
Subsociety
Not text
Gordon defined an ethnic group as a subsociety' a network of
institutions, organizations, informal associations that encourage
individuals to stay within the group for all primary and many
secondary interactions
4 Dimensions of a subsociety
(1) ethnicity
(2) social class
(3) region (mass media has decreased the importance)
(4) rural-urban(mass media has decreased the importance)
12 From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life
Possible intergroup relations
pluralism:
society with diversity, mutual respect
e.g. Switzerland (Schwyzertush, French, Italians,
Romanish) distinctive cultures & equality
Sociologist argue
amalgamation, "melting pot"
Multiculturalism
blending of distinctive
promotes tolerance
cultures to form new culture and genetic base
e.g. Brazil, class distinctions(land ownership)
but race distinction. Result genetic/cultural blend
assimilation ,
•Cultural
ethnic & racial minorities are absorbed e.g. China
European immigrants to U.S.(pattern 1,2,3)
symbolic ethnicity --third generation
•Structural’
admission to business, professional, government
• Primary
acceptance to cliques, friendships-marriage
conflict;
two or more groups vie for power
e.g. Israel, Ireland, South Africa, U.S., Bosnia-Serbia...)
Exploitation ,Colonization,slavery, segregation
colonization, treatment of one group as property (rationalized)
S. Africa, U.S.
conflict:annihilation (genocide)
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Ireland, Bosnians, Nazi Germany, Native Americans, Australian Aborigines
types/stages of assimilation
(1) cultural or behavioral assimilation (acculturation),
behavior id with majority culture
(2) structural assimilation: large scale participation,
primary level in cliques, clubs of dominant group
(3) Marital assimilation (amalgamation)
(4) Identification assimilation; development of sense
of peoplehood based on dominant group
(5) attitudinal redemptional assimilation: absence of prejudice
(6) behavioral-receptional assimilation: absence of
discrimination
Ethclas: Social space delineated by the intersection of vertical dimension
of ethnicity and the horizontal dimension of social class
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From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life
3. Race and Ethnic History in America
• Settlement- English Protestant foundation
Nativism, WASP 3/4 of population at time of declaration
of independence. Wanted to protect their culture from immigrant
influence.
• Expansion - Conquest/Genocide 2-3 mil to 250,000)
"This great continent could not have been kept as nothing
but a game reserve for squalid savages"
Theodore Roosevelt
Annihilation/moves of native population, & War with Mexico
• Agricultural development-slavery/segregation
text page 229-332
Agriculture and importation of Africans
institutionalized slavery
• Industrial development-Immigration
Industrialization, European immigration,
urbanization
• Making of the Ghetto
15
Common life for new immigrant but not
for Blacks until 1900 plus by 1940 most
Some Cross-cultural examples and issues in racism
• Cross-cultural
Former Yugoslavia (p313-315)
South Africa ( apartheid-p324-326 )*
Brundi Africa (p323, 326)
OLD USSR; 93 groups ( ethnicity, religious, conflict )
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Apartheid----South Africa
"Separate development"
Text --page 324-326
Structure (not all in text):
Category
Whites
Asians
Colored
Africans
% of Population
15 %
3%
9%
74 %
% of Land
86 %
--14 %
Infant Mortality Expectancy
4 / 1000
70
49 / 1000
49 / 1000
61 / 1000
57
Current
•1990 F. W. de Klerk lifted ANC ban, released nelson Mandella
•Legal structure of apartheid dismantled, racial classification abandoned
•Some of poorest now have electricity, black businesses increasing
•Whites still UC and Africans etc LC with wide differences in homes, education, work
possibilities due to years of apartheid
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4(a). Explaining Racial Inequility:
Theories of racial inequality
1. Biology--innate
IQ • The IQ issue The Bell Curve controversy; what do IQ tests measure?
• Europe vs. US notions on IQ (nature vs nurture)
• Rural vs. Urban, Northern vs. Southern (differences in IQ)
• Immigrants; Irish, Jews and Polish (yesterday low-today high)
• Adoptions by WASP UC hi IQ families (Ups expected IQ-not in text)
• Crossculturally minorities score low yet improves in equal setting
• SOCIQ--PUSH------------PULL
2. Prejudice and discrimination*
3. Institutionalized racism*--red lining, last hired -first fired
4. Systemic racism* --early educational opportunities lead
to less higher Ed and less job
opportunity
5. Race or Class -- which is more determining factor
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More concepts in race relations
Race(ism) [biological], Ethnicity [cultural], Minority [power]
Prejudice (attitude), Stereotype (over generalized attitude)
Discrimination (behavior)
personal:
institutional:
systemic*
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personnel/individual discrimination
•California Alien Act (1913)specified foreign born could
not own property and US law stating
•no citizenship for Japanese,
•reading requirement for voting with knowledge this
mostly effected blacks
•Bank redlining; safe investment not overtly
discrimination
-text page 339
residential discrimination -->educational discrimination
-->job discrimination (employer or college not purposely
discriminating but effect same)
Systemic Discrimination
New
Zebra Oil
Cultural Prejudice
China
Many cultures see themselves as "the people"
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Race or Class
Is the significance of race declining
Wilson --- yes its part of social class,
(1) laws now limit formal discrimination and
(2) affirmative action aids in rights
(3)cumulative effects of poverty are now the major
Current problems are due to:
Change in Ghetto (e.g. Chicago, see C8)
The Declining Significance of Race &
The Truly Disadvantaged W. J Wilson
Massey & Willie ---- no, the significance of race is increasing
“color blind” programs not defeat stereotypes
(e.g. Welfare queen)
Blacks hired are seen as “tokens” and assigned low
positions
21
Comparisons of qualifications X “race” indicate
increased diff
Not in text
Three Theories of assimilation in US
(1) Angelo Conformity
(2) Melting pot
(3) Cultural Pluralism
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From Gordon, Milton Assimilation in American Life
5. Fighting Racial inequality: Political action
WW II The American Dilemma Myrdal 1944
pointed to contradictions constitution and behavior
1954 Brown vs. Board of Education
-rejected separate but equal
1956 Rosa Parks arrest in Montgomery Alabama
-first of civil rights demonstrations
1964 Civil Rights act banning public discrimination
--gave access to hotels, restaurants, buses..
1965 Voting Rights act
-banned race related voting discrimination
1968 ban against discrimination in housing
Affirmative Action policies (p342-343) designed to open
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jobs and education goals
voluntary--->quotas
reaction from acceptance to seeing reverse discrimination
Neglect of enforcement by Regan administration
Reject for college admission CA and TX in 98
Current find agreement with goals disagree on means
6. Current Race and Ethnic inequality in US
income, education, labor text345
(a) Black Americans*
(b) Latino/Hispanic Americans*
Mexican,
Puerto Ricans,
Cubans,
Latin Americans
(c) Native Americans*
(d) Asian Americans (highly diverse)
Chinese; ABC & FOB's
Japanese
Filipinos
Indians
Thais
etc. (Laotians, Vietnamese, Hmong.............)
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(a) Black Americans--is their status improving? 29mil in pop
• by almost every measure (education, income, health,
political participation) better off then 50 years ago
a. Politics--significant gains
-- elected officials; 1970- 1500, 1990- 7,500
-- almost every office except VP and president
-- blacks even elected in white majority areas (WV, NY)
b. economic--mixed
-- 1940-1970 prosperity X move rural South-->urban North
-- by 1970 per capita income 6X higher then 1940
--- but with economy in 70s plus progress stalled
--- In 80s Regan years the gap increased
1986 45% B children lived in "poor" households
1987 median diff income W $30,809 --B $17,604
c. education 1960 W 10.9 vs. B 8.0 / 1987 W 12.7 vs. B 12.4
(other negatives -dropouts, inner-city schools, College )
Why better
Residential
expected in next
census:
(1) attitude
change
(2) Fair housing
laws
(3) New
developments
are open
(4) Blacks can
now afford
better
d. residential segregation still high--ghetto poor further behind
e. health is better for Blacks --still worse all categories
25
Not in text
1. National Research Council 1989 findings & BGL 4th Ed
(b) Latino/Hispanic Americans--22.3 mill in pop
63% are Mexican Americans, others Cubans,
Latinos, Puerto Ricans)
This is the 2nd largest ethnic minority 11% of pop
a. fastest growing California group (by 2000+ largest
minority 12% due to immigration and fertility)
b. Mexican Americans (65%) middle of Hispanic strata, , SW
1987 income 65% of national average $19,326
c. Puerto Ricans (10%) bottom of strata , live NY
1986 50% of national average income $14,584
d. Cubans ( 4% ) hi status. live in Miami area
1986 70% of national average income $21,000
e. Others (21%) various immigrants from South America
*Needs detail
26
(c) Native Americans-2 mil in population
Diverse - many groups, 354 nations p349, 350
1990 2 million
Poorest of all US minorities (Ed, health-shortest life
span, residence, income (30% unemployed, 1/3
<$10,000 a year),
Decline and recovery (chart p329), 1988 Indian
gaming law (1/3 tribes operate), political activism
History
Income, education. labor (p311)
US is a settler society like Canada, Australia but unlike others
the major minority was not native (native Americans) but
blacks, brought in as slaves
*Needs detail
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(d) Asian Americans--10 mil in population
• Small % of total, fastest growing group 123% 1980-1990
• Highly diverse, dozens of different cultures
• History
Early immigrants 1850->1900's unskilled labor
-1924 oriental exclusion act & Chinatowns
-W.W.II 12,000 Japanese incarceration by US
Second immigration 1965, immigration act ended
-national quotas, relations and skills,political
became preferential criteria.
• SES
This group has the highest (Ed., Prof. Occ.) Why?
(1) Immigration policy--only highly skilled
(2) Cultural values-Ed, work, family, values
• Stereotype Asians seen as "Model Minority"--not all fit
(Hmong)
*Needs detail
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Study Topics
Goals
The idea is to be able to briefly
present in your own words :
1. A summary of the general point or
points of the text section
2. The meaning of basic terms used
in the text section
3. The basic concepts and theories of
the text section
4. Apply the concepts and theories to
now observations
29
RACE AND ETHNICITY STUDY TOPICS CHAPTER 9
1. RACE, ETHNICITY, MINORITY GROUPS p XXX
2. PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS p XXX
3. EXPLAINING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US
p XXX
4. CLASS SUMMARY
Topics: US HISTORY AND CHANGING PATTERNS,
FIGHTING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE US,
RACE AND
ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN THE US TODAY,
APARTHEID.
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1. RACE, ETHNICITY, MINORITY
GROUPS p XXX
Topics: Introduction, The social definition of
Race, Ethnicity, and minority group
Terms: Race, ethnicity, minority group,
majority group
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2. PATTERNS OF INTERGROUP
RELATIONS p XXX
Topics: Amalgamation, Assimilation, Pluralism,
Exploitation, Ethnic conflict
Terms: Amalgamation, assimilation, pluralism,
exploitation, cultural assimilation, structural
assimilation, primary assimilation, symbolic
assimilation, multiculturalism, segregation,
colonization, slavery, genocide, ethnocentrism
32
3. EXPLAINING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN
THE US p XXX
Topics: Innate differences, Prejudice and
discrimination, Institutional racism, Race
or Class
Terms: Prejudice, stereotypes,
discrimination, self fulfilling prophecy,
racism, institutional racism
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4. CLASS SUMMARY Topics
Topics: US HISTORY AND
CHANGING PATTERNS,
FIGHTING RACIAL
INEQUALITY IN THE US, RACE
AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY IN
THE US TODAY, APARTHEID.
Terms: Apartheid, affirmative action,
WASP, nativism
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Thought Questions
1.Some sociologists argue that race and
ethnicity do not really exist, that is, all
classifications of race and ethnicity are
arbitrary and incorrect. How could this claim
be made and supported?
2.What does cultural extinction (a culture
ceases to exist) mean in terms of the people
of that culture? How does this differ from
genocide?
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Assignment A05/6 Sample data:
A Class Divided Quiz
Don’t Print
(1) Geographically where did A Class Divided occur ___
(2) What happened to students test ability when they
wore a collar ___________
(3) What is the source of racism according to the movie
___________
(4) Name one psychological effect of the movie
___________
(5) Can the technique used in the film on children be
used on adults to teach the effects of racism ______
(6) What was the occurrence that led to the teacher
developing the technique in the movie ___________
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A Class Divided Quiz Answers
Don’t Print
(1) Geographically where did A Class Divided occur
Riceville Iowa
(2) What happened to students test ability when they
wore a collar decreased, not as good
(3) What is the source of racism according to the movie
socialization, social institutions
(4) Name one psychological effect of the movie
poor self image, anger, hurt,
(5) Can the technique used in the film on children be
used on adults to teach the effects of racism yes
(6) What was the occurrence that led to the teacher
developing the technique in the movie
Death of M.L. King
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Quiz C9 Questions
1. Name one of the 4 characteristic of a minority group according to Lewis
Wirth.
Don’t Print
2. In Switzerland four distinctive cultures (Schwyzertush, French, Italians,
Romanish) live with mutual respect and equal treatment . What is this social
pattern called? :
3. What, 5 years ago, was the pattern of race relations pattern in South Africa
called?
4. Which US Latino/Hispanic group has the lowest SES (status,education,
wealth, health...)?
5. What is a negative attitude held by one against an ethnic or racial group
called?
6. What type of assimilation did white Europeans immigrating to the US exhibit?
7. What type of assimulation has large scale participation including primary
level participation in cliques and clubs of the dominant group called?
8. Which religious religious group is under attack by Bosinia/Serbia?
9. What are programs designed to open educational and job opportunities to
minorities called?
10. Which category of immigrants is stereotypically referred to as a "Model
38
Minority"?
Quiz C9 Answers
1. Name one of the 4 characteristic of a minority group according to Lewis Wirth.
Don’t Print
disadvantaged, held in low esteem, involuntary,self conscious
2. In Switzerland four distinctive cultures (Schwyzertush, French, Italians,
Romanish) live with mutual respect and equal treatment . What is this social patter
called? Egalitarian pluralism, multiculturism
3. What 5 years ago was the pattern of race relations pattern in South Africa is
called? apartheid
4. Which US Latino/Hispanic group has the lowest SES (status,education, wealth,
health...)? Puerto Ricans
5. What is a negative attitude held by one against an ethnic or racial group called?
Prejudice, racism(?), stereotype
6. What type of assimilation did white Europeans immigrating to the US exhibit?
cultural, structural, primary
7. What type of assimulation is large scale participation including primary level
participation in cliques, clubs of the dominant group called? structural assimilation
8. What are programs designed to open educational and job opportunities to
minorities called?
Affirmative action
9. Which category of immigrants is stereotypically referred to as a "Model
Minority"? Asians
10. (On Back) According to "Eye of The Storm" / "A Class Divided, what are the behavioral
effects of racism?
39
Race/Ethnicity Stratification Glossary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Affirmative action (342)
Amalgamation (321)
Assimilation (321)
Discrimination (336)
Ethnic group (316)
Genocide (327)
Institutional racism (339)
Majority group (310)
Minority group (317)
Multiculturalism (322)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nativism (329)
Pluralism (321)
Prejudice (336)
Race (316)
Racism (316)
Segregation (323)
Slavery (322)
Stereotype (336)
Systemic Discrimination
(workbook and
institutional racism (339))