Folded book construction
Construction of the book
 2 sheets of paper –
 1st paper -hamburger fold with a 1cm tab.
 2nd paper – fold over the top of the 1st page making 1cm tabs.
Fold will be the top; staple twice along the fold.
(COVER)
 (Title)
The Nature of Waves
 Waves spread uniformly from a source.
 A WAVE is any disturbance that transmits
energy through matter or empty space.

Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
 As a wave travels, it does work on anything in its
path.
 Work = force x distance
Mechanical Waves – need a material to travel through called a medium
Medium – a solid, liquid, or gas
Waves transfer energy.
Waves are only temporary.
Waves are caused by vibrations. Repeated movements
or
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 Transverse –
Waves that move at
right angles to the
Medium (EM waves)
 Longitudinal –
waves move parallel
to the medium
(Sound waves)
 Surface –
combination of
transverse &
longitudinal
(water waves)
Upper half of page 2
 Amplitude – maximum distance the particles of the
medium move from rest position.
* Amplitude is the loudness of a sound wave.
Transverse wave

Amplitude of a longitudinal wave
Wavelength - the distance between two same parts of
Wavelength
a wave (lambda)
Lower half of page 2
Frequency – the number of complete waves that pass a point in a certain amount of
time. Measured in hertz (Hz) 1 wave per second.
Speed of a wave
varies with the
1. medium
2. pressure
3. temperature
Formula:
Speed = wavelength x frequency
S
F
Properties of Waves
Upper half of page 3
 1 . Reflection – when an object or wave hits a surface & bounces back.
Law of Reflection – the angle of the incoming
wave and the reflected wave are equal.
 2 . Refraction – when a wave changes mediums, this changes the speed of a
wave and causes it to bend. Sound travels faster

in a liquid than a gas.
Lower half of page 3
 Diffraction – when a wave
passes a barrier or moves through
a hole, it bends & spreads out.
Interference - two or more waves meeting
Constructive
interference
Destructive
interference
 Standing wave – waves that interfere =
will result in the appearance of one wave
Interactions of waves
Back of book
The waves produced by earthquakes are
known as seismic waves.
Seismic waves ripple out in all
directions from the point where the
earthquake occurred.
As the waves move, they carry the
energy through Earth.
3 types of Seismic waves:
Primary, Secondary, & Surface
P waves – longitudinal
S waves – transverse