Chapter 3
Meat and Bones
The Musculoskeletal System
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The Musculoskeletal System
• The musculoskeletal system consists
of two systems that work together to
support the body and allow for
movement of the animal
– the skeletal system = bones, joints,
cartilage, and various connective
tissues
– the muscular system = muscles and
various connective tissues
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The Skeletal System
• The skeletal system consists of bone, joints,
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
• Bones
–
–
–
–
form the framework that supports and protects the body
aid in body movement
function to form blood cells
store and release minerals like calcium
• Joints
– aid in movement of the body
• Cartilage
– protects the ends of bones where they contact each
other
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Bones
• Bone is one of the hardest tissues in
the body
• Combining forms for bone are
– oste/o
– oss/e
– oss/i
• Bones start as cartilage and fibrous
membranes that harden into bone before
birth
– The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is
known as ossification
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Types of Bones
• Cortical bone is the hard, dense, strong
bone that forms the outer layer of bone
– cortex means bark or shell in Latin
– also known as compact bone
• Cancellous bone is the lighter, less strong
bone that is found in the ends and inner
portions of long bone
– cancellous = latticework in Latin
– also known as spongy bone
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Long Bone Terms
• Long bones
consist of a shaft,
two ends, and a
marrow cavity
• Examples of long
bones are the
femur, humerus,
tibia, and radius
• Bone word parts
–
–
–
–
–
–
epi- = above
physis = growth
dia- = between
peri- = surrounding
-um = structure
endo- = within or
inner
– meta- = beyond
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Cartilage
• Cartilage is a form
of connective
tissue that is more
elastic than bone
• The combining
form for cartilage
is chondr/o
• Articular cartilage
is a type of
cartilage that
covers the joint
surfaces of bone
• The meniscus is a
curved fibrous
cartilage found in
some joints
– provides additional
cushioning
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Joints
• Joints are
connections
between bones
• Joints are also
known as
articulations
• The combining
form for joint is
arthr/o
• Joints are
classified based
on their degree of
movement
– synarthroses
• immovable
– amphiarthroses
• slightly movable
– diathroses
• freely movable
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Ligaments and Tendons
• Ligaments are bands of fibrous
connective tissue that connect one
bone to another
– ligament/o is the combining form for
ligament
• Tendons are bands of fibrous
connective tissue that connect
muscle to bone
– ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o are
combining forms for tendon
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The Skeleton
• The skeleton is divided into two parts:
– The axial skeleton protects the major organs
of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory
systems
• The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid
bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
– The appendicular skeleton is the framework
that consists of the extremities, shoulder,
and pelvic girdle
• Appen means to add or hang
• The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of
the front and hind limbs
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The Axial Skeleton
• The cranium is the portion of the skull that
encloses the brain
• The combining form for skull is crani/o
• The skull also has air- or fluid-filled spaces
called sinuses
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The Axial Skeleton
• The vertebral
column supports the
head and body and
provides protection
for the spinal cord
• The vertebral
column is
comprised of
individual bones
called vertebra
– The combining
forms for vertebra
are spondyl/o and
vertebr/o
– Vertebrae is the
plural form
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Parts of a Vertebra
• Vertebrae are
divided into
parts:
–
–
–
–
–
body
arch
lamina
vertebral foramen
processes
• spinous process
• transverse process
• articular process
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Other Axial Skeleton Parts
• Ribs
– Combining
form is cost/o
• Sternum
– manubrium
– body
– xiphoid
process
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Front limb
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
scapula
clavicle
humerus
radius
ulna
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
• cannon bone in
livestock
– phalanges
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Phalanx names:
– P1 = long pastern
bone in livestock
– P2 = short pastern
bone in livestock
– P3 = coffin bone in
livestock
– P3 in small animals
may be called the
claw or nail
• Combining form
for claw or nail
is onych/o
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Hind limb
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
• cannon bone in
livestock
– phalanges
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Pelvic Bones
• The bones of the
pelvis include
–
–
–
–
ilium
ischium
pubis
acetabulum—
the bony part
of the socket
joint
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The Muscular System
• Muscles are organs that contract to
produce movement
• Muscles are responsible for
– ambulation
– control of organs and tissues
– pumping of blood
– generation of heat
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Muscles
• Muscles are made up of long,
slender cells called muscle fibers
• Each muscle consists of a group of
muscle fibers in a fibrous sheath
– my/o is the combining form for muscle
– fibr/o and fibros/o are combining forms
for fibrous tissue
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Structures Associated with
Muscles
• Fascia is a sheet of fibrous connective tissue
that covers, supports, and separates muscles
– fasci/o and fasc/i are combining forms for
fascia
• Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that
connect muscle to bone
– tend/o, tendin/o, and ten/o are combining
forms for tendon
• Aponeurosis is a fibrous sheet that gives
attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a
means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle
– aponeur/o is the combining form for
aponeurosis
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Muscle Terms
• kinesio/o and
-kinesis mean
movement
– Kinesiology is the
study of movement
• anti- = against
• agon = struggle
• syn = together
• erg = work
– Synergist muscles
work with other
muscles to
produce movement
– Antagonistic
muscles work
against or opposite
other muscles
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle movement
terms
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
abductor
adductor
flexor
extensor
levator
depressor
rotator
supinator
pronator
• Muscle location
terms
–
–
–
–
pectoral
epaxial
intercostal
infraspinatus
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle fiber
directional terms
–
–
–
–
rectus
oblique
transverse
sphincter
• Number of muscle
division terms
– biceps
– triceps
– quadriceps
• Muscle size terms
–
–
–
–
–
–
minimus
maximus
major
minor
latissimus
longissimus
• Muscle shape terms
– deltoid
– quadratus
– rhomboideus
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Medical Terms for the
Musculoskeletal System
• Additional terms for musculoskeletal
system tests, pathology, and
procedures can be found in the text
• Review the Flash! CD program to
make sure you understand these
terms
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